Influenza-Associated Hospitalizations and Risk of Subsequent Heart Failure Hospital Admissions: A 20-Year Territorywide Registry Study in Hong Kong, China.

Little is known about the risk of hospitalization for cardiovascular disease after influenza infection in younger adults. In a territorywide Hong Kong, China, study using clinical registry data for 1997-2017, we examined the association between influenza-associated hospitalizations and the risk of subsequent hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) in 3 age groups: 18-44 years, 45-65 years, and >65 years. Exposure was defined as any infection with influenzavirus as a primary principal diagnosis for hospitalization, whereas the nonexposed control group comprised persons with hospitalizations for elective orthopedic surgery. Logistic regression was used to determine the risk of HHF within 12 months of hospital discharge for the exposed group versus the nonexposed group. Results showed that influenza-associated hospitalization in the preceding 12 months was associated with increased risk of subsequent HHF in all age groups (all P values < 0.001). Notably, the age group 18-44 years was found to have the highest elevated risk of HHF (adjusted odds ratio = 14.90, 95% confidence interval: 4.48, 49.58). In view of the relatively small number of subsequent HHF episodes in this age group, future studies are needed to confirm the elevated risk in this group and to explore the role of age in the relationship between influenza-associated hospitalization and subsequent HHF.

Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Depressive Symptoms Among Patients With Coronary Heart Disease: The Mediating Role of Physical Activity Self-Efficacy.

BACKGROUND: Despite the positive effect of physical activity on reducing depressive symptoms among patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), the effect of physical activity on depressive symptoms is poorly understood. AIMS: To examine the mediating role of physical activity self-efficacy in the relationship between leisure-time physical activity and depressive symptoms in CHD patients. METHODS: This was a secondary data analysis study. A total of 593 CHD patients were included. Data on leisure-time physical activity, physical activity self-efficacy, and depressive symptoms were collected by validated questionnaires. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected via patient interviews and medical records reviewing. The approach of Baron and Kenny was adopted to examine the mediating effect of physical activity self-efficacy on the association between leisure-time physical activity and depressive symptoms. RESULTS: On average, participants aged 56.9 (± 12.5) years old, with 66% male. Statistical analyses showed that leisure-time physical activity was significantly associated with depressive symptoms (ß = -0.041, p = .040) and physical activity self-efficacy (ß = 0.197, p = .001), and physical activity self-efficacy was significantly associated with depressive symptoms (ß = -0.223, p = .001) after adjusting for leisure-time physical activity. The indirect effect of leisure-time physical activity on depressive symptoms through physical activity self-efficacy was also significant (ß = -0.044, 95% confidence interval: -0.064, -0.027), suggesting a mediating role of physical activity self-efficacy on the relationship between leisure-time physical activity and depressive symptoms. LINKING EVIDENCE TO ACTION: Leisure-time physical activity is associated with reduced depressive symptoms among CHD patients, and this association is mediated by physical activity self-efficacy. This mediating model has important clinical implications, where integrating physical activity that is enjoyable and pleasant, and self-efficacy building elements in physical activity regimens should be considered, so as to improve psychological outcomes among CHD patients.