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ABSTRACT: SRY-related HMG-box gene 11 (SOX11) is a transcription factor overexpressed in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), a subset of Burkitt lymphomas (BL) and precursor lymphoid cell neoplasms but is absent in normal B cells and other B-cell lymphomas. SOX11 has an oncogenic role in MCL but its contribution to BL pathogenesis remains uncertain. Here, we observed that the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and SOX11 expression were mutually exclusive in BL. SOX11 expression in EBV-negative (EVB-) BL was associated with an IGâ·MYC translocation generated by aberrant class switch recombination, whereas in EBV-negative (EBV-)/SOX11-negative (SOX11-) tumors the IGâ·MYC translocation was mediated by mistaken somatic hypermutations. Interestingly, EBV- SOX11-expressing BL showed higher frequency of SMARCA4 and ID3 mutations than EBV-/SOX11- cases. By RNA sequencing, we identified a SOX11-associated gene expression profile, with functional annotations showing partial overlap with the SOX11 transcriptional program of MCL. Contrary to MCL, no differences on cell migration or B-cell receptor signaling were found between SOX11- and SOX11-positive (SOX11+) BL cells. However, SOX11+ BL showed higher adhesion to vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) than SOX11- BL cell lines. Here, we demonstrate that EBV- BL comprises 2 subsets of cases based on SOX11 expression. The mutual exclusion of SOX11 and EBV, and the association of SOX11 with a specific genetic landscape suggest a role of SOX11 in the early pathogenesis of BL.
Assuntos
Linfoma de Burkitt , Herpesvirus Humano 4 , Fatores de Transcrição SOXC , Humanos , Linfoma de Burkitt/genética , Linfoma de Burkitt/virologia , Linfoma de Burkitt/metabolismo , Linfoma de Burkitt/patologia , Fatores de Transcrição SOXC/genética , Fatores de Transcrição SOXC/metabolismo , Herpesvirus Humano 4/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/genética , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/complicações , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/virologia , Mutação , DNA Helicases/genética , DNA Helicases/metabolismo , Translocação Genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Masculino , Proteínas Inibidoras de Diferenciação/genética , Proteínas Inibidoras de Diferenciação/metabolismo , Proteínas NuclearesRESUMO
Leucine-rich a-2-glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) is a candidate therapeutic target for treating the neovascular form of age-related macular degeneration (nvAMD). In this study we examined the expression of LRG1 in eyes of nvAMD patients. Choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVMs) from patients who underwent submacular surgery for retinal pigment epithelium-choroid graft transplantation were collected from 5 nvAMD patients without any prior intravitreal anti-VEGF injection, and from six patients who received intravitreal anti-VEGF injections before surgery. As controls free of nvAMD, retina sections were obtained from the eyes resected from a patient with lacrimal sac tumor and from a patient with neuroblastoma. CNVMs were immunostained for CD34, LRG1, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Aqueous humor samples were collected from 58 untreated-naïve nvAMD patients prior to the intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF and 51 age-matched cataract control patients, and LRG1 concentration was measured by ELISA. The level of LRG1 immunostaining is frequently high in both the endothelial cells of the blood vessels, and myofibroblasts in the surrounding tissue of CNVMs of treatment-naïve nvAMD patients. Furthermore, the average concentration of LRG1 was significantly higher in the aqueous humor of nvAMD patients than in controls. These observations provide a strong experimental basis and scientific rationale for the progression of a therapeutic anti-LRG1 monoclonal antibody into clinical trials with patients with nvAMD.
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Neovascularização de Coroide/diagnóstico , Olho/patologia , Glicoproteínas/metabolismo , Degeneração Macular/diagnóstico , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Neovascularização de Coroide/metabolismo , Olho/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Degeneração Macular/metabolismo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
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The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is linked to various B-cell lymphomas, including Burkitt lymphoma (BL), classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) at frequencies ranging, by routine techniques, from 5 to 10% of cases in DLBCL to >95% in endemic BL. Using higher-sensitivity methods, we recently detected EBV traces in a few EBV-negative BL cases, possibly suggesting a "hit-and-run" mechanism. Here, we used routine and higher-sensitivity methods (qPCR and ddPCR for conserved EBV genomic regions and miRNAs on microdissected tumor cells; EBNA1 mRNA In situ detection by RNAscope) to assess EBV infection in a larger lymphoma cohort [19 BL, 34 DLBCL, 44 cHL, 50 follicular lymphomas (FL), 10 T-lymphoblastic lymphomas (T-LL), 20 hairy cell leukemias (HCL), 10 mantle cell lymphomas (MCL)], as well as in several lymphoma cell lines (9 cHL and 6 BL). qPCR, ddPCR, and RNAscope consistently documented the presence of multiple EBV nucleic acids in rare tumor cells of several cases EBV-negative by conventional methods that all belonged to lymphoma entities clearly related to EBV (BL, 6/9 cases; cHL, 16/32 cases; DLBCL, 11/30 cases), in contrast to fewer cases (3/47 cases) of FL (where the role of EBV is more elusive) and no cases (0/40) of control lymphomas unrelated to EBV (HCL, T-LL, MCL). Similarly, we revealed traces of EBV infection in 4/5 BL and 6/7 HL cell lines otherwise conventionally classified as EBV negative. Interestingly, additional EBV-positive cases (1 DLBCL, 2 cHL) relapsed as EBV-negative by routine methods while showing EBNA1 expression in rare tumor cells by RNAscope. The relapse specimens were clonally identical to their onset biopsies, indicating that the lymphoma clone can largely loose the EBV genome over time but traces of EBV infection are still detectable by high-sensitivity methods. We suggest EBV may contribute to lymphoma pathogenesis more widely than currently acknowledged.
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Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/virologia , Antígenos Nucleares do Vírus Epstein-Barr/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 4/genética , Doença de Hodgkin/virologia , Linfoma não Hodgkin/virologia , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Viral/genética , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/diagnóstico , Doença de Hodgkin/diagnóstico , Humanos , Itália , Linfoma não Hodgkin/diagnóstico , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular , Células U937 , Carga ViralRESUMO
ABSTRACT: Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is characterized by a tumor microenvironment (TME) in which macrophages represent the main component, determining a distinct histological appearance known as "starry sky" pattern. However, in some instances, BL may exhibit a granulomatous reaction that has been previously linked to favorable prognosis and spontaneous regression. The aim of our study was to deeply characterize the immune landscape of 7 cases of Epstein-Barr virus-positive (EBV+) BL with granulomatous reaction compared with 8 cases of EBV+ BL and 8 EBV-negative (EBV-) BL, both with typical starry sky pattern, by Gene expression profiling performed on the NanoString nCounter platform. Subsequently, the data were validated using multiplex and combined immunostaining. Based on unsupervised clustering of differentially expressed genes, BL samples formed 3 distinct clusters differentially enriched in BL with a diffuse granulomatous reaction (cluster 1), EBV+ BL with typical starry sky pattern (cluster 2), EBV- BL with typical "starry sky" (cluster 3). We observed variations in the immune response signature among BL with granulomatous reaction and BL with typical "starry sky," both EBV+ and EBV-. The TME signature in BL with diffuse granulomatous reaction showed a proinflammatory response, whereas BLs with "starry sky" were characterized by upregulation of M2 polarization and protumor response. Moreover, the analysis of additional signatures revealed an upregulation of the dark zone signature and epigenetic signature in BL with a typical starry sky. Tumor-associated macrophages and epigenetic regulators may be promising targets for additional therapies for BL lymphoma, opening novel immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Linfoma de Burkitt , Microambiente Tumoral , Humanos , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologia , Linfoma de Burkitt/imunologia , Linfoma de Burkitt/patologia , Linfoma de Burkitt/genética , Feminino , Masculino , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/complicações , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/imunologia , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Herpesvirus Humano 4 , Adulto , Transcriptoma , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Criança , Adolescente , PrognósticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Tumor Microenviroment (TME) is a complex milieu that is increasingly recognized as a key factor in multiple stages of disease progression and responses to therapy as well as escape from immune surveillance. However, the precise contribution of specific immune effector and immune suppressor components of the TME in Burkitt lymphoma (BL) remains poorly understood. METHODS: In this paper, we applied the computational algorithm CIBERSORT to Gene Expression Profiling (GEP) datasets of 40 BL samples to draw a map of immune and stromal components of TME. Furthermore, by multiple immunohistochemistry (IHC) and multispectral immunofluorescence (IF), we investigated the TME of additional series of 40 BL cases to evaluate the role of the Programmed Death-1 and Programmed Death Ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) immune checkpoint axis. RESULTS: Our results indicate that M2 polarized macrophages are the most prominent TME component in BL. In addition, we investigated the correlation between PD-L1 and latent membrane protein-2A (LMP2A) expression on tumour cells, highlighting a subgroup of BL cases characterized by a non-canonical latency program of EBV with an activated PD-L1 pathway. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, our study analysed the TME in BL and identified a tolerogenic immune signature highlighting new potential therapeutic targets.
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[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13027-020-00292-w.].