RESUMO
Asthma is a major noncommunicable disease (NCD), affecting both children and adults, and is the most common chronic disease among children. It is common in all ages and the prevalence is increasing in most countries, especially among children as because of urbanization. Multiple therapeutic modalities are available for management of acute asthma. The commonly used formulation is Racemic Salbutamol which contains equal amounts of both R and S isomers. Levosalbutamol contains only R isomer. The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of levosalbutamol and racemic salbutamol for the treatment of acute exacerbation of asthma in children (5 to 15 years). A randomized double blind clinical trial was conducted in the Department of Paediatrics, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College Hospital, Sylhet, Bangladesh from October 2013 to March 2014. In this study randomization was done in two groups. Group A received nebulized levosalbutamol (LEV) and Group B received nebulized racemic salbutamol (RAC). The study parameters were respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation in room air (SpO2), PEFR, asthma score and serum K+ level. The results of treatment outcome were compared between two groups. After treatment the respiratory rate was 24.4±5.6 per minute versus 27.6±5.3 per minute (p<0.05); heart rate was 115.5±16.4 per minute versus 124.5±12.0 per minute (p<0.05); SpO2 was 97.2±1.8% vs 95.0±1.6% (p<0.05); PEFR was found 159.6±30.7L/min versus 143.8±27.1L/min (p<0.05) in the LEV and RAC group respectively. LEV is more effective than RAC in respect to significant improvement of asthma score. Regarding adverse events racemic salbutamol causes significant tachycardia. The study concluded that nebulized levosalbutamol is superior to racemic salbutamol in children in the treatment of acute exacerbation of asthma.
Assuntos
Albuterol , Asma , Adulto , Humanos , Criança , Albuterol/uso terapêutico , Albuterol/efeitos adversos , Bangladesh , Asma/tratamento farmacológico , Levalbuterol/uso terapêutico , Administração por Inalação , Método Duplo-Cego , Broncodilatadores/uso terapêutico , Doença AgudaRESUMO
The role of temperate phage beta in determining the serology and eltor-lytic phage sensitivity in Vibrio cholerae was investigated. The only serological change found in six host strains was a change to roughness. This was accompanied by failure to adsorb several of the lytic phages. Various phage-sensitivity changes were induced by phage beta in two hosts at the post-adsorption level. In strain HP47, three types of progeny were obtained of which one was universally resistant to lytic phages. These untypable lysogens were culturally stable but gave rise to segregants of the rare phage-type 6 on single colony selection.
Assuntos
Bacteriófagos/fisiologia , Vibrio cholerae/fisiologia , Tipagem de Bacteriófagos , Lisogenia , Sorotipagem , Vibrio cholerae/classificação , Ensaio de Placa ViralRESUMO
A temperate phage coding for constitutive hypertoxigenicity has been constructed in Vibrio cholerae strain 569B and used to lysogenise the low-toxin-producing strain MAK 757; 18% of lysogens showed 10-100-fold increase in toxin production. This property was also transmitted at low frequency to second generation lysogens. Thus temperate phage can increase toxin production in a low-toxin-producing strain.
Assuntos
Bacteriófagos/fisiologia , Toxina da Cólera/biossíntese , Lisogenia , Vibrio cholerae/metabolismoRESUMO
To evaluate the role of phaseolinone, a phytotoxin produced by Macrophomina phaseolina, in disease initiation, three nontoxigenic avirulent mutants of the fungus were generated by UV-mutagenesis. Two of them were able to initiate infection in germinating Phaseolus mungo seeds only in the presence of phaseolinone. The minimum dose of phaseoli-none required for infection in 30% seedlings was 2 5 mg/ml. A human pathogen, Aspergillus fumigatus was also able to infect germinating seeds of P. mungo in the presence of 5 mg/ml concentration of phaseolinone. Phaseolinone seemed to facilitate infection by A. fumigatus, which is not normally phytopathogenic, by reducing the immunity of germinating seedlings in a nonspecific way. Levamisole, a non-specific immunopotentiator gave protection against infection induced by A. fumigatus at an optimum dose of 50 mg/ml. Sodium malonate prevented the effects of levamisole.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Aspergillus fumigatus/genética , Fabaceae/microbiologia , Levamisol/farmacologia , Fungos Mitospóricos/genética , Mutação , Micotoxinas/farmacologia , Naftóis/farmacologia , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Plantas Medicinais , Aspergillus fumigatus/patogenicidade , Interações Medicamentosas , Imunidade Inata/efeitos dos fármacos , Fungos Mitospóricos/patogenicidade , Doenças das Plantas/induzido quimicamente , Sementes/microbiologiaRESUMO
FDP aldolase was found to be present in the cell-free extracts of Rhizobium leguminosarum, Rhizobium phaseoli, Rhizobium trifolii, Rhizobium meliloti, Rhizobium lupini, Rhizobium japonicum and Rhizobium species from Arachis hypogaea and Sesbania cannabina. The enzyme in 3 representative species has optimal activity at pH 8.4 in 0.2M veronal buffer. The enzyme activity was completely lost by treatment at 60 degrees C for 15 min. The Km values were in the range from 2.38 to 4.55 X 10(-6)M FDP. Metal chelating agents inhibited enzyme activity, but monovalent or bivalent metal ions failed to stimulate the activity. Bivalent metal ions in general were rather inhibitory.
Assuntos
Frutose-Bifosfato Aldolase/metabolismo , Rhizobium/enzimologia , Sistema Livre de Células , Quelantes/farmacologia , Cisteína/farmacologia , Temperatura Alta , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Metais/farmacologia , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
A kinetoplast DNA minicircle of a Leishmania Spp. binds to several proteins of the kinetoplast Lysates of kinetoplasts of Leishmania grown in the presence of berenil show complete disappearance of some of these protein bands, while the rest of the proteins present appear as much less intense bands in South Western blots when probed with either the conserved or variable regions of the minicircle or whole minicircle DNA. The conserved region of minicircle DNA complexed with berenil in vitro also fails to interact with the DNA binding proteins of kinetoplast of untreated cell in South Western blots. Since berenil induces dyskinetoplasty of kinetoplastidae, the results indicate that interference of protein-DNA interaction in the presence of berenil may be the primary event in making organisms dyskinetoplastic.
Assuntos
Antiprotozoários/farmacologia , DNA de Cinetoplasto/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Diminazena/análogos & derivados , Leishmania/genética , Animais , Sequência de Bases , DNA de Cinetoplasto/metabolismo , DNA de Cinetoplasto/ultraestrutura , Diminazena/farmacologia , Dados de Sequência MolecularRESUMO
A comparative, multi-centre study, was conducted during June to December, 1996 to evaluate the efficacy and tolerance of Ketoprofen 100 mg Enteric Coated (EC) tablet and 100 mg intra-muscular injection; with that of Diclofenac Sodium 50 mg tablet and 75 mg intra-muscular injection in acute rheumatic and traumatic disorders. Total of 180 patients (90 per drug), were studied, 82 men and 98 women, between the ages of 18 and 75 years. The symptoms and the number of patients were backache 50, arthritis 64, frozen shoulder 32 and sprains 34. Pain was qualitatively assessed by visual analogue scale (VAS), XY pain index, pain at mobilization and the level of pain handicap. For pain (VAS 75-100) the treatment was initiated with an injectable bid, followed by tablets bid or tid. If the pain score on VAS was less than 75, tablets were given in a bid dosage. The duration of treatment was 15 days in each case. The overall complete relief of symptoms occurred in 25% (23/90) patients with Ketoprofen and in 10% (9/90) diclofenac sodium. Moderate to mild relief was found in 75% (67/90) cases with Ketoprofen and 87% (78/90) with diclofenac sodium. No pain relief was seen in 3% (3/90) with diclofenac sodium, as against no failure in pain relief in the ketoprofen group. Tolerance was found as excellent-good for ketoprofen in 72% (65/90) with diclofenac sodium in 50%, moderate to poor for ketoprofen in 28% (35/90) and with diclofenac sodium in 50% (45/90). Our results indicate that ketoprofen compared to diclofenac sodium is efficacious in acute rheumatic and traumatic injuries. Ketoprofen injection, compared to diclofenac sodium was found to be more effective in providing analgesia.
Assuntos
Artrite Reumatoide/tratamento farmacológico , Diclofenaco/uso terapêutico , Cetoprofeno/uso terapêutico , Osteoartrite do Joelho/tratamento farmacológico , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
PIP: The distillation of Zeba Sathar's article on the determinants of fertility decline and child mortality decline is that marriage age and contraceptive surgery could be important factors in bringing about changes in both fertility and child mortality in Pakistan. The concern is that 80 out of 115 million Pakistanis live in rural areas where marriage age is very low and program efforts are limited or nonexistent. The question is raised about how to effectuate changes in attitudes in rural areas to increase marriage age. Another point is made about the simplicity of explanations for fertility and mortality change, when the reality is a complex host of interactive socioeconomic, cultural, social, and program factors that are responsible for fertility at present levels. The suggestion is for development of a more appropriate model of fertility at the micro level which illuminates the interaction of these factors in determining fertility. Sathar is reported to have concluded that the impact of infant and child mortality on fertility was inconclusive. The changing patterns of fertility are likely to bring about a change in the demand for children and a lesser preference for gender; this status change for women will further reduce child mortality and fertility. Large family sizes are postulated to be associated with close spacing and greater concentrations of children under 5 years of age competing for physical resources and having a high risk of infection with inadequate parental attention and care. These conditions occur in families with low income and little parental education. Institutional and community services also affect child mortality. There are also examples of educational opportunity and income equality as factors bringing about demographic change in Sri Lanka and Kerala, India. The author speculates that an outcome of development is increased educational attainment and more equitable distribution of income. Low levels of maternal education are associated with child mortality. Sex preferences and greater allocation of resources to male children undermine the worth of females. The author questions whether parents really do care more for sons at the expense of daughters.^ieng
Assuntos
Coeficiente de Natalidade , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Mortalidade Infantil , Ásia , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Fertilidade , Longevidade , Mortalidade , Paquistão , População , Dinâmica Populacional , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
Synthetic amphiploids play an important role in breeding programs of wheat and in the genetic and evolutionary studies of the wheat group. One of the most obvious uses of amphiploidy has been the development of hexaploid and octaploid Triticale. The utilization of synthetic amphiploids as a means of introducing commercially important features of related species into cultivated wheat is now well documented. The projects to produce hybrid wheat are based on the manipulation of cytoplasms and restorers by means of artificially obtained amphiploids. The amphiploidization of interspecific hybrids by treatment with colchicine results in homozygosity. Therefore, a direct use of synthetic amphiploids for genetic studies has been limited to some extent. More often they were used indirectly, viz. as the initial step in the production of single chromosome addition and substitution lines. Such lines were used for detailed and highly informative genetic analyses and also as sources of alien variation for wheat breeding. Crosses between some of the synthetic amphiploids resembling natural species and the cultivated wheats have been successfully used in the evolutionary studies of wheats.
Assuntos
Triticum/genética , Evolução Biológica , Colchicina/farmacologia , Engenharia Genética , Variação Genética , PoliploidiaRESUMO
The effect of lysogenization with five temperate phages from various sources on serotype and lytic phage sensitivity was investigated in six cultures of Vibrio cholerae of both classical and El Tor biotypes. No changes in serotype or in classical phage sensitivity in the classical biotype were observed. Four of the temperate phages were homoimmune and induced resistance to one of the El Tor typing phages, E3, thereby causing a type change in El Tor strains. The sensitivity to the other phages was not changed. In 14 natural isolates too, E3 (group III) phage resistance correlated with the presence of temperate phage. Postadsorption exclusion was found to be the mechanism of resistance involved. The fifth phage, VcA-1, had a unique immunity profile. It could infect the El Tor biotype of V. cholerae but caused no change in the host properties investigated.
Assuntos
Bacteriófagos/fisiologia , Lisogenia , Vibrio cholerae/fisiologia , Sorotipagem , Vibrio cholerae/classificação , Ensaio de Placa ViralRESUMO
In this paper we show that restriction DNA fragments can prime DNA synthesis of a homologous supercoiled plasmid DNA. Using the dideoxyribonucleotide chain terminator method, newly synthesized truncated chains can be detached from the primers by restriction enzyme digestion. Therefore, by choosing DNA fragments flanked by two different restriction enzymes sites, nucleotide sequence information can be simultaneously obtained on both regions of the DNA surrounding the restriction fragment. The advantage of this sequencing approach over current methods is that no prior knowledge of the primary sequence is needed to find the nucleotide sequence of a given DNA fragment. Thus, synthetic primers are not required and internal sequences of a given clone can be easily accessed without the need of fragmenting the original construct. The method has been used with rapid plasmid preparations, thus considerable time and effort can be saved in the gathering of nucleotide sequence information.
Assuntos
DNA Super-Helicoidal/análise , Sequência de Bases , DNA/biossíntese , Enzimas de Restrição do DNA/metabolismo , Conformação de Ácido Nucleico , Desnaturação de Ácido Nucleico , Plasmídeos , Moldes GenéticosRESUMO
Furazolidone a synthetic nitrofuran used in the treatment of cholera, was found to cause prophage induction and filament formation in Vibrio cholerae. Maximum induction of phage beta was obtained at a drug concentration of 0.5 microgram/ml. Neither induction of prophage nor filamentation took place if the drug treatment was carried out in the presence of 2.5 micrograms/ml chloramphenicol, indicating a requirement for de novo protein synthesis. Our results strongly suggest the existence of "SOS" type functions in Vibrio cholerae.
Assuntos
Furazolidona/farmacologia , Vibrio cholerae/efeitos dos fármacos , Ativação Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Cloranfenicol/farmacologia , Vibrio cholerae/ultraestruturaRESUMO
A model for global electrocortical activity is developed by considering telencephalonic structures as mass of linked oscillators generating activity with a number of resonant modes. Equations for the signals are written in the comoving frame and then transformed into the laboratory frame. The state transition matrix is obtained in the presence of electric and magnetic fields.
Assuntos
Córtex Cerebral/fisiologia , Modelos Neurológicos , Animais , Eletrofisiologia , Hipotálamo/fisiologia , MatemáticaRESUMO
Inclusion of phaseolinone, a newly described mycotoxin, at 20 micrograms per ml in a solid culture medium (blood agar overlay) and at 50 micrograms per ml in a liquid culture (medium 199) inhibited the growth of L. donovani promastigotes. About 90% of the motile promastigotes lost motility after exposure to 50 micrograms per ml of phaseolinone for 6-7 h and here 3-day-old culture was more sensitive than 7-day-old culture. In an in vitro assay, DNA dependent RNA polymerase activity of 3-day-old promastigotes was considerably inhibited in the presence of this toxin. Therefore, this key enzyme was suggested to be one of the sites of action of phaseolinone.
Assuntos
Antiprotozoários , Leishmania donovani/efeitos dos fármacos , Micotoxinas/farmacologia , Naftóis/farmacologia , Animais , RNA Polimerases Dirigidas por DNA/antagonistas & inibidores , Transcrição Gênica/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Expression of the plasmid pBR322-encoded tetracycline-resistant gene (tet) is known to cause other pleiotropic effects in addition to mediating the efflux of tetracycline from bacterial host cells. We have recently reported that expression of the tet gene in plasmid pKH47, a high-copy-number derivative of pBR322, causes growth inhibition of Escherichia coli cells harboring this plasmid. In this paper we report that reduced membrane-bound ATPase activity is found in E. coli cells containing plasmid pKH47. This effect is dependent on the presence of an intact tet gene and reduces the ability of the cells to grow in a minimum medium containing succinate as the sole carbon source. The same effect is more dramatically observed in cells containing an unrelated plasmid in which tet gene expression is under the control of the tac promoter.
Assuntos
Adenosina Trifosfatases/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/enzimologia , Escherichia coli/genética , Genes Bacterianos/fisiologia , Plasmídeos/genética , Resistência a Tetraciclina/genética , Adenosina Trifosfatases/genética , Membrana Celular/enzimologia , Membrana Celular/genética , Meios de Cultura , Ativação Enzimática/genética , Escherichia coli/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Regulação Bacteriana da Expressão Gênica , Succinatos/metabolismoRESUMO
We have observed that plasmid pKH47, a pBR322-derivative containing a 100bp poly(dA)-poly(dT) insertion, causes growth inhibition of host E. coli cells harboring it. In this paper we show that this inhibitory effect is due to an increased copy number property of this plasmid, which is turn leads to an over expression of the plasmid-encoded tet gene. Our work also indicates that contrary to other pleiotropic effects caused by the tet gene product, which solely depend on the expression of the 5' end of the gene, growth inhibition requires an intact tet gene. In addition we present the isolation of an E. coli mutant that is refractive to the inhibitory effect of pKH47 and shares some properties with the parental bacteria containing plasmid pKH4.
Assuntos
Escherichia coli/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Escherichia coli/genética , Plasmídeos , Composição de Bases , Sequência de Bases , Southern Blotting , Sondas de DNA , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Canamicina/farmacologia , Resistência a Canamicina/genética , Cinética , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mutagênese Insercional , Poli dA-dT , Mapeamento por Restrição , Especificidade da Espécie , Transformação BacterianaRESUMO
Upon centrifugation of gently lysed T. cruzi cells through a sucrose gradient, a free DNA fraction was shown to contain catenated dimers and knotted DNA structures. Southern hybridization and electron microscopic studies indicated that both of these structures derived from minicircle DNA, the major component of T. cruzi kinetoplast DNA. Partial denaturation analysis of a random population of catenated dimers suggests that these structures may have arisen from a late stage in the replication of minicircle DNA. On the other hand, the T. cruzi knotted minicircles we have isolated appear to be very similar to trefoil structures recently reported and implicated as replicative intermediates in two other trypanosoma species.
Assuntos
Replicação do DNA , DNA Circular/metabolismo , Trypanosoma cruzi/metabolismo , Animais , DNA Circular/isolamento & purificação , DNA Circular/ultraestrutura , DNA de Cinetoplasto , Substâncias Macromoleculares , Microscopia Eletrônica , Modelos Estruturais , Conformação de Ácido Nucleico , Trypanosoma cruzi/genéticaRESUMO
Two lines of evidence suggest that a gene analogous to the recA gene of Escherichia coli exists in Vibrio cholerae and that its product serves a proteolytic function in the SOS response. Firstly, Southern blot hybridization using the recA gene of E. coli as a probe revealed a genomic sequence in V. cholerae which hybridized with the probe. Secondly, the SOS-like response in V. cholerae (as measured by beta phage induction) triggered by DNA damaging agents like Furazolidone could be blocked by Antipain, a protease inhibitor known to inhibit RecA protease action in E. coli. Maximal blocking effect of Antipain on beta phage induction occurred at 1 mM. At this concentration neither the viability of the host bacterium nor the lytic growth of a clear plaque mutant of the phage was affected by Antipain.