Proposal of nursing diagnoses, outcomes and interventions for postoperative patients of orthognathic surgery. / Proposta de diagnósticos, resultados e intervenções de enfermagem para pacientes em pós-operatório de cirurgia ortognática.

OBJECTIVE: To propose nursing diagnoses, outcomes and interventions for patients in the postoperative period of orthognathic surgery. METHOD: Secondary analysis of an information bank of a focal group with five patients submitted to orthognathic surgery. The classifications of the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International, Nursing Outcomes Classification and Nursing Interventions Classification were used for elaborating nursing diagnoses, outcomes and interventions. Nursing diagnoses were identified based on the transcription of the focus group and the expected outcomes and interventions were proposed. In the second stage, the material was submitted to an analysis by judges for validating the previous stage. RESULTS: After careful analysis of the retrieved information, nine nursing diagnoses that relate to both the difficulties already installed and to potential patient difficulties were identified. After this phase, the expected outcomes for nursing care and the appropriate interventions for the postoperative period at home were identified. CONCLUSION: Given the short hospital stay and the long postoperative period, the established actions have a strong educational focus.

Assessing gastric residual volume: a description of nurses' clinical practice. / Aferição do volume residual gástrico: retrato da prática clínica de enfermeiros.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the differences in nurses' clinical practice for assessing residual gastric volume and identifying the theoretical framework which supports their practice. METHOD: A cross-sectional study carried out by sending an online questionnaire by e-mail to nurses registered at the Regional Nursing Council of the State of São Paulo. RESULTS: This study included 598 nursing professionals, with 484 only providing care to adults and 114 exclusively to children. The gastric residual volume test is performed by 83.4% of nursing professionals; in most cases the suspension and prescription of enteral nutritional therapy are performed by the physician. Suspension of enteral nutritional therapy among adults predominantly occurs when the gastric residual volume is equal to 200 ml, and in children when values are less than 100 ml. Procedure after diet suspension involves the return of aspirated gastric contents and maintaining the catheter closed until the next hour in 48.3% of the procedures among adults, and 68.4% among children. 42.9% of the participants in this study were not aware of the theoretical basis that supports the test performance. CONCLUSION: We can highlight the need for nurses' training and further studies focused on the practice for assessing gastric residual volume.

Aging as a predictor of nursing workload in Intensive Care Unit: results from a Brazilian Sample.

OBJECTIVE: Verify if aging is an independent predictor of NW in ICU, according to age groups, and its predictive value as a determinant of NW in ICU. METHODS: Study was conducted from 2012 to 2016. A convenience sample composed by patients (age ≥ 18) admitted to nine ICU belonging to a Brazilian hospital, was analyzed. Age was assumed as an independent variable and NW (measured by the Nursing Activities Score - NAS) as dependent. Linear regression model and ROC curve were used for the analysis. RESULTS: 890 participants (361 older people), mostly males (58.1%). The mean NAS score was higher among older participants in comparison to adults (p=0.004) but not within categories of aging (p=0.697). Age was responsible for 0.6% of NAS score. Each year of age increases NAS score in 0.081 points (p=0.015). However, age was not a good predictor of NAS score (AUC = 0.394; p=0.320). CONCLUSION: The care of older people in ICU is associated with an increase in NW, compared to adults. Aging can be considered an associated factor but not a good predictor of NW in ICU. OBJETIVO: Verificar si el envejecimiento es un predictor independiente de la Carga de Trabajo de Enfermería (CTE) en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI), según grupos etarios y su valor predictivo como determinante de la CTE en la UCI. MÉTODOS: Se analizó una muestra de conveniencia compuesta por pacientes (edad ≥ 18) ingresados en nueve UCI pertenecientes a un hospital brasileño. La edad se asumió como variable independiente y como variable dependiente la carga de trabajo de enfermería -medida por el sistema Nursing Activities Score (NAS) de puntuación de actividades de enfermería. Para el análisis, se utilizaron el modelo de regresión lineal y la curva ROC. RESULTADOS: 890 participantes (361 adultos mayores), en su mayoría varones (58,1%). La puntuación NAS promedio fue mayor entre los participantes adultos mayores en comparación con los adultos (p=0,004), pero no en las categorías de envejecimiento (p=0,697). La edad fue responsable del 0,6% de la puntuación NAS. Cada año de edad aumenta la puntuación NAS en 0,081 puntos (p=0,015). Sin embargo, la edad no resultó un buen predictor de la puntuación NAS (AbC=0,394; p=0,320). CONCLUSIÓN: El cuidado de los adultos mayores en UCI se asocia con un aumento de la CTE en comparación con los adultos. El envejecimiento puede considerarse un factor asociado, pero no un buen predictor de la CTE en UCI.

[Factors affecting the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in inpatient units: perception of nurses]. / Fatores que comprometem a qualidade da ressuscitação cardiopulmonar em unidades de internação: percepção do enfermeiro.

OBJECTIVE: To identify, in the perception of nurses, the factors that affect the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in adult inpatient units, and investigate the influence of both work shifts and professional experience length of time in the perception of these factors. METHOD: A descriptive, exploratory study conducted at a hospital specialized in cardiology and pneumology with the application of a questionnaire to 49 nurses working in inpatient units. RESULTS: The majority of nurses reported that the high number of professionals in the scenario (75.5%), the lack of harmony (77.6%) or stress of any member of staff (67.3%), lack of material and/or equipment failure (57.1%), lack of familiarity with the emergency trolleys (98.0%) and presence of family members at the beginning of the cardiopulmonary arrest assistance (57.1%) are factors that adversely affect the quality of care provided during CPR. Professional experience length of time and the shift of nurses did not influence the perception of these factors. CONCLUSION: The identification of factors that affect the quality of CPR in the perception of nurses serves as parameter to implement improvements and training of the staff working in inpatient units.

[Clinical reasoning in undergraduate nursing education: a scoping review]. / Raciocínio clínico no ensino de graduação em enfermagem: revisão de escopo.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at analyzing the current state of knowledge on clinical reasoning in undergraduate nursing education. METHODS: A systematic scoping review through a search strategy applied to the MEDLINE database, and an analysis of the material recovered by extracting data done by two independent reviewers. The extracted data were analyzed and synthesized in a narrative manner. RESULTS: From the 1380 citations retrieved in the search, 23 were kept for review and their contents were summarized into five categories: 1) the experience of developing critical thinking/clinical reasoning/decision-making process; 2) teaching strategies related to the development of critical thinking/clinical reasoning/decision-making process; 3) measurement of variables related to the critical thinking/clinical reasoning/decision-making process; 4) relationship of variables involved in the critical thinking/clinical reasoning/decision-making process; and 5) theoretical development models of critical thinking/clinical reasoning/decision-making process for students. CONCLUSION: The biggest challenge for developing knowledge on teaching clinical reasoning seems to be finding consistency between theoretical perspectives on the development of clinical reasoning and methodologies, methods, and procedures in research initiatives in this field.

[Functional independence measure in patients with intermittent claudication]. / Medida de independência funcional em pacientes com claudicação intermitente.

OBJECTIVE: Of this study were to evaluate the functional independence of patients with intermittent claudication and to verify its association with sociodemographic and clinical variables, walking ability and physical activity level. METHOD: This was a descriptive, exploratory, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach. Fifty participants (66.4 years; 68% male) were recruited from Claudication Unit of a tertiary hospital. Functional Independence Measure were used to evaluate functional incapacity; the Baltimore Activity Scale, to estimate the physical activity level and the Walking Impairement Questionnaire, the walking ability. RESULTS: Participants had complete functional independence (124.8 + 2.0), low levels of physical activity (4.2 + 2.0), and impairment of walking ability; the worst performance was found in walking velocity domain (21.2 + 16.4). The functional independence score was associated with physical activity (r=0,402) and walking ability scores (distance, r=0,485; speed, r=0,463; stairs, r=0,337). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the level of functionality is associated with functional capacity in these patients.

Nursing workload: is it a predictor of healthcare associated infection in intensive care unit? / Carga de trabalho de enfermagem: preditor de infecção relacionada à assistência à saúde na terapia intensiva?

Objective To analyze the influence of nursing workload on the occurrence of healthcare associated infection (HAI) in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU), according to type of treatment. Method Retrospective cohort study developed in nine ICUs in São Paulo, Brazil, from September to December 2012. Nursing workload was measured by the Nursing Activities Score (NAS). The Student's t and Fisher's exact tests and logistic regressions were used in the analyses. Results The sample was composed of 835 patients (54.3±17.3 years; 57.5% male), of which 12.5% acquired HAI in the ICU. The NAS of the patients admitted for clinical treatment was 71.3±10.9, and for surgery 71.6±9.2. Length of stay in ICU and severity were predictive factors for occurrence of HAI in patients admitted to the unit for clinical or surgical treatment, and male sex only for surgical patients. When considering the admissions independent of type of treatment, in addition to the variables mentioned above, index of comorbidities also remained in the regression model. The NAS was not a predictive factor of HAI. Conclusion Nursing workload did not influence occurrence of HAI in the patients included in this study.

Risk factors for unstable blood glucose level: integrative review of the risk factors related to the nursing diagnosis.

Objective: to identify evidence in the literature on the possible risk factors for the risk of unstable blood glucose diagnosis in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and to compare them with the risk factors described by NANDA International. Method: an integrative literature review guided by the question: what are the risk factors for unstable blood glucose level in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus? Primary studies were included whose outcomes were variations in glycemic levels, published in English, Portuguese or Spanish, in PubMed or CINAHL between 2010 and 2015. Results: altered levels of glycated hemoglobin, body mass index>31 kg/m2, previous history of hypoglycemia, cognitive deficit/dementia, autonomic cardiovascular neuropathy, comorbidities and weight loss corresponded to risk factors described in NANDA International. Other risk factors identified were: advanced age, black skin color, longer length of diabetes diagnosis, daytime sleepiness, macroalbuminuria, genetic polymorphisms, insulin therapy, use of oral antidiabetics, and use of metoclopramide, inadequate physical activity and low fasting glycemia. Conclusions: risk factors for the diagnosis, risk for unstable blood glucose level, for persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus were identified, and 42% of them corresponded to those of NANDA International. These findings may contribute to the practice of clinical nurses in preventing the deleterious effects of glycemic variation.

Predictive factors of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze predictive demographic and perioperative variables of postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients who underwent exclusively coronary artery bypass grafting. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort. We randomly selected 105 medical records of patients who underwent exclusively coronary artery bypass grafting in 2014. Demographic, clinical (preoperative and immediate postoperative) data and related with surgical procedure were collected from medical records. The occurrence of postoperative atrial fibrillation was considered until the third day after the surgery. Variables were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. To identify predictive factors of postoperative atrial fibrillation we used a decision tree model with Classification and Regression Trees algorithm. RESULTS: Atrial fibrillation incidence was 19.0% (n=20). Patients with left atrial >40.5mm and aged >64.5 years were more likely to develop the arrhythmia during the post-surgical period. CONCLUSION: Left atrial diameter and advanced age were predictive factors of atrial fibrillation in patients who underwent exclusively coronary artery bypass grafting. OBJETIVO: Analisar as variáveis demográficas e perioperatórias preditivas de fibrilação atrial pós-operatória em pacientes brasileiros submetidos exclusivamente à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de coorte retrospectiva. A amostra foi constituída de 105 prontuários de pacientes submetidos exclusivamente à revascularização do miocárdio no ano de 2014, selecionados aleatoriamente. Dados demográficos, clínicos (préoperatórios e do pós-operatório imediato) e relacionados ao procedimento cirúrgico foram coletados por meio de consulta ao prontuário. A ocorrência de fibrilação atrial no pós-operatório foi considerada até o terceiro dia após a cirurgia. As variáveis foram analisadas por estatística descritiva e inferencial. Para identificar os fatores preditivos de fibrilação atrial no pós-operatório, utilizou-se um modelo de árvore de decisão com algoritmo Classification and Regression Trees. RESULTADOS: A incidência de fibrilação atrial pós-operatória foi de 19,0% (n=20). Pacientes com átrio esquerdo >40,5mm e idade >64,5 anos foram aqueles com mais chance de desenvolver a arritmia no pós-operatório. CONCLUSÃO: Tamanho do átrio esquerdo e idade avançada foram fatores preditivos de fibrilação atrial em pacientes submetidos exclusivamente à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio.

Vascular Reactivity is Impaired and Associated With Walking Ability in Patients With Intermittent Claudication.

We verified whether vascular reactivity is impaired and whether there is any association between vascular reactivity, walking ability, and peripheral artery disease (PAD) severity in patients with intermittent claudication (IC). We studied 63 patients and 17 age- and sex-matched volunteers without PAD. Vascular reactivity was evaluated in the brachial artery during reactive hyperemia (flow-mediated dilation [FMD]) and after a sublingual single dose of nitroglycerin (nitroglycerin-induced vasodilation [NID]). Walking ability was verified by a 6-minute walk test. Vascular reactivity and walking ability were significantly worse in patients with IC compared with control participants. The ankle-brachial index correlated with FMD, NID, as well as total and pain-free distances. The NID and walking ability progressively decreased as PAD severity increased. Walking ability correlated with NID but not with FMD. In patients with IC, vascular reactivity is impaired and is related to the severity of PAD and to walking ability.

Proposta de diagnósticos, resultados e intervenções de enfermagem para pacientes em pós-operatório de cirurgia ortognática / Propuesta de diagnósticos, resultados e intervenciones de enfermería para pacientes en posoperatorio de cirugía ortognática / Proposal of nursing diagnoses, outcomes and interventions for postoperative patients of orthognathic surgery

RESUMO Objetivo: Propor diagnósticos, resultados e intervenções de enfermagem em pacientes em pós-operatório de cirurgia ortognática. Método: Análise secundária de um banco de informações de um grupo focal com cinco pacientes submetidos à cirurgia ortognática. Para elaboração dos diagnósticos, resultados e intervenções de enfermagem, utilizou-se das classificações da North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International, Nursing Outcomes Classification e Nursing Interventions Classification. A partir da transcrição do grupo focal, foram identificados os diagnósticos de enfermagem e propostos resultados esperados e intervenções. Em segunda etapa, o material foi submetido à análise por juízes para validação da etapa anterior. Resultados: Após análise cuidadosa das informações recuperadas, foram identificados nove diagnósticos de enfermagem que se relacionam tanto com as dificuldades já instaladas como com as dificuldades potenciais do paciente. Após esta fase, foram identificados os resultados esperados da assistência de enfermagem e as intervenções adequadas para um pós-operatório em domicílio. Conclusão: Dada a curta permanência hospitalar e um pós-operatório longo, as ações estabelecidas têm forte enfoque educacional.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Proponer diagnósticos, resultados e intervenciones de enfermería para pacientes en posoperatorio de cirugía ortognática. Método: Análisis secundario de un banco de informaciones de un grupo focal con cinco pacientes sometidos a la cirugía ortognática. Para elaboración de los diagnósticos, resultados e intervenciones de enfermería, se utilizaron las clasificaciones de la North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International, Nursing Outcomes Classification y Nursing Interventions Classification. Desde la transcripción del grupo focal, fueron identificados los diagnósticos de enfermería y propuestos resultados esperados e intervenciones. En segunda etapa, el material fue sometido al análisis por jueces para validación de la etapa anterior. Resultados: Tras un análisis cuidadoso de las informaciones recuperadas, fueron identificados nueve diagnósticos de enfermería que se relacionan tanto con las dificultades ya instaladas como con las dificultades potenciales del paciente. Luego de esa fase, fueron identificados los resultados esperados de la asistencia de enfermería y las intervenciones adecuadas para un posoperatorio en domicilio. Conclusión: Dada la corta permanencia hospitalaria y un posoperatorio largo, las acciones establecidas tienen fuerte enfoque educativo.

ABSTRACT Objective: To propose nursing diagnoses, outcomes and interventions for patients in the postoperative period of orthognathic surgery. Method: Secondary analysis of an information bank of a focal group with five patients submitted to orthognathic surgery. The classifications of the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International, Nursing Outcomes Classification and Nursing Interventions Classification were used for elaborating nursing diagnoses, outcomes and interventions. Nursing diagnoses were identified based on the transcription of the focus group and the expected outcomes and interventions were proposed. In the second stage, the material was submitted to an analysis by judges for validating the previous stage. Results: After careful analysis of the retrieved information, nine nursing diagnoses that relate to both the difficulties already installed and to potential patient difficulties were identified. After this phase, the expected outcomes for nursing care and the appropriate interventions for the postoperative period at home were identified. Conclusion: Given the short hospital stay and the long postoperative period, the established actions have a strong educational focus.

Aferição do volume residual gástrico: retrato da prática clínica de enfermeiros / Assessing gastric residual volume: a description of nurses' clinical practice / Verificación del volumen gástrico residual: retrato de la práctica clínica de enfermeros

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar diferenças na prática de aferição do volume residual gástrico entre enfermeiros clínicos e identificar a fundamentação teórica que subsidia a prática. Método Estudo transversal realizado por meio do envio de questionário online aos e-mails dos enfermeiros cadastrados no Conselho Regional de Enfermagem do Estado de São Paulo. Resultados Participam do estudo 598 profissionais de enfermagem, dos quais 484 prestavam assistência apenas a adultos e 114 exclusivamente à crianças. O teste do volume residual gástrico é realizado por 83,4% dos profissionais da enfermagem, sendo que, em sua maioria, a suspensão e a liberação da terapia nutricional enteral são realizadas pelo médico. A suspensão da terapia nutricional enteral entre adultos ocorre, predominantemente, quando o volume residual gástrico é igual a 200 ml e, entre crianças, se valores menores do que 100 ml. A conduta após a suspensão da dieta envolve a devolução do conteúdo gástrico aspirado e a manutenção do cateter fechado até o próximo horário, em 48,3% dos atendimentos entre adultos e 68,4% entre crianças. Dos participantes da pesquisa, 42,9% desconhecem a fundamentação teórica que subsidia a prática do teste. Conclusão Evidenciou-se a necessidade de capacitação dos enfermeiros e de novas investigações sobre a prática de aferição do volume residual gástrico.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the differences in nurses' clinical practice for assessing residual gastric volume and identifying the theoretical framework which supports their practice. Method A cross-sectional study carried out by sending an online questionnaire by e-mail to nurses registered at the Regional Nursing Council of the State of São Paulo. Results This study included 598 nursing professionals, with 484 only providing care to adults and 114 exclusively to children. The gastric residual volume test is performed by 83.4% of nursing professionals; in most cases the suspension and prescription of enteral nutritional therapy are performed by the physician. Suspension of enteral nutritional therapy among adults predominantly occurs when the gastric residual volume is equal to 200 ml, and in children when values are less than 100 ml. Procedure after diet suspension involves the return of aspirated gastric contents and maintaining the catheter closed until the next hour in 48.3% of the procedures among adults, and 68.4% among children. 42.9% of the participants in this study were not aware of the theoretical basis that supports the test performance. Conclusion We can highlight the need for nurses' training and further studies focused on the practice for assessing gastric residual volume.

RESUMEN Objetivo Verificar diferencias en la práctica de verificación del volumen gástrico residual entre enfermeros clínicos e identificar la fundamentación teórica que subsidia la práctica. Método Estudio transversal realizado mediante el envío de cuestionario en línea a los emails de los enfermeros registrados en el Consejo Regional de Enfermería del Estado de São Paulo. Resultados Participaron en el estudio 598 profesionales enfermeros, de los que 484 prestaban asistencia solo a adultos y 114 exclusivamente a niños. La prueba del volumen gástrico residual la lleva a cabo el 83,4% de los profesionales enfermeros, siendo que, en su mayoría, la suspensión y la liberación de la terapia de nutrición enteral la realiza el médico. La suspensión de la terapia de nutrición enteral entre adultos ocurre, predominantemente, cuando el volumen gástrico residual es igual a 200 ml y, entre niños, si los valores son menores que 100 ml. La conducta después de la suspensión de la dieta involucra la devolución del contenido gástrico aspirado y el mantenimiento del catéter cerrado hasta el próximo horario, en el 48,3% de las atenciones entre adultos y el 68,4% entre niños. De los participantes de la investigación, el 42,9% desconocen la fundamentación teórica que subsidia la práctica de la prueba. Conclusión Se evidenció la necesidad de capacitación de los enfermeros y de nuevas investigaciones acerca de la práctica de verificación del volumen gástrico residual.

Risk factors for unstable blood glucose level: integrative review of the risk factors related to the nursing diagnosis / Risco de glicemia instável: revisão integrativa dos fatores de risco do diagnóstico de enfermagem / Riesgo de nivel de glucemia inestable: revisión integradora de los factores de riesgo del diagnóstico de enfermeira

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify evidence in the literature on the possible risk factors for the risk of unstable blood glucose diagnosis in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and to compare them with the risk factors described by NANDA International. Method: an integrative literature review guided by the question: what are the risk factors for unstable blood glucose level in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus? Primary studies were included whose outcomes were variations in glycemic levels, published in English, Portuguese or Spanish, in PubMed or CINAHL between 2010 and 2015. Results: altered levels of glycated hemoglobin, body mass index>31 kg/m2, previous history of hypoglycemia, cognitive deficit/dementia, autonomic cardiovascular neuropathy, comorbidities and weight loss corresponded to risk factors described in NANDA International. Other risk factors identified were: advanced age, black skin color, longer length of diabetes diagnosis, daytime sleepiness, macroalbuminuria, genetic polymorphisms, insulin therapy, use of oral antidiabetics, and use of metoclopramide, inadequate physical activity and low fasting glycemia. Conclusions: risk factors for the diagnosis, risk for unstable blood glucose level, for persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus were identified, and 42% of them corresponded to those of NANDA International. These findings may contribute to the practice of clinical nurses in preventing the deleterious effects of glycemic variation.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar evidências na literatura acerca de possíveis fatores de risco do diagnóstico risco de glicemia instável para pessoas com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e compará-los com os fatores de risco descritos pela NANDA International . Método: revisão integrativa norteada pela pergunta: quais são os fatores de risco de glicemia instável em pessoas com diabetes mellitus tipo 2? Incluíram-se estudos primários cujos desfechos eram variações nos níveis glicêmicos, publicados em inglês, português ou espanhol no PubMed ou CINAHL entre 2010 e 2015. Resultados: observou-se que alteração nos níveis de hemoglobina glicada, índice de massa corpórea>31 Kg/m2, história prévia de hipoglicemia, déficit cognitivo/demência, neuropatia autonômica cardiovascular, comorbidades e perda de peso correspondiam a fatores de risco descritos pela NANDA International . Outros fatores de risco identificados foram: idade avançada, raça negra, maior tempo de diagnóstico de diabetes, sonolência diurna, macroalbuminúria, polimorfismos genéticos, insulinoterapia, uso de antidiabéticos orais, uso de metoclopramida, atividade física inadequada e glicemia de jejum baixa. Conclusões: identificaram-se fatores de risco do diagnóstico risco de glicemia instável para pessoas com diabetes mellitus tipo 2, dos quais 42% correspondiam àqueles da NANDA International . Esses achados podem contribuir para a prática de enfermeiros clínicos na prevenção dos efeitos deletérios da variação glicêmica.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar evidencias en la literatura acerca de posibles factores de riesgo del diagnóstico "riesgo de nivel de glucemia inestable" para personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y compararlos con los factores de riesgo descritos por la NANDA International . Método: revisión integradora orientada por la pregunta: ¿Cuáles son los factores de riesgo de nivel de glucemia inestable en personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2? Se incluyeron estudios primarios cuyos resultados eran variaciones en los niveles glucémicos, publicados en inglés, portugués o español en el PubMed o CINAHL entre 2010 y 2015. Resultados: se observó que una alteración en los niveles de: hemoglobina glucosilada, índice de masa corporal >31 Kg/m2, historia previa de hipoglucemia, déficit cognitivo/demencia, neuropatía autonómica cardiovascular, comorbilidades y pérdida de peso, correspondían a factores de riesgo descritos por la NANDA International . Otros factores de riesgo identificados fueron: edad avanzada, raza negra, mayor tiempo de diagnóstico de diabetes, somnolencia diurna, macroalbuminuria, polimorfismos genéticos, insulinoterapia, uso de antidiabéticos orales, uso de metoclopramida, actividad física inadecuada y glucemia de ayuno baja. Conclusiones: se identificaron factores de riesgo del diagnóstico riesgo de nivel de glucemia inestable para personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, de los cuales 42% correspondían a los de la NANDA International . Esos hallazgos pueden contribuir para la práctica de enfermeros clínicos en la prevención de los efectos deletéreos de la variación glucémica.

Functional limitation and intermittent claudication: impact of blood pressure measurements.

BACKGROUND: Arterial hypertension is an important risk factor for Lower-Limb Occlusive Arterial Disease (LLOAD). However, the correlation between blood pressure and pulse pressure (PP) with LLOAD severity and functional impairment resulting from this disease is not well established in the Brazilian population. OBJECTIVE: To verify whether there is a correlation between blood pressure, PP, LLOAD severity and functional capacity in patients with symptomatic LLOAD. METHODS: A total of 65 patients (62.2 + 8.1 years, 56.9% males) were evaluated. They were divided into two groups: normal (A) and high (B) blood pressure. LLOAD severity was assessed using the ankle-brachial index (ABI) and functional capacity by the total and pain-free walking distance at the 6-minute walking test (6MWT). RESULTS: Group A consisted of 17 (26.1%) patients. The systolic (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and PP were, respectively, 125.4 ±11.7, 74.5 ± 9.1 and 50.9 ± 10.0 mmHg in group A and 160.7 ± 19.6, 90.0 ± 12.2 and 70.7 ± 20.2 mmHg in group B. The ABI was significantly lower in group B (0.66 ± 0.12 vs. 0.57 ± 0.13, p <0.05). SBP and PP correlated with LLOAD severity and the distances walked at the 6MWT. Patients with PP > 40 mmHg walked shorter distances. CONCLUSION: SBP and PP significantly correlated with the distances walked in the 6MWT, suggesting they are clinical markers of functional capacity impairment in patients with symptomatic LLOAD.

Content validation of nursing outcomes in relation to family caregivers: content validation by Brazilian and Colombian experts / Resultados de enfermería relacionados con el cuidador familiar: validación de contenido por expertos brasileños y colombianos / Resultados de enfermagem relacionados ao cuidador familiar: validação de conteúdo por expertos brasileiros e colombianos

ABSTRACT Objective: this study's aim was to estimate the content validity of nursing outcomes in relation to family caregivers. Method: eleven Brazilian and Colombian experts participated in the study. None of the 61 indicators of the four nursing outcomes were considered irrelevant; 42 (68.9%) were considered primary and 19 (31.1%) were considered secondary. Results: the indicators with higher validity scores were: family share care responsibilities for Caregiver well-being (CVI=0.85); disruption of family dynamics to Caregiver lifestyle disruption (CVI=0.85); perceived spiritual well-being and anger for Caregiver emotional health (CVI=0.79) and perceived general health to Caregiver physical health (CVI=0.79). Conclusion: the nursing outcomes studied had adequate content validity. It is recommended that content validation followed by clinical and construct validation of the nursing-sensitive outcomes be given in different cultures and care settings.

RESUMEN Objetivo: estimar la validez de contenido de cuatro resultados de enfermería relacionados con el cuidador familiar. Método: once expertos brasileros y colombianos participaron en el estudio. Ninguno de los 61 indicadores de los cuatro resultados de enfermería fueron consideraos irrelevantes, 42 (68,9%) fueron considerados principales y 19 (31,1%) fueron considerados secundarios. Resultados: los indicadores con mayores puntuaciones de validez fueron: familia compartiendo las responsabilidades del ofrecimiento de cuidados para el Bienestar del cuidador (IVC=0,85), ruptura de la dinámica familiar para Ruptura del estilo de vida del cuidador (IVC=0,85); bienestar percibido y rabia para Salud emocional del cuidador (IVC=0,79) y salud general percibida para Salud física del cuidador (IVC=0,79). Conclusión: los resultados de enfermería tuvieron adecuada validez de contenido. Se recomienda que la validación de contenido seguida por la validación clínica y de constructo se realice en diferentes culturas y escenarios de cuidado.

RESUMO Objetivo: estimar a validade de conteúdo de quatro resultados de enfermagem relacionados ao cuidador familiar. Método: onze expertos brasileiros e colombianos participaram do estudo. Nenhum dos 61 indicadores dos quatro resultados de enfermagem foi considerado irrelevante, 42 (68,9%) foram considerados principais e 19 (31,1%) foram considerados secundários. Resultados: os indicadores com maiores escores de validade foram: família compartilhando as responsabilidades do oferecimento de cuidados para o Bem-estar do cuidador (IVC=0,85); ruptura da dinâmica familiar para a Ruptura do estilo de vida do cuidador (IVC=0,85); bem-estar espiritual percebido e raiva para Saúde emocional do cuidador (IVC=0,79) e saúde geral percebida para Saúde física do cuidador (IVC=0,79). Conclusão: os resultados de enfermagem estudados tiveram adequada validade de conteúdo. Recomenda-se que a validação de conteúdo, seguida pela validação clínica e de construto dos resultados ocorram em diferentes culturas e locais de assistência.

Aging as a predictor of nursing workload in Intensive Care Unit: results from a Brazilian Sample / Envelhecimento como um preditor de carga de trabalho de enfermagem em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva: resultados de uma amostra brasileira / Envejecimiento como predictor de la carga de trabajo de enfermería en unidad de cuidados intensivos: resultados de una muestra brasileña

Abstract OBJECTIVE Verify if aging is an independent predictor of NW in ICU, according to age groups, and its predictive value as a determinant of NW in ICU. METHODS Study was conducted from 2012 to 2016. A convenience sample composed by patients (age ≥ 18) admitted to nine ICU belonging to a Brazilian hospital, was analyzed. Age was assumed as an independent variable and NW (measured by the Nursing Activities Score - NAS) as dependent. Linear regression model and ROC curve were used for the analysis. RESULTS 890 participants (361 older people), mostly males (58.1%). The mean NAS score was higher among older participants in comparison to adults (p=0.004) but not within categories of aging (p=0.697). Age was responsible for 0.6% of NAS score. Each year of age increases NAS score in 0.081 points (p=0.015). However, age was not a good predictor of NAS score (AUC = 0.394; p=0.320). CONCLUSION The care of older people in ICU is associated with an increase in NW, compared to adults. Aging can be considered an associated factor but not a good predictor of NW in ICU.

Resumo OBJETIVO Verificar se a idade é um preditor independente de Carga de trabalho de Enfermagem (CTE) em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI), de acordo com o grupo etário e qual sua capacidade preditiva como determinante de maior CTE em UTI. MÉTODO O estudo foi realizado entre 2012 e 2016. Amostra de conveniência composta por pacientes (idade ≥ 18) admitidos em nove UTI de um hospital universitário brasileiro. A idade foi considerada como variável independente e a CTE (mensurada pelo Nursing Activities Score ‒ NAS) como dependente. Os dados foram analisados por meio de análise de regressão linear e curva ROC. RESULTADOS 890 participantes (361 idosos), em sua maioria homens (58,1%). A média do NAS foi maior entre os idosos em comparação aos adultos (p=0,004), mas não entre os grupos etários (p=0,697). A idade foi responsável por 0,6% da pontuação do NAS. Para cada 1 ano de aumento da idade, a pontuação do NAS aumentou em 0,081 pontos (p=0,015). No entanto, a idade não foi um bom preditor de maior CTE (AUC = 0,394; p=0,320). CONCLUSÃO O cuidado de idosos em UTI está associado à maior CTE. A idade pode ser considerada um fator associado, mas não um bom preditor de CTE em UTI.

Resumen OBJETIVO Verificar si el envejecimiento es un predictor independiente de la Carga de Trabajo de Enfermería (CTE) en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI), según grupos etarios y su valor predictivo como determinante de la CTE en la UCI. MÉTODOS Se analizó una muestra de conveniencia compuesta por pacientes (edad ≥ 18) ingresados en nueve UCI pertenecientes a un hospital brasileño. La edad se asumió como variable independiente y como variable dependiente la carga de trabajo de enfermería -medida por el sistema Nursing Activities Score (NAS) de puntuación de actividades de enfermería. Para el análisis, se utilizaron el modelo de regresión lineal y la curva ROC. RESULTADOS 890 participantes (361 adultos mayores), en su mayoría varones (58,1%). La puntuación NAS promedio fue mayor entre los participantes adultos mayores en comparación con los adultos (p=0,004), pero no en las categorías de envejecimiento (p=0,697). La edad fue responsable del 0,6% de la puntuación NAS. Cada año de edad aumenta la puntuación NAS en 0,081 puntos (p=0,015). Sin embargo, la edad no resultó un buen predictor de la puntuación NAS (AbC=0,394; p=0,320). CONCLUSIÓN El cuidado de los adultos mayores en UCI se asocia con un aumento de la CTE en comparación con los adultos. El envejecimiento puede considerarse un factor asociado, pero no un buen predictor de la CTE en UCI.

Comparação do grau de acurácia diagnóstica de graduandos e enfermeiros em programas de residência / Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of undergraduate students and nurses in residency programs / Comparación del grado de exactitud diagnóstica de los estudiantes graduados y personal de enfermería en los programas de residencia

OBJETIVOS: comparar o grau de acurácia diagnóstica entre estudantes do último ano de graduação em ENFERMAGEM e de enfermeiros residentes, e estimar a associação entre o grau de acurácia diagnóstica e o grau de contato com processo de enfermagem, diagnóstico de enfermagem, raciocínio clínico e o grau de habilidade em estabelecer diagnósticos de enfermagem.MÉTODO: trata-se de estudo descritivoexploratório transversal. Participaram 65 sujeitos, dos quais: 27 graduandos do último ano de Enfermagem, 19 enfermeiros residentes do primeiro ano e 19 do segundo ano. Utilizaram-se dois instrumentos: caracterização dos participantes e caso clínico. O grau de acurácia diagnóstica foi avaliado por meio da Escala de Acurácia de Diagnósticos de Enfermagem - versão 2. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e inferencial.RESULTADOS: os participantes tinham idade média entre 22 e 26 anos e a maioria era do sexo feminino. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa quanto à habilidade autorreferida para estabelecer diagnósticos de enfermagem e grau de contato com processo de enfermagem, diagnósticos de enfermagem e raciocínio clínico nos âmbitos teórico e prático. Verificou-se que os residentes do segundo ano identificaram número significativamente menor de diagnósticos de baixa acurácia.CONCLUSÃO: os resultados sugerem que os programas de residência contribuem para melhorar a acurácia diagnóstica.

OBJECTIVES: to compare the degree of diagnostic accuracy among undergraduate students in NURSING and resident nurses, and to estimate the association between the degree of diagnostic accuracy and the degree of contact with the nursing process, nursing diagnosis, clinical reasoning, and the Degree of ability to establish nursing diagnoses. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study. A total of 65 subjects participated, including: 27 undergraduate nursing students, 19 first-year resident nurses and 19 second-year resident nurses. Two instruments were used: characterization of the participants and clinical case. The degree of diagnostic accuracy was assessed using the Nursing Diagnostic Accuracy Scale (version 2). Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS: the participants had a mean age between 22 and 26 years and the majority were of the women. There was no statistically significant difference in self-reported ability to establish nursing diagnoses and degree of contact with nursing process, nursing diagnoses and clinical reasoning in the theoretical and practical areas. Second-year residents were found to have identified a significantly lower number of low-accuracy diagnoses. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that residency programs contribute to improved diagnostic accuracy.

OBJETIVOS: Comparar el grado de exactitud diagnóstica entre los estudiantes en su último año en el grado de enfermería y enfermeras residentes, y estimar la asociación entre el grado de exactitud del diagnóstico y el grado de contacto con el proceso de enfermería, diagnóstico de enfermería, el razonamiento clínico y grado de habilidad para establecer el diagnóstico enfermagem.MÉTODO: es el estudio descritivoexploratório cruz. 65 sujetos participaron, de los cuales 27 graduados del último año de enfermería, 19 enfermeras residentes del primer año y 19 el segundo año. Se utilizaron dos instrumentos: caracterización de los participantes y caso clínico. El grado de precisión diagnóstica se evaluó mediante la Escala de Diagnósticos de Enfermería Precisión - Versión 2. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando estadística descriptiva y inferencial.RESULTADOS: Los participantes tenían una edad media de entre 22 y 26 años y la mayoría eran femenina. No hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la capacidad de auto-reporte de establecer diagnósticos de enfermería y grado de contacto con el proceso de enfermería, diagnóstico de enfermería y el razonamiento clínico en los niveles teóricos y prácticos. Se encontró que los residentes segundo año identificados significativamente menos diagnósticos bajas acurácia.CONCLUSÃO: resultados sugieren que los programas de residencia contribuyen a mejorar la precisión diagnóstica.

Predictive factors of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting / Fatores preditivos de fibrilação atrial no pós-operatório de revascularização do miocárdio

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze predictive demographic and perioperative variables of postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients who underwent exclusively coronary artery bypass grafting. Methods This was a retrospective cohort. We randomly selected 105 medical records of patients who underwent exclusively coronary artery bypass grafting in 2014. Demographic, clinical (preoperative and immediate postoperative) data and related with surgical procedure were collected from medical records. The occurrence of postoperative atrial fibrillation was considered until the third day after the surgery. Variables were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. To identify predictive factors of postoperative atrial fibrillation we used a decision tree model with Classification and Regression Trees algorithm. Results Atrial fibrillation incidence was 19.0% (n=20). Patients with left atrial >40.5mm and aged >64.5 years were more likely to develop the arrhythmia during the post-surgical period. Conclusion Left atrial diameter and advanced age were predictive factors of atrial fibrillation in patients who underwent exclusively coronary artery bypass grafting.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar as variáveis demográficas e perioperatórias preditivas de fibrilação atrial pós-operatória em pacientes brasileiros submetidos exclusivamente à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio. Métodos Trata-se de coorte retrospectiva. A amostra foi constituída de 105 prontuários de pacientes submetidos exclusivamente à revascularização do miocárdio no ano de 2014, selecionados aleatoriamente. Dados demográficos, clínicos (préoperatórios e do pós-operatório imediato) e relacionados ao procedimento cirúrgico foram coletados por meio de consulta ao prontuário. A ocorrência de fibrilação atrial no pós-operatório foi considerada até o terceiro dia após a cirurgia. As variáveis foram analisadas por estatística descritiva e inferencial. Para identificar os fatores preditivos de fibrilação atrial no pós-operatório, utilizou-se um modelo de árvore de decisão com algoritmo Classification and Regression Trees. Resultados A incidência de fibrilação atrial pós-operatória foi de 19,0% (n=20). Pacientes com átrio esquerdo >40,5mm e idade >64,5 anos foram aqueles com mais chance de desenvolver a arritmia no pós-operatório. Conclusão Tamanho do átrio esquerdo e idade avançada foram fatores preditivos de fibrilação atrial em pacientes submetidos exclusivamente à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio.

Conhecimento, atitudes e controle metabólico de diabéticos cardiopatas / Knowledge, attitudes and metabolic control of diabetic and cardiac patients

Verificar a relação do conhecimento, atitudes e controle metabólico de diabéticos cardiopatas. Métodos:estudo descritivo, exploratório e transversal que verificou conhecimento, atitudes e controle metabólico do diabetes em 46 participantes com cardiopatia. Resultados: os participantes eram predominantemente do sexo masculino, com ensino médio incompleto, que demonstraram conhecimento insatisfatório e atitudes desfavoráveis em relação à doença. Não houve diferença entre os participantes com e sem conhecimento em relação às variáveis de controle metabólico e clínico do diabetes, tampouco com atitudes frente à doença. Conclusão: o conhecimento sobre diabetes mostrou-se insatisfatório em pacientes com cardiopatia e não se relacionou a atitudes favoráveis e melhor controle da doença.

Objective: to verify the relationship between knowledge, attitudes and metabolic control in diabetic and cardiac patients. Methods: descriptive, exploratory and cross-sectional study exploring the knowledge, attitudes and diabetes metabolic control in 46 participants with heart disease. Results: participants were predominantly male with incomplete secondary education who demonstrated poor knowledge and unfavorable attitudes towards the disease. There was no difference between participants with and without knowledge on variables of metabolic and clinical control of diabetes, neither with respect to attitudes towards the disease. Conclusion: knowledge about diabetes was unsatisfactory in patients with heart disease and unrelated to favorable actions and better disease control.

Pain evaluation scales for elderly patients with dementia / Escalas de avaliação da dor em pacientes idosos com demência

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Elderly people with dementia are impaired in the way they interpret and communicate pain, being important the use of specific tools for accurate diagnosis. This study aimed at summarizing literature data on tools for pain evaluation in hospitalized elderly patients with dementia. CONTENTS: This is a literature review of the following databases: LILACS, Pubmed/Medline, CINAHL, SCOPUS, Cochrane, Web of Science and Joanna-Briggs Institute. Eligibility criteria were established for studies selection. A specific tool was used for critical evaluation. From 383 studies found, 4 were included in this review. Studies have evaluated the performance of 8 observational or self-report scales. CONCLUSION: Our study results suggest that observational and self-report scales may be used to evaluate pain in hospitalized elderly patients with dementia, provided the level of cognitive impairment is observed to select the scale, thus avoiding inadequate evaluations and consequently the undertreatment of pain.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Os idosos com demência apresentam comprometimento que afeta o modo como interpretam e comunicam a dor, sendo importante a utilização de instrumentos específicos para o diagnóstico adequado. O objetivo deste estudo foi sintetizar os dados da literatura sobre os instrumentos utilizados para avaliação da dor em idosos com demência internados. CONTEÚDO: Trata-se de revisão da literatura, utilizando as bases de dados: LILACS, Pubmed/Medline, CINAHL, SCOPUS, Cochrane, Web of Science e Joanna Briggs-Institute. Critérios de elegibilidade foram estabelecidos para seleção dos estudos. Utilizou-se instrumento específico para avaliação crítica. Foram localizados 383 estudos, dos quais 4 foram incluídos nesta revisão. Os estudos avaliaram o desempenho de 8 escalas observacionais ou de autorrelato. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que escalas observacionais e de autorrelato podem ser utilizadas para avaliar a dor em idosos com demência em ambiente hospitalar, desde que seja observado o nível de comprometimento cognitivo para a escolha da escala, evitando-se assim avaliações inadequadas e consequentemente o subtratamento da dor.