RESUMO
Cyanobacteria are infamous producers of toxins. While the toxic potential of planktonic cyanobacterial blooms is well documented, the ecosystem level effects of toxigenic benthic and epiphytic cyanobacteria are an understudied threat. The freshwater epiphytic cyanobacterium Aetokthonos hydrillicola has recently been shown to produce the "eagle killer" neurotoxin aetokthonotoxin (AETX) causing the fatal neurological disease vacuolar myelinopathy. The disease affects a wide array of wildlife in the southeastern United States, most notably waterfowl and birds of prey, including the bald eagle. In an assay for cytotoxicity, we found the crude extract of the cyanobacterium to be much more potent than pure AETX, prompting further investigation. Here, we describe the isolation and structure elucidation of the aetokthonostatins (AESTs), linear peptides belonging to the dolastatin compound family, featuring a unique modification of the C-terminal phenylalanine-derived moiety. Using immunofluorescence microscopy and molecular modeling, we confirmed that AEST potently impacts microtubule dynamics and can bind to tubulin in a similar matter as dolastatin 10. We also show that AEST inhibits reproduction of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Bioinformatic analysis revealed the AEST biosynthetic gene cluster encoding a nonribosomal peptide synthetase/polyketide synthase accompanied by a unique tailoring machinery. The biosynthetic activity of a specific N-terminal methyltransferase was confirmed by in vitro biochemical studies, establishing a mechanistic link between the gene cluster and its product.
Assuntos
Cianobactérias , Águias , Animais , Ecossistema , Cianobactérias/genética , Caenorhabditis elegans , Água DoceRESUMO
We addressed the heteromerization of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) on the basis of angiotensin-II-receptor-subtype-1(AT1R)-EGFR interaction as proof-of-concept and show its functional relevance during synergistic nuclear information transfer, beyond ligand-dependent EGFR transactivation. Following in silico modelling, we generated EGFR-interaction deficient AT1R-mutants and compared them to AT1R-wildtype. Receptor interaction was assessed by co-immunoprecipitation (CoIP), Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). Changes in cell morphology, ERK1/2-phosphorylation (ppERK1/2), serum response factor (SRF)-activation and cFOS protein expression were determined by digital high content microscopy at the single cell level. FRET, FLIM and CoIP confirmed the physical interaction of AT1R-wildtype with EGFR that was strongly reduced for the AT1R-mutants. Responsiveness of cells transfected with AT1R-WT or -mutants to angiotensin II or EGF was similar regarding changes in cell circularity, ppERK1/2 (direct and by ligand-dependent EGFR-transactivation), cFOS-expression and SRF-activity. By contrast, the EGFR-AT1R-synergism regarding these parameters was completely absent for in the interaction-deficient AT1R mutants. The results show that AT1R-EGFR heteromerisation enables AT1R-EGFR-synergism on downstream gene expression regulation, modulating the intensity and the temporal pattern of nuclear AT1R/EGFR-information transfer. Furthermore, remote EGFR transactivation, via ligand release or cytosolic tyrosine kinases, is not sufficient for the complete synergistic control of gene expression.
Assuntos
Núcleo Celular , Receptores ErbB , Receptor Tipo 1 de Angiotensina , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Humanos , Receptor Tipo 1 de Angiotensina/metabolismo , Receptor Tipo 1 de Angiotensina/genética , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Transferência Ressonante de Energia de Fluorescência , Fosforilação , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/genética , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Angiotensina II/metabolismo , Angiotensina II/farmacologia , Fator de Crescimento Epidérmico/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Ligação Proteica , Fator de Resposta Sérica/metabolismo , Fator de Resposta Sérica/genéticaRESUMO
Drugs that target histone deacetylase (HDAC) entered the pharmacopoeia in the 2000s. However, some enigmatic phenotypes suggest off-target engagement. Here, we developed a quantitative chemical proteomics assay using immobilized HDAC inhibitors and mass spectrometry that we deployed to establish the target landscape of 53 drugs. The assay covers 9 of the 11 human zinc-dependent HDACs, questions the reported selectivity of some widely-used molecules (notably for HDAC6) and delineates how the composition of HDAC complexes influences drug potency. Unexpectedly, metallo-ß-lactamase domain-containing protein 2 (MBLAC2) featured as a frequent off-target of hydroxamate drugs. This poorly characterized palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase is inhibited by 24 HDAC inhibitors at low nanomolar potency. MBLAC2 enzymatic inhibition and knockdown led to the accumulation of extracellular vesicles. Given the importance of extracellular vesicle biology in neurological diseases and cancer, this HDAC-independent drug effect may qualify MBLAC2 as a target for drug discovery.
Assuntos
Histona Desacetilases , Neoplasias , Descoberta de Drogas , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/química , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/farmacologia , Histona Desacetilases/metabolismo , Humanos , Ácidos Hidroxâmicos/químicaRESUMO
Cosolvent molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have proven to be powerful in silico tools to predict hotspots for binding regions on protein surfaces. In the current study, the method was adapted and applied to two Tudor domain-containing proteins, namely Spindlin1 (SPIN1) and survival motor neuron protein (SMN). Tudor domains are characterized by so-called aromatic cages that recognize methylated lysine residues of protein targets. In the study, the conformational transitions from closed to open aromatic cage conformations were investigated by performing MD simulations with cosolvents using six different probe molecules. It is shown that a trajectory clustering approach in combination with volume and atomic distance tracking allows a reasonable discrimination between open and closed aromatic cage conformations and the docking of inhibitors yields very good reproducibility with crystal structures. Cosolvent MDs are suitable to capture the flexibility of aromatic cages and thus represent a promising tool for the optimization of inhibitors.
Assuntos
Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Solventes , Solventes/química , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/química , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas/química , Domínios Proteicos , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/química , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Conformação ProteicaRESUMO
AlphaFold is an artificial intelligence approach for predicting the three-dimensional (3D) structures of proteins with atomic accuracy. One challenge that limits the use of AlphaFold models for drug discovery is the correct prediction of folding in the absence of ligands and cofactors, which compromises their direct use. We have previously described the optimization and use of the histone deacetylase 11 (HDAC11) AlphaFold model for the docking of selective inhibitors such as FT895 and SIS17. Based on the predicted binding mode of FT895 in the optimized HDAC11 AlphaFold model, a new scaffold for HDAC11 inhibitors was designed, and the resulting compounds were tested in vitro against various HDAC isoforms. Compound 5a proved to be the most active compound with an IC50 of 365 nM and was able to selectively inhibit HDAC11. Furthermore, docking of 5a showed a binding mode comparable to FT895 but could not adopt any reasonable poses in other HDAC isoforms. We further supported the docking results with molecular dynamics simulations that confirmed the predicted binding mode. 5a also showed promising activity with an EC50 of 3.6 µM on neuroblastoma cells.
RESUMO
Although histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors show promise in treating various types of hematologic malignancies, they have some limitations, including poor pharmacokinetics and off-target side effects. Prodrug design has shown promise as an approach to improve pharmacokinetic properties and to improve target tissue specificity. In this work, several bioreductive prodrugs for class I HDACs were designed based on known selective HDAC inhibitors. The zinc-binding group of the HDAC inhibitors was masked with various nitroarylmethyl residues to make them substrates of nitroreductase (NTR). The developed prodrugs showed weak HDAC inhibitory activity compared to their parent inhibitors. The prodrugs were tested against wild-type and NTR-transfected THP1 cells. Cellular assays showed that both 2-nitroimidazole-based prodrugs 5 and 6 were best activated by the NTR and exhibited potent activity against NTR-THP1 cells. Compound 6 showed the highest cellular activity (GI50 = 77 nM) and exhibited moderate selectivity. Moreover, activation of prodrug 6 by NTR was confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, which showed the release of the parent inhibitor after incubation with Escherichia coli NTR. Thus, compound 6 can be considered a novel prodrug selective for class I HDACs, which could be used as a good starting point for increasing selectivity and for further optimization.
Assuntos
Leucemia Mieloide Aguda , Pró-Fármacos , Humanos , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/farmacologia , Pró-Fármacos/farmacologia , Pró-Fármacos/química , Terapia Genética , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Escherichia coli , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
HDAC11 is a class IV histone deacylase with no crystal structure reported so far. The catalytic domain of HDAC11 shares low sequence identity with other HDAC isoforms, which makes conventional homology modeling less reliable. AlphaFold is a machine learning approach that can predict the 3D structure of proteins with high accuracy even in absence of similar structures. However, the fact that AlphaFold models are predicted in the absence of small molecules and ions/cofactors complicates their utilization for drug design. Previously, we optimized an HDAC11 AlphaFold model by adding the catalytic zinc ion and minimization in the presence of reported HDAC11 inhibitors. In the current study, we implement a comparative structure-based virtual screening approach utilizing the previously optimized HDAC11 AlphaFold model to identify novel and selective HDAC11 inhibitors. The stepwise virtual screening approach was successful in identifying a hit that was subsequently tested using an in vitro enzymatic assay. The hit compound showed an IC50 value of 3.5 µM for HDAC11 and could selectively inhibit HDAC11 over other HDAC subtypes at 10 µM concentration. In addition, we carried out molecular dynamics simulations to further confirm the binding hypothesis obtained by the docking study. These results reinforce the previously presented AlphaFold optimization approach and confirm the applicability of AlphaFold models in the search for novel inhibitors for drug discovery.
Assuntos
Modelos Químicos , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Domínio Catalítico , Desenho de Fármacos , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/farmacologia , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Neuroblastoma is the most common solid tumor in infants accounting for approximately 15% of all cancer-related deaths. Over 50% of high-risk neuroblastoma relapse, emphasizing the need of novel drug targets and therapeutic strategies. In neuroblastoma, chromosomal gains at chromosome 17q, including IGF2BP1, and MYCN amplification at chromosome 2p are associated with adverse outcome. Recent, pre-clinical evidence indicates the feasibility of direct and indirect targeting of IGF2BP1 and MYCN in cancer treatment. METHODS: Candidate oncogenes on 17q were identified by profiling the transcriptomic/genomic landscape of 100 human neuroblastoma samples and public gene essentiality data. Molecular mechanisms and gene expression profiles underlying the oncogenic and therapeutic target potential of the 17q oncogene IGF2BP1 and its cross-talk with MYCN were characterized and validated in human neuroblastoma cells, xenografts and PDX as well as novel IGF2BP1/MYCN transgene mouse models. RESULTS: We reveal a novel, druggable feedforward loop of IGF2BP1 (17q) and MYCN (2p) in high-risk neuroblastoma. This promotes 2p/17q chromosomal gains and unleashes an oncogene storm resulting in fostered expression of 17q oncogenes like BIRC5 (survivin). Conditional, sympatho-adrenal transgene expression of IGF2BP1 induces neuroblastoma at a 100% incidence. IGF2BP1-driven malignancies are reminiscent to human high-risk neuroblastoma, including 2p/17q-syntenic chromosomal gains and upregulation of Mycn, Birc5, as well as key neuroblastoma circuit factors like Phox2b. Co-expression of IGF2BP1/MYCN reduces disease latency and survival probability by fostering oncogene expression. Combined inhibition of IGF2BP1 by BTYNB, MYCN by BRD inhibitors or BIRC5 by YM-155 is beneficial in vitro and, for BTYNB, also. CONCLUSION: We reveal a novel, druggable neuroblastoma oncogene circuit settling on strong, transcriptional/post-transcriptional synergy of MYCN and IGF2BP1. MYCN/IGF2BP1 feedforward regulation promotes an oncogene storm harboring high therapeutic potential for combined, targeted inhibition of IGF2BP1, MYCN expression and MYCN/IGF2BP1-effectors like BIRC5.
Assuntos
Neuroblastoma , Animais , Humanos , Lactente , Camundongos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Genes myc , Proteína Proto-Oncogênica N-Myc/genética , Proteína Proto-Oncogênica N-Myc/metabolismo , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/genética , Neuroblastoma/tratamento farmacológico , Neuroblastoma/genética , Neuroblastoma/metabolismoRESUMO
In order to develop novel inhibitors of the bacterial deacetylase LpxC bearing a substituent to target the UDP binding site of the enzyme, a series of aldotetronic acid-based hydroxamic acids was accessed in chiral pool syntheses starting from 4,6-O-benzylidene-d-glucose and l-arabinitol. The synthesized hydroxamic acids were tested for LpxC inhibitory activity in vitro, revealing benzyl ether 17a ((2S,3S)-4-(benzyloxy)-N,3-dihydroxy-2-[(4-{[4-(morpholinomethyl)phenyl]ethynyl}benzyl)oxy]butanamide) as the most potent LpxC inhibitor. This compound was additionally tested for antibacterial activity against a panel of clinically relevant Gram-negative bacteria, bacterial uptake, and susceptibility to efflux pumps. Molecular docking studies were performed to rationalize the observed structure-activity relationships.
Assuntos
Amidoidrolases , Antibacterianos , Inibidores Enzimáticos , Escherichia coli , Amidoidrolases/antagonistas & inibidores , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Bactérias/metabolismo , Sítios de Ligação , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Ácidos Hidroxâmicos/farmacologia , Ácidos Hidroxâmicos/química , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
The development of a new drug from the first hit to the launch of an approved product is a complex process that usually take around 12-15 years and costs more than USD 1-2 billion [...].
Assuntos
Descoberta de DrogasRESUMO
Epigenetic processes modulate gene transcription and genomic stability, ensuring proper cell development and differentiation [...].
Assuntos
Histona Acetiltransferases , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases , Histona Acetiltransferases/metabolismo , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/farmacologia , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/uso terapêutico , Epigênese Genética , Diferenciação CelularRESUMO
Sirtuins are protein deacylases regulating metabolism and stress responses and implicated in aging-related diseases. Modulators of the human sirtuins 1-7 are sought as chemical tools and potential therapeutics, for example, for treatment of cancer. We were able to show that 3-aryl-mercapto-succinylated- and 3-benzyl-mercapto-succinylated peptide derivatives yield selective Sirt5 inhibitors with low nM Ki values. Here, we synthesized and characterized 3-aryl-mercapto-butyrylated peptide derivatives as effective and selective sirtuin 2 inhibitors with KD values in the low nanomolar range. According to kinetic measurements and microscale thermophoresis/surface plasmon resonance experiments, the respective inhibitors bind with the 3-aryl-mercapto moiety in the selectivity pocket of Sirtuin 2, inducing a rearrangement of the active site. In contrast, 3-aryl-mercapto-nonalyl or palmitoyl derivatives are characterized by a switch in the binding mode blocking both the hydrophobic channel by the fatty acyl chain and the nicotinamide pocket by the 3-aryl-mercapto moiety.
Assuntos
Sirtuína 2 , Sirtuínas , Domínio Catalítico , Humanos , Lisina/metabolismo , Niacinamida , Peptídeos , Sirtuína 2/metabolismo , Sirtuínas/metabolismoRESUMO
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are important epigenetic regulators involved in many diseases, especially cancer. Five HDAC inhibitors have been approved for anticancer therapy and many are in clinical trials. Among the 11 zinc-dependent HDACs, HDAC10 has received relatively little attention by drug discovery campaigns, despite its involvement, e. g., in the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma. This is due in part to a lack of robust enzymatic conversion assays. In contrast to the protein lysine deacetylase and deacylase activity of most other HDAC subtypes, it has recently been shown that HDAC10 has strong preferences for deacetylation of oligoamine substrates like acetyl-putrescine or -spermidine. Hence, it is also termed a polyamine deacetylase (PDAC). Here, we present the first fluorescent enzymatic conversion assay for HDAC10 using an aminocoumarin-labelled acetyl-spermidine derivative to measure its PDAC activity, which is suitable for high-throughput screening. Using this assay, we identified potent inhibitors of HDAC10-mediated spermidine deacetylation inâ vitro. Based on the oligoamine preference of HDAC10, we also designed inhibitors with a basic moiety in appropriate distance to the zinc binding hydroxamate that showed potent inhibition of HDAC10 with high selectivity, and we solved a HDAC10-inhibitor structure using X-ray crystallography. We could demonstrate selective cellular target engagement for HDAC10 but a lysosomal phenotype in neuroblastoma cells that was previously associated with HDAC10 inhibition was not observed. Thus, we have developed new chemical probes for HDAC10 that allow further clarification of the biological role of this enzyme.
Assuntos
Neuroblastoma , Espermidina , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/química , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/farmacologia , Histona Desacetilases/metabolismo , Humanos , Neuroblastoma/patologia , Poliaminas/química , Espermidina/química , Espermidina/metabolismo , ZincoRESUMO
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are overexpressed in cancer, and their inhibition shows promising results in cancer therapy. In particular, selective class I HDAC inhibitors such as entinostat are proposed to be more beneficial in breast cancer treatment. Computational drug design is an inevitable part of today's drug discovery projects because of its unequivocal role in saving time and cost. Using three HDAC inhibitors trichostatin, vorinostat, and entinostat as template structures and a diverse fragment library, all synthetically accessible compounds thereof (â¼3200) were generated virtually and filtered based on similarity against the templates and PAINS removal. The 298 selected structures were docked into the active site of HDAC I and ranked using a calculated binding affinity. Top-ranking structures were inspected manually, and, considering the ease of synthesis and drug-likeness, two new structures (3a and 3b) were proposed for synthesis and biological evaluation. The synthesized compounds were purified to a degree of more than 95% and structurally verified using various methods. The designed compounds 3a and 3b showed 65-80 and 5% inhibition on HDAC 1, 2, and 3 isoforms at a concentration of 10 µM, respectively. The novel compound 3a may be used as a lead structure for designing new HDAC inhibitors.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Desenho de Fármacos , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/química , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/farmacologia , Histona Desacetilases/química , Isoformas de ProteínasRESUMO
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an important biomolecule with essential roles at the intersection of energy metabolism, epigenetic regulation and cell signalling. Synthetic analogues of NAD+ are therefore of great interest as chemical tools for medicinal chemistry, chemical biology and drug discovery. Herein, we report the chemical synthesis and full analytical characterisation of three stereoisomers of 2â³-amino NAD+, and their biochemical evaluation against two classes of NAD+-consuming enzymes: the human sirtuins 1-3, and the bacterial toxin TccC3. To rationalise the observed activities, molecular docking experiments were carried out with SIRT1 and SIRT2, which identified the correct orientation of the pyrophosphate linkage as a major determinant for activity in this series. These results, together with results from stability tests and a conformational analysis, allow, for the first time, a side-by-side comparison of the chemical and biochemical features, and analytical properties, of different 2â³-amino NAD+ stereoisomers. Our findings provide insight into the recognition of co-substrate analogues by sirtuins, and will greatly facilitate the application of these important NAD+ analogues as chemical tool compounds for mechanistic studies with these as well as other NAD+-dependent enyzmes.
Assuntos
Sirtuínas , Difosfato de Adenosina , Epigênese Genética , Humanos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , NAD/metabolismo , Sirtuína 2/metabolismo , Sirtuínas/metabolismo , Estereoisomerismo , Transferases/metabolismoRESUMO
In addition to involvement in epigenetic gene regulation, histone deacetylases (HDACs) regulate multiple cellular processes through mediating the activity of non-histone protein substrates. The knockdown of HDAC8 isozyme is associated with the inhibition of cell proliferation and apoptosis enhancement in several cancer cell lines. As shown in several studies, HDAC8 can be considered a potential target in the treatment of cancer forms such as childhood neuroblastoma. The present work describes the development of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) of HDAC8 based on substituted benzhydroxamic acids previously reported as potent and selective HDAC8 inhibitors. Within this study, we investigated the HDAC8-degrading profiles of the synthesized PROTACs and their effect on the proliferation of neuroblastoma cells. The combination of in vitro screening and cellular testing demonstrated selective HDAC8 PROTACs that show anti-neuroblastoma activity in cells.
Assuntos
Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases , Histona Desacetilases , Neuroblastoma , Humanos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral/metabolismo , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/química , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/farmacologia , Histona Desacetilases/química , Histona Desacetilases/metabolismo , Neuroblastoma/metabolismo , Proteólise , Proteínas Repressoras/metabolismoRESUMO
Class I histone deacetylases, HDAC1, HDAC2, and HDAC3, represent potential targets for cancer treatment. However, the development of isoform-selective drugs for these enzymes remains challenging due to their high sequence and structural similarity. In the current study, we applied a computational approach to predict the selectivity profile of developed inhibitors. Molecular docking followed by MD simulation and calculation of binding free energy was performed for a dataset of 2-aminobenzamides comprising 30 previously developed inhibitors. For each HDAC isoform, a significant correlation was found between the binding free energy values and in vitro inhibitory activities. The predictive accuracy and reliability of the best preforming models were assessed on an external test set of newly designed and synthesized inhibitors. The developed binding free-energy models are cost-effective methods and help to reduce the time required to prioritize compounds for further studies.
Assuntos
Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases , Pirazinas , Histona Desacetilase 1 , Histona Desacetilase 2 , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/química , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/farmacologia , Histona Desacetilases/metabolismo , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Isoformas de Proteínas , Pirazinas/química , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
Some of the main challenges faced in drug discovery are pocket flexibility and binding mode prediction. In this work, we explored the aromatic cage flexibility of the histone methyllysine reader protein Spindlin1 and its impact on binding mode prediction by means of in silico approaches. We first investigated the Spindlin1 aromatic cage plasticity by analyzing the available crystal structures and through molecular dynamic simulations. Then we assessed the ability of rigid docking and flexible docking to rightly reproduce the binding mode of a known ligand into Spindlin1, as an example of a reader protein displaying flexibility in the binding pocket. The ability of induced fit docking was further probed to test if the right ligand binding mode could be obtained through flexible docking regardless of the initial protein conformation. Finally, the stability of generated docking poses was verified by molecular dynamic simulations. Accurate binding mode prediction was obtained showing that the herein reported approach is a highly promising combination of in silico methods able to rightly predict the binding mode of small molecule ligands in flexible binding pockets, such as those observed in some reader proteins.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/química , Histonas/química , Hidrocarbonetos Aromáticos/química , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/química , Fosfoproteínas/química , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Sítios de Ligação , Simulação por Computador , Ligantes , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Ligação Proteica , Conformação ProteicaRESUMO
The bacterial deacetylase LpxC is a promising target for the development of novel antibiotics being selectively active against Gram-negative bacteria. In chiral pool syntheses starting from d- and l-ribose, a series regio- and stereoisomeric monohydroxytetrahydrofuran derivatives was synthesized and tested for LpxC inhibitory and antibacterial activities. Molecular docking studies were performed to rationalize the obtained structure-activity relationships. The (2S,3R,5R)-configured 3-hydroxytetrahydrofuran derivative ent-8 ((2S,3R,5R)-N,3-Dihydroxy-5-(4-{[4-(morpholinomethyl)phenyl]ethynyl}phenyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-carboxamide) was found to be the most potent LpxC inhibitor (Kiâ¯=â¯3.5⯵M) of the synthesized series of monohydroxytetrahydrofuran derivatives and to exhibit the highest antibacterial activity against E. coli BL21(DE3) and the D22 strain.
Assuntos
Amidoidrolases/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Glicosídeos/química , Glicosídeos/farmacologia , Amidoidrolases/efeitos dos fármacos , Amidoidrolases/metabolismo , Antibacterianos/síntese química , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/enzimologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/tratamento farmacológico , Glicosídeos/síntese química , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/enzimologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Simulação de Acoplamento MolecularRESUMO
Histone deacylase 11 and human sirtuins are able to remove fatty acid-derived acyl moieties from the ε-amino group of lysine residues. Specific substrates are needed for investigating the biological functions of these enzymes. Additionally, appropriate screening systems are required for identification of modulators of enzymatic activities of HDAC11 and sirtuins. We designed and synthesized a set of activity probes by incorporation of a thioamide quencher unit into the fatty acid-derived acyl chain and a fluorophore in the peptide sequence. Systematic variation of both fluorophore and quencher position resulted "super-substrates" with catalytic constants of up to 15,000,000 M-1s-1 for human sirtuin 2 (Sirt2) enabling measurements using enzyme concentrations down to 100 pM in microtiter plate-based screening formats. It could be demonstrated that the stalled intermediate formed by the reaction of Sirt2-bound thiomyristoylated peptide and NAD+ has IC50 values below 200 pM.