[THE EFFECT OF 5 DAYS IMMERSION IN DEAD SEA WATER ON BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS].

BACKGROUND: Body immersion in plain water or mineral water induces significant and unique physiological changes in most body systems. In a previous pilot study, a significant reduction in blood glucose levels among diabetes mellitus (DM) patients was found following a single immersion in Dead Sea water but not after immersion in plain water. OBJECTIVE: To study the immediate and long term effects of immersion in mineral water for five consecutive days on blood glucose in patients with type 2 DM. METHODS: A total of 34 patients with type 2 DM were divided into 2 groups: The first immersed in a plain water pool and the second immersed in a Dead Sea water pool; both pools were warmed to a temperature of 35°C. Immersions for 20 minutes occurred twice daily: two hours after breakfast and before dinner. Seven samples of capillary blood glucose levels were taken: fasting, before and after every immersion, prior to lunch and before bedtime. Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) was taken prior to the study and a re-check was conducted during the 12 weeks following the study. RESULTS: Blood glucose levels significantly decreased immediately after immersion both in Dead Sea water and plain water compared to their values prior to immersion (p<0.001). No significant difference was noted between both types of water. A decrease in fasting glucose levels was observed only in the group immersed in Dead Sea water when compared to plain water (6.83±5.68 mg/dl versus 4.37±1.79 respectively and the difference was close to statistical significance (p=0.071. There were no changes in HbA1c levels. CONCLUSION: Immersion for 20 minutes in water (Dead Sea or plain water) at a temperature of 35°C induced an immediate reduction in glucose levels in patients with type 2 DM.

Synapsin selectively controls the mobility of resting pool vesicles at hippocampal terminals.

Presynaptic terminals are specialized sites for information transmission where vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and are locally recycled. Recent work has extended this classical view, with the observation that a subset of functional vesicles is dynamically shared between adjacent terminals by lateral axonal transport. Conceptually, such transport would be expected to disrupt vesicle retention around the active zone, yet terminals are characterized by a high-density vesicle cluster, suggesting that counteracting stabilizing mechanisms must operate against this tendency. The synapsins are a family of proteins that associate with synaptic vesicles and determine vesicle numbers at the terminal, but their specific function remains controversial. Here, using multiple quantitative fluorescence-based approaches and electron microscopy, we show that synapsin is instrumental for resisting vesicle dispersion and serves as a regulatory element for controlling lateral vesicle sharing between synapses. Deleting synapsin disrupts the organization of presynaptic vesicle clusters, making their boundaries hard to define. Concurrently, the fraction of vesicles amenable to transport is increased, and more vesicles are translocated to the axon. Importantly, in neurons from synapsin knock-out mice the resting and recycling pools are equally mobile. Synapsin, when present, specifically restricts the mobility of resting pool vesicles without affecting the division of vesicles between these pools. Specific expression of synapsin IIa, the sole isoform affecting synaptic depression, rescues the knock-out phenotype. Together, our results show that synapsin is pivotal for maintaining synaptic vesicle cluster integrity and that it contributes to the regulated sharing of vesicles between terminals.

Induction of labor in cases of late preterm isolated oligohydramnios: is it justified?

OBJECTIVES: To analyze in a retrospective cohort study the outcomes of pregnancies with isolated oligohydramnios at the late preterm period (34-36.6 weeks of gestation). STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective cohort study included three groups of women: (1) Women with isolated oligohydramnios whose pregnancy was managed conservatively (n = 33 births); (2) women with isolated oligohydramnios who were managed actively (i.e. induction of labor) (n = 111 births); and (3) a control group including women with normal amount of amniotic fluid who had a spontaneous late preterm delivery (n = 10,445 births). Maternal and fetal characteristics and obstetrics outcomes were collected from a computerized database of all deliveries at Soroka University Medical Center during the study period. RESULTS: Our cohort included 10,589 births. The rate of inducing labor was higher in the oligohydramnios groups compared to the controls (p < .001). There was an increase in the rate of cesarean section (CS) in the conservative treatment group (p < .001), compared with the other groups. Conservative management was associated with higher rates of maternal infection (p = .026), chorioamnionitis (p = .01), and transitory tachypnea of the newborn (p = .02). After controlling for confounding factors, mal presentation (OR = 19.9), and a prior CS (OR = 2.4) were independently associated with an increased risk for CS, while induction of labor was associated with a reduced risk for CS (OR = 0.28). CONCLUSIONS: Women with late preterm isolated oligohydramnios had a higher rate of induction of labor than women with a normal amount of amniotic fluid. Induction of labor seems to be beneficial to both the neonate and the mother as seen by a lower rate of CS conducted in this group, as well as lower maternal and neonatal morbidity in comparison to the conservative group. Therefore, women with oligohydramnios at late preterm may benefit from induction of labor.

Tratamiento de amenorreas hiperprolactinemicas con cabergolina / Treatment of hyperprolactinemic amenorrheas with cabergoline

La cabergolina (CAB) es un agonista dopaminérgico de acción prolongada. En la primera experiencia nacional con CAB -parte de un trabajo multicéntrico internacional- se evaluaron 39 mujeres adultos y adolescentes, de 16 a 44 años, con amenorreas hiperprolactinémicas (18 microadenomas y 21 idiopáticas). Se administró CAB o bromoergocriptina (BEC) durante 24 semanas: 8 semanas fueron a doble ciego y en las 16 restantes (período abierto) 18 pacientes fueron tratadas con CAB y 21 con BEC según distribución al azar. Dosis máxima: CAB = 1,5 mg en 2 ó 3 tomas semanales 0,2, 4,6,8,12,14, 20 y 24 del tratamiento y reistalada la menstruación se dosó Progesterona. En las 4 adolescentes se continuó el tratameiento con CAB durante 1 año más. La prolactina se evaluó estadísticamente según Man Whitney (población general) o Wilcoxon (adolescentes). No hubo diferenciais significativas entre las prolactinas (ng/ml) basales de las pacientes tratadas con BEC o con CAB: 173, 86 + 28,23 y 152,11 + 14,06 respectivamente (p = NS); a la 4º semana hubo menor descenso con BEC que con CAB: 36,36 + 5,71 y 14,06 + 3,60 (p < 0,05) y a las 24 semanas se igualaron las respuestas: 19,88 + 4,48 y 9,63 + 2,62 respectivamente (p = NS). En las adolescentes se observó un marcado descenso de la PRL sin diferenciais entre BEC y CAB: basales: 168,17 + 75,47 y 213 + 96,99 (p = NS); 4 semanas: 48,00 + 8,72 y 35,00 + 12,58 (p = NS); 24 semanas; 34,33 + 10,17 y 21,75 + 7,23 (p = NS) respectivamente. A las 48 semanas persistieron los valores de la semana 24: 23,25 + 11,23 (p = NS). Algunas pacientes tratadas con BEC presentaron náuseas, vómitos y epigastralgias, síntomas no observados con CAB. Todas as pacientes lograron menstruar excepto una tratada con BEC, 6 pacientes tratadas con CAB se embarazaron y las 5 que continuaron bajo nuestro control dieron a luz niños sanos. Se concluye que la CAB constituye un recurso terapéutico útil, particularmente en la dolescencia (grupo etario de difícil manejo), por su fácil administración y casi total ausencia de efectos adversos.