Inflammation-Related Molecules at the Maternal-Fetal Interface during Pregnancy and in Pathologically Altered Endometrium.

The blastocyst expresses paternally derived alloantigens and induces inflammation during implantation. However, it is necessary for the onset of pregnancy. An abnormal response might result in a pathological course of pregnancy or pregnancy failure. On the other hand, a state of maternal immune tolerance is necessary to ensure the normal development of pregnancy by suppressing inflammatory processes. This article discusses recognized mechanisms and the significance of inflammatory processes for embryo implantation and pregnancy establishment. We would also like to present disorders involving excessive inflammatory response and their influence on events occurring during embryo implantation. The chain of correlation between the processes responsible for embryo implantation and the subsequent physiological course of pregnancy is complicated. Many of those interrelationships are still yet to be discovered. Undoubtedly, their recognition will give hope to infertile couples for the emergence of new treatments that will increase the chance of giving birth to a healthy child.

IMSI-Guidelines for Sperm Quality Assessment.

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is a widely used and accepted treatment of choice for oocyte fertilization. However, the quality of sperm selection depends on the accurate visualization of the morphology, which can be achieved with a high image resolution. We aim to correct the conviction, shown in a myriad of publications, that an ultra-high magnification in the range of 6000×-10,000× can be achieved with an optical microscope. The goal of observing sperm under the microscope is not to simply get a larger image, but rather to obtain more detail-therefore, we indicate that the optical system's resolution is what should be primarily considered. We provide specific microscope system setup recommendations sufficient for most clinical cases that are based on our experience showing that the optical resolution of 0.5 µm allows appropriate visualization of sperm defects. Last but not least, we suggest that mixed research results regarding the clinical value of IMSI, comparing to ICSI, can stem from a lack of standardization of microscopy techniques used for both ICSI and IMSI.

Endometrial microbiota - do they mean more than we have expected?

Low biomass microbiome has an increasing importance in today's fertility studies. There are more and more indications for incorporating upper gynecological tract microbiome content in patients diagnostic and in vitro fertilization process, as doing so may help to evaluate chances for a positive outcome. An abnormal endometrial microbiota has been associated with implantation failure, pregnancy loss, and other gynecological and obstetrical conditions. Furthermore it has been shown, that using molecular methods in addition to routine diagnostics may help diagnose chronic endometritis or even indicate cancerogenic changes. Understanding the significance of microbiome in endometrium may completely change therapeutic approach in treatment of this part of reproductive tract. Next generation sequencing (NGS) has allowed to isolate culturable and unculturable bacteria from female reproductive tract and is a cheaper and quicker alternative for other widely known and used methods.

[Hysteroscopy in cases of abnormal uterine bleeding and abnormal ultrasonographic findings of uterine cavity-own experience]. / Zastosowanie histeroskopii w przypadkach nieprawidlowych krwawien macicznych oraz nieprawidlowych obrazów ultrasonograficznych jamy macicy--doswiadczenia wlasne.

OBJECTIVES: In the paper authors present indications and results of using diagnostic and operative hysteroscopy in the clinical practise and compare histological result with introductory diagnosis of ultrasonography and hysteroscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In period of 01.06.1998-01.09.2002 148 hysteroscopy were done with in 58 diagnostic and 90 operative histeroscopies. Received material was sent to histological research. RESULTS: non-pathologic change was diagnosed in 37 women, 43 endometrial polyps, 20 submucous myomas, 5 polyps and myomas together. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Most often observed change in intrauterine pathology were endometrial polyps and submucous myomas. 2. In a few cases only hysteroscopy let us discover the reason of pathological bleedings from the uterus. 3. hysteroscopy has become the method necesary in some cases of gynaecological pathology.