Towards Automating Personal Exercise Assessment and Guidance with Affordable Mobile Technology.

Physical activity (PA) offers many benefits for human health. However, beginners often feel discouraged when introduced to basic exercise routines. Due to lack of experience and personal guidance, they might abandon efforts or experience musculoskeletal injuries. Additionally, due to phenomena such as pandemics and limited access to supervised exercise spaces, especially for the elderly, the need to develop personalized systems has become apparent. In this work, we develop a monitored physical exercise system that offers real-time guidance and recommendations during exercise, designed to assist users in their home environment. For this purpose, we used posture estimation interfaces that recognize body movement using a computer or smartphone camera. The chosen pose estimation model was BlazePose. Machine learning and signal processing techniques were used to identify the exercise currently being performed. The performances of three machine learning classifiers were evaluated for the exercise recognition task, achieving test-set accuracy between 94.76% and 100%. The research methodology included kinematic analysis (KA) of five selected exercises and statistical studies on performance and range of motion (ROM), which enabled the identification of deviations from the expected exercise execution to support guidance. To this end, data was collected from 57 volunteers, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of exercise performance. By leveraging the capabilities of the BlazePose model, an interactive tool for patients is proposed that could support rehabilitation programs remotely.

The 3' UTR IGF2R-A2/B2 variant is associated with increased tumor growth and advanced stages in non-small cell lung cancer.

Normal function of insulin-like growth factor II receptor (IGF2R) gene has been associated with negative control of tumor growth in vivo and in vitro. Rare alleles at a 3' UTR short tandem repeat polymorphism of IGF2R are known to decrease transcript stability. One such allele (A2/B2) increases significantly the risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) in Caucasians. To determine potential association(s) between A2/B2 presence and development and/or progression of disease, we examined in 103 NSCLC patients, free of IGF2R allelic imbalance aberrations, the 3' UTR allelic status in relation to tumor kinetic parameters (proliferation index-PI and apoptotic index-AI) and clinicopathological data. PCR and automated sequence analyses were employed to genotype the IGF2R 3' UTR polymorphism. Given that, oncogenic mitogens, which escape degradation by IGF2R, can also activate p53 through a DNA damage response, the patterns between p53 status and IGF2R genetic constitution were also evaluated in relation to the above parameters. The A2/B2 variant was significantly more common (p=0.005, chi2-test) in lung cancer patients (25% vs 15%). Its presence was accompanied by high cellular proliferation (p=0.028, t-test) along with increased tumor cell growth (GI=PI/AI) (p=0.022, t-test) and it was significantly found in advanced stages. Also, patients carrying the A2/B2 in their genetic constitution that exhibit aberrant p53 expression have faster growing tumors and progress more rapidly to advanced stages. In conclusion, the IGF2R-A2/B2 variant probably provides a selective advantage for NSCLC progression through increased tumor growth.

Functional interplay between the DNA-damage-response kinase ATM and ARF tumour suppressor protein in human cancer.

The DNA damage response (DDR) pathway and ARF function as barriers to cancer development. Although commonly regarded as operating independently of each other, some studies proposed that ARF is positively regulated by the DDR. Contrary to either scenario, we found that in human oncogene-transformed and cancer cells, ATM suppressed ARF protein levels and activity in a transcription-independent manner. Mechanistically, ATM activated protein phosphatase 1, which antagonized Nek2-dependent phosphorylation of nucleophosmin (NPM), thereby liberating ARF from NPM and rendering it susceptible to degradation by the ULF E3-ubiquitin ligase. In human clinical samples, loss of ATM expression correlated with increased ARF levels and in xenograft and tissue culture models, inhibition of ATM stimulated the tumour-suppressive effects of ARF. These results provide insights into the functional interplay between the DDR and ARF anti-cancer barriers, with implications for tumorigenesis and treatment of advanced tumours.

Progression of mouse skin carcinogenesis is associated with increased ERα levels and is repressed by a dominant negative form of ERα.

Estrogen receptors (ER), namely ERα and ERß, are hormone-activated transcription factors with an important role in carcinogenesis. In the present study, we aimed at elucidating the implication of ERα in skin cancer, using chemically-induced mouse skin tumours, as well as cell lines representing distinct stages of mouse skin oncogenesis. First, using immunohistochemical staining we showed that ERα is markedly increased in aggressive mouse skin tumours in vivo as compared to the papilloma tumours, whereas ERß levels are low and become even lower in the aggressive spindle tumours of carcinogen-treated mice. Then, using the multistage mouse skin carcinogenesis model, we showed that ERα gradually increases during promotion and progression stages of mouse skin carcinogenesis, peaking at the most aggressive stage, whereas ERß levels only slightly change throughout skin carcinogenesis. Stable transfection of the aggressive, spindle CarB cells with a dominant negative form of ERα (dnERα) resulted in reduced ERα levels and reduced binding to estrogen responsive elements (ERE)-containing sequences. We characterized two highly conserved EREs on the mouse ERα promoter through which dnERα decreased endogenous ERα levels. The dnERα-transfected CarB cells presented altered protein levels of cytoskeletal and cell adhesion molecules, slower growth rate and impaired anchorage-independent growth in vitro, whereas they gave smaller tumours with extended latency period of tumour onset in vivo. Our findings suggest an implication of ERα in the aggressiveness of spindle mouse skin cancer cells, possibly through regulation of genes affecting cell shape and adhesion, and they also provide hints for the effective targeting of spindle cancer cells by dnERα.

Cdc6 expression represses E-cadherin transcription and activates adjacent replication origins.

E-cadherin (CDH1) loss occurs frequently in carcinogenesis, contributing to invasion and metastasis. We observed that mouse and human epithelial cell lines overexpressing the replication licensing factor Cdc6 underwent phenotypic changes with mesenchymal features and loss of E-cadherin. Analysis in various types of human cancer revealed a strong correlation between increased Cdc6 expression and reduced E-cadherin levels. Prompted by these findings, we discovered that Cdc6 repressed CDH1 transcription by binding to the E-boxes of its promoter, leading to dissociation of the chromosomal insulator CTCF, displacement of the histone variant H2A.Z, and promoter heterochromatinization. Mutational analysis identified the Walker B motif and C-terminal region of Cdc6 as essential for CDH1 transcriptional suppression. Strikingly, CTCF displacement resulted in activation of adjacent origins of replication. These data demonstrate that Cdc6 acts as a molecular switch at the E-cadherin locus, linking transcriptional repression to activation of replication, and provide a telling example of how replication licensing factors could usurp alternative programs to fulfill distinct cellular functions.

Sp1 binds to the external promoter of the p73 gene and induces the expression of TAp73gamma in lung cancer.

The p73 gene possesses an extrinsic P1 promoter and an intrinsic P2 promoter, resulting in TAp73 and DeltaNup73 isoforms, respectively. The ultimate effect of p73 in oncogenesis is thought to depend on the apoptotic TA to antiapoptotic DeltaN isoforms' ratio. This study was aimed at identifying novel transcription factors that affect TA isoform synthesis. With the use of bioinformatics tools, in vitro binding assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis, a region extending -233 to -204 bp upstream of the transcription start site of the human p73 P1 promoter, containing conserved Sp1-binding sites, was characterized. Treatment of cells with Sp1 RNAi and Sp1 inhibitor functionally suppress TAp73 expression, indicating positive regulation of P1 by the Sp1 protein. Notably Sp1 inhibition or knockdown also reduces DeltaNup73 protein levels. Therefore, Sp1 directly regulates TAp73 transcription and affects DeltaNup73 levels in lung cancer. TAp73gamma was shown to be the only TA isoform overexpressed in several lung cancer cell lines and in 26 non-small cell lung cancers, consistent with Sp1 overexpression, thereby questioning the apoptotic role of this specific p73 isoform in lung cancer.

Deregulated overexpression of hCdt1 and hCdc6 promotes malignant behavior.

The accurate execution of DNA replication requires a strict control of the replication licensing factors hCdt1 and hCdc6. The role of these key replication molecules in carcinogenesis has not been clarified. To examine how early during cancer development deregulation of these factors occurs, we investigated their status in epithelial lesions covering progressive stages of hyperplasia, dysplasia, and full malignancy, mostly from the same patients. Abnormal accumulation of both proteins occurred early from the stage of dysplasia. A frequent cause of unregulated hCdc6 and hCdt1 expression was gene amplification, suggesting that these components can play a role per se in cancer development. Overexpression of hCdt1 and hCdc6 promoted rereplication and generated a DNA damage response, which activated the antitumor barriers of senescence and apoptosis. Generating an inducible hCdt1 cellular system, we observed that continuous stimulus by deregulated hCdt1 led to abrogation of the antitumor barriers and resulted in the selection of clones with more aggressive properties. In addition, stable expression of hCdc6 and hCdt1 in premalignant papilloma cells led to transformation of the cells that produced tumors upon injection into nude mice depicting the oncogenic potential of their deregulation.