Atrial cardiomyocytes contribute to the inflammatory status associated with atrial fibrillation in right heart disease.

AIMS: Right heart disease (RHD), characterized by right ventricular (RV) and atrial (RA) hypertrophy, and cardiomyocytes' (CM) dysfunctions have been described to be associated with the incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF). Right heart disease and AF have in common, an inflammatory status, but the mechanisms relating RHD, inflammation, and AF remain unclear. We hypothesized that right heart disease generates electrophysiological and morphological remodelling affecting the CM, leading to atrial inflammation and increased AF susceptibility. METHODS AND RESULTS: Pulmonary artery banding (PAB) was surgically performed (except for sham) on male Wistar rats (225-275 g) to provoke an RHD. Twenty-one days (D21) post-surgery, all rats underwent echocardiography and electrophysiological studies (EPS). Optical mapping was performed in situ, on Langendorff-perfused hearts. The contractility of freshly isolated CM was evaluated and recorded during 1 Hz pacing in vitro. Histological analyses were performed on formalin-fixed RA to assess myocardial fibrosis, connexin-43 levels, and CM morphology. Right atrial levels of selected genes and proteins were obtained by qPCR and Western blot, respectively. Pulmonary artery banding induced severe RHD identified by RV and RA hypertrophy. Pulmonary artery banding rats were significantly more susceptible to AF than sham. Compared to sham RA CM from PAB rats were significantly elongated and hypercontractile. Right atrial CM from PAB animals showed significant augmentation of mRNA and protein levels of pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-6 and IL1ß. Sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase-2a (SERCA2a) and junctophilin-2 were decreased in RA CM from PAB compared to sham rats. CONCLUSIONS: Right heart disease-induced arrhythmogenicity may occur due to dysfunctional SERCA2a and inflammatory signalling generated from injured RA CM, which leads to an increased risk of AF.

Low-Density Neutrophils Contribute to Subclinical Inflammation in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by low-grade inflammation. Low-density neutrophils (LDNs) represent normally less than 2% of total neutrophils but increase in multiple pathologies, releasing inflammatory cytokines and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). We assessed the count and role of high-density neutrophils (HDNs), LDNs, and NET-related activities in patients with T2D. HDNs and LDNs were purified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and counted by flow cytometry. Circulating inflammatory and NETs biomarkers were measured by ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay). NET formation was quantified by confocal microscopy. Neutrophil adhesion onto a human extracellular matrix (hECM) was assessed by optical microscopy. We recruited 22 healthy volunteers (HVs) and 18 patients with T2D. LDN counts in patients with diabetes were significantly higher (160%), along with circulating NETs biomarkers (citrullinated H3 histone (H3Cit), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and MPO-DNA (137%, 175%, and 69%, respectively) versus HV. Circulating interleukins (IL-6 and IL-8) and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) were significantly increased by 117%, 171%, and 79%, respectively, in patients compared to HVs. Isolated LDNs from patients expressed more H3Cit, MPO, and NETs, formed more NETs, and adhered more on hECM compared to LDNs from HVs. Patients with T2D present higher levels of circulating LDN- and NET-related biomarkers and associated pro-inflammatory activities.

Angiopoietin 1 release from human neutrophils is independent from neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs).

BACKGROUND: Neutrophils induce the synthesis and release of angiopoietin 1 (Ang1), a cytosolic growth factor involved in angiogenesis and capable of inducing several pro-inflammatory activities in neutrophils. Neutrophils also synthesize and release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), comprised from decondensed nuclear DNA filaments carrying proteins such as neutrophil elastase (NE), myeloperoxidase (MPO), proteinase 3 (PR3) and calprotectin (S100A8/S100A9), which together, contribute to the innate immune response against pathogens (e.g., bacteria). NETs are involved in various pathological conditions through pro-inflammatory, pro-thrombotic and endothelial dysfunction effects and have recently been found in heart failure (HF) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of NETs on the synthesis and release of Ang1 by the neutrophils in patients with T2DM and HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) (stable or acute decompensated; ADHFpEF) with or without T2DM. RESULTS: Our data show that at basal level (PBS) and upon treatment with LPS, levels of NETs are slightly increased in patients suffering from T2DM, HFpEF ± T2DM and ADHF without (w/o) T2DM, whereas this increase was significant in ADHFpEF + T2DM patients compared to healthy control (HC) volunteers and ADHFpEF w/o T2DM. We also observed that treatments with PMA or A23187 increase the synthesis of Ang1 (from 150 to 250%) in HC and this effect is amplified in T2DM and in all cohorts of HF patients. Ang1 is completely released (100%) by neutrophils of all groups and does not bind to NETs as opposed to calprotectin. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that severely ill patients with HFpEF and diabetes synthesize and release a greater abundance of NETs while Ang1 exocytosis is independent of NETs synthesis.

Lymphocytopenia During Hospitalization for Acute Heart Failure and Its Relationship With Portal Congestion and Right Ventricular Function.

BACKGROUND: Lymphocytopenia is associated with mortality in acute heart failure (AHF), and portal congestion has been suggested to play a role in leukocyte distribution. The associations between lymphocytopenia and ultrasound surrogates for portal congestion have never been studied. We aimed to characterize the determinants of lymphocytopenia, explore the associations between lymphocytopenia and portal congestion, and explore the relationships between lymphocytopenia and outcomes in AHF. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients were compared according to tertiles of lymphocyte count (very low, <0.87 × 109/L; low, 0.87-1.2 × 109/L; or normal, >1.2 × 109/L). One hundred three patients with AHF were prospectively assessed at baseline and discharge. At baseline, 69% of patients had a lymphocyte count below the normal range. Patients with baseline very low lymphocyte count were older, had more advanced disease and higher portal vein pulsatility index when compared with those in the higher tertiles. Very low lymphocyte count at baseline was associated with age (odds ratio (OR) 1.098), portal vein pulsatility index (OR, 1.026), and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (OR, 0.865, all P < .05). The portal vein pulsatility index was the most powerful determinant of lymphocytopenia at discharge (OR 1.033, P < .05). In a Cox model, lymphocytopenia at discharge was associated with mortality (hazard ratio 4.796, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: In AHF, lymphocytopenia is associated with ultrasound surrogates for portal congestion and right ventricular dysfunction. Whether these associations depict a potent pathophysiologic pathway or whether they only reflect a more advanced disease remains uncertain.

Synthesis of Human Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Contributes to Angiopoietin-Mediated In Vitro Proinflammatory and Proangiogenic Activities.

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are composed of nuclear DNA in a web-like structure extruded from neutrophils in response to either bacterial infection or inflammation. We previously reported the expression of angiopoietin Tie2 receptor on human neutrophils and the capacity of both angiopoietins (Ang1 and Ang2) to induce proinflammatory activities, such as synthesis and release of platelet-activating factor, upregulation of ß2 integrin complex (CD11/CD18), and neutrophil chemotaxis. In contrast, only Ang1 but not Ang2 is capable of promoting translational and transcriptional activities in neutrophils. In this article, we addressed whether Ang1 and/or Ang2 could modulate the release of NETs and if they contribute to angiopoietin-mediated proinflammatory activities. We observed that Ang1 and Ang2, alone or combined (10 nM, 3 h), increase NET synthesis and release by ≈2.5-fold as compared with PBS-treated neutrophils. The release of NETs is Tie2 dependent and requires downstream intracellular participation of PI3K, p38, and p42/44 MAPK pathways; reactive oxygen species production; intracellular calcium store depletion; and protein arginine deiminase 4 activation. These isolated NETs induced neutrophil and endothelial cell activation, leading to neutrophil adhesion onto human extracellular matrix and HUVEC and in vitro formation of capillary-like tubes by endothelial cells. Our study reports the capacity of Ang1 and Ang2 to promote the release of NETs and that these NETs contribute to angiopoietin-mediated in vitro proinflammatory and proangiogenic activities.

MK5 haplodeficiency decreases collagen deposition and scar size during post-myocardial infarction wound repair.

MK5 is a protein serine/threonine kinase activated by p38, ERK3, and ERK4 MAPKs. MK5 mRNA and immunoreactivity are detected in mouse cardiac fibroblasts, and MK5 haplodeficiency attenuates the increase in collagen 1-α1 mRNA evoked by pressure overload. The present study examined the effect of MK5 haplodeficiency on reparative fibrosis following myocardial infarction (MI). Twelve-week-old MK5+/- and wild-type littermate (MK5+/+) mice underwent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LADL). Surviving mice were euthanized 8 or 21 days post-MI. Survival rates did not differ significantly between MK5+/+ and MK5+/- mice, with rupture of the LV wall being the primary cause of death. Echocardiographic imaging revealed similar increases in LV end-diastolic diameter, myocardial performance index, and wall motion score index in LADL-MK5+/+ and LADL-MK5+/- mice. Area at risk did not differ between LADL-MK5+/+ and LADL-MK5+/- hearts. In contrast, infarct size, scar area, and scar collagen content were reduced in LADL-MK5+/- hearts. Immunohistochemical analysis of mice experiencing heart rupture revealed increased MMP-9 immunoreactivity in the infarct border zone of LADL-MK5+/- hearts compared with LADL-MK5+/+. Although inflammatory cell infiltration was similar in LADL-MK5+/+ and LADL-MK5+/- hearts, angiogenesis was more pronounced in the infarct border zone of LADL-MK5+/- mice. Characterization of ventricular fibroblasts revealed reduced motility and proliferation in fibroblasts isolated from MK5-/- mice compared with those from both wild-type and haplodeficient mice. siRNA-mediated knockdown of MK5 in fibroblasts from wild-type mice also impaired motility. Hence, reduced MK5 expression alters fibroblast function and scar morphology but not mortality post-MI. NEW & NOTEWORTHY MK5/PRAK is a protein serine/threonine kinase activated by p38 MAPK and/or atypical MAPKs ERK3/4. MK5 haplodeficiency reduced infarct size, scar area, and scar collagen content post-myocardial infarction. Motility and proliferation were reduced in cultured MK5-null cardiac myofibroblasts.

A comparison of the effects of selective and non-selective mineralocorticoid antagonism on glucose homeostasis of heart failure patients with glucose intolerance or type II diabetes: A randomized controlled double-blind trial.

Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) decrease morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure (HF). However, spironolactone, a non-selective MRA, has been shown to exert a harmful effect on glucose homeostasis. The objective of this multicenter, randomized, controlled, double-blind trial was to compare the effects of spironolactone to those of the selective MRA eplerenone on glucose homeostasis among 62 HF patients with glucose intolerance or type II diabetes. Trial registration number:NCT01586442.

Cardiopulmonary, biomarkers, and vascular responses to acute hypoxia following cardiac transplantation.

Previous studies have suggested good adaptation of cardiac transplant (CTx) recipients to exposure to a high altitude. No studies have investigated the cardiopulmonary and biomarker responses to acute hypoxic challenges following CTx. Thirty-six CTx recipients and 17 age-matched healthy controls (HC) were recruited. Sixteen (16) patients (42%) had cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV). Cardiopulmonary responses to maximal and submaximal exercise at 21% O2 , 20-minutes hypoxia (11.5% O2 ), and following a 10-minute exposure to 11.5% O2 using 30% of peak power output were completed. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) were measured at baseline and at peak stress. Endothelial peripheral function was assessed using near-infrared spectroscopy. Compared with HC, CTx presented a lesser O2 desaturation both at rest (-19.4 ± 6.8 [CTx] vs -24.2 ± 6.0% O2 [HC], P < 0.05) and following exercise (-23.2 ± 4.9 [CTx] vs -26.2 ± 4.7% O2 [HC], P < 0.05). CTx patients exhibited a significant decrease in peak oxygen uptake. IL-6 and VEGF levels were significantly higher in CTx recipients in basal conditions but did not change in response to acute stress. CTx patients exhibit a favorable ventilatory and overall response to hypoxic stress. These data provide further insights on the good adaptability of CTx to exposure to high altitude.

Focal Transcatheter Cryoablation: Is a Four-Minute Application Still Required?

INTRODUCTION: The standard 4-minute application time for transcatheter cryoablation was determined in the 1990s when the system employed less potent chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants. The current refrigerant, nitrous oxide, generates substantially colder temperatures, with a faster cooling rate. METHODS AND RESULTS: We conducted a preclinical study on 32 mongrel dogs with stratified randomization of right atrial, right ventricular, and left ventricular chambers to 2-minute versus 4-minute application times using 8-mm electrode tip cryocatheters (Freezor Max, Medtronic CryoCath LP, Montreal, Canada). Animals were sacrificed one month after the procedure. Three-dimensional morphometric analyses were conducted in a blinded fashion. A total of 193 identified ablation lesions were processed for histological analyses, 102 with 2-minute applications and 91 with 4-minute applications. Ablation lesion surface area (167.8 ± 21.6 mm2 vs. 194.3 ± 22.6 mm2 , P = 0.40), maximum depth (4.4 ± 0.2 mm vs. 4.5 ± 0.2 mm, P = 0.71), and volume (125.7 ± 69.5 mm3 vs. 141.0 ± 83.5 mm3 , P = 0.25) were similar between groups. Overall, 90.2% of ablation lesions in the right atrium were transmural, 45.6% in the right ventricle, and 2.4% in the left ventricle, with no differences between 2-minute and 4-minute application times (P = 0.55). Thrombus was detected on the endocardial surface of 0.0% and 3.3% of ablation lesions created with 2-minute and 4-minute application times, respectively (P = 0.10). CONCLUSION: Single 2-minute and 4-minute application times result in catheter ablation lesions of similar size using the modern cryoablation system with nitrous oxide as a refrigerant. While these findings suggest the potential to reduce the standard 4-minute application time, further studies are required to compare clinical efficacy.

VEGF and angiopoietins promote inflammatory cell recruitment and mature blood vessel formation in murine sponge/Matrigel model.

A key feature in the induction of pathological angiogenesis is that inflammation precedes and accompanies the formation of neovessels as evidenced by increased vascular permeability and the recruitment of inflammatory cells. Previously, we and other groups have shown that selected growth factors, namely vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietins (Ang1 and Ang2) do not only promote angiogenesis, but can also induce inflammatory response. Herein, given a pro-inflammatory environment, we addressed the individual capacity of VEGF and angiopoietins to promote the formation of mature neovessels and to identify the different types of inflammatory cells accompanying the angiogenic process over time. Sterilized polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) sponges soaked in growth factor-depleted Matrigel mixed with PBS, VEGF, Ang1, or Ang2 (200 ng/200 µl) were subcutaneously inserted into anesthetized mice. Sponges were removed at day 4, 7, 14, or 21 post-procedure for histological, immunohistological (IHC), and flow cytometry analyses. As compared to PBS-treated sponges, the three growth factors promoted the recruitment of inflammatory cells, mainly neutrophils and macrophages, and to a lesser extent, T- and B-cells. In addition, they were more potent and more rapid in the recruitment of endothelial cells (ECs) and in the formation and maturation (ensheating of smooth muscle cells around ECs) of neovessels. Thus, the autocrine/paracrine interaction among the different inflammatory cells in combination with VEGF, Ang1, or Ang2 provides a suitable microenvironment for the formation and maturation of blood vessels.

Rat Model of Right-Sided Cardiac Remodeling and Arrhythmia using Pulmonary Artery Banding.

Clinical conditions, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), can lead to chronic right ventricle pressure overload and progressive right heart failure (RHF). RHF can be identified by right-sided cardiac hypertrophy and dilation associated with abnormal myocardial function affecting the RV and the right atrium (RA). We recently demonstrated that severe RHF is accompanied by an increased risk of atrial inflammation, atrial fibrosis, and atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common type of cardiac arrhythmia (CA). Recent studies have shown that RV and RA inflammation plays an important role in the arrhythmogenesis of CA, including AF. However, the impact of inflammation in the development of CA and AF in RHF is poorly described. Experimental models of RHF are required to better understand the association between right-sided myocardial inflammation and CA. The rat model of monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH) is well-established to provoke RHF. However, MCT triggers severe pneumo-toxicity and pulmonary inflammation. Hence, MCT-induced RHF does not help to distinguish whether the subsequent myocardial inflammation originates from the RHF per se or circulating inflammatory signals secreted by the injured lung. In this article, a mechanical method involving pulmonary artery trunk banding (PAB) was used to provoke right-sided cardiac arrhythmogenesis. The PAB consists of performing a permanent suture of the pulmonary artery trunk for 3 weeks. Such an approach generates increased right-sided pressure overload. At D21 post-PAB, the suture results in hypertrophied, dilated, and inflamed RV and RA. The PAB-induced RHF is also accompanied by vulnerability to ventricular and atrial arrhythmias, including AF.

Low-Density Neutrophils and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) Are New Inflammatory Players in Heart Failure.

BACKGROUND: Heart failure with reduced (HFrEF) or preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is characterized by low-grade chronic inflammation. Circulating neutrophils regroup 2 subtypes termed high- and low-density neutrophils (HDNs and LDNs). LDNs represent less than 2% of total neutrophil under physiological conditions, but their counts increase in multiple pathologies, releasing more inflammatory cytokines and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). The aims of this study were to assess the differential count and role of HDNs, LDNs, and NETs-related activities in patients with heart failure (HF). METHODS: HDNs and LDNs were isolated from human blood by density gradient and purified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and their counts obtained by flow cytometry. Formation of NETs (NETosis) was quantified by confocal microscopy. Circulating inflammatory and NETosis biomarkers were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Neutrophil adhesion onto human extracellular matrix (hECM) was assessed by optical microscopy. RESULTS: A total of 140 individuals were enrolled, including 33 healthy volunteers (HVs), 41 HFrEF (19 stable patients and 22 presenting acute decompensated HF [ADHF]), and 66 patients with HFpEF (36 stable patients and 30 presenting HF decompensation). HDNs and LDNs counts were significantly increased up to 39% and 2740%, respectively, in patients with HF compared with HVs. In patients with HF, the correlations among LDNs counts and circulating inflammatory (CRP, IL-6 and -8), troponin T, N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and NETosis components were significant. In vitro, LDNs expressed more citrullinated histone H3 (H3Cit) and NETs and were more proadhesive, with ADHFpEF patients presenting the highest proinflammatory profile. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with HFpEF present higher levels of circulating LDNs- and NETs-related activities, which are the highest in the context of acute HF decompensation.

Daily exposure to chlordecone, an organochlorine pesticide, increases cardiac fibrosis and atrial fibrillation vulnerability.

CONTEXT: Chlordecone (CLD) is a carcinogenic organochlorine pesticide. CLD was shown to disturb the activity of cardiac Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase. Conditions affecting these transmembrane pumps are often associated with cardiac arrhythmias (CA). However, little is known about the role of CLD on atrial fibrillation (AF) incidence, the most common type of CA. HYPOTHESES: 1) Daily ingestion of CLD induces arrhythmogenic cardiac remodeling. 2) A phase of CLD withdrawal can reduce CLD-induced AF susceptibility. METHODS: Adult male Wistar rats (250 g-275 g) ingested daily-doses of CLD (0 µg/L, 0.1 µg/L, or 1 µg/L) diluted in their quotidian water for 4 weeks. From day (D)29 to D56, all rats received CLD-free water. Vulnerability to AF and cardiac function were evaluated at D28 and D56 by electrophysiological study, echocardiography, and optical-mapping. Levels of genes and proteins related to inflammation, fibrosis, and senescence were quantified by qPCR and immunoassays. RESULTS: Twenty-eight days of CLD exposure were associated with significantly increased AF vulnerability compared to CLD-free rats. Contamination with 1 µg/L CLD significantly reduced atrial conduction velocity (ERP, APD). CLD-weaning normalized food consumption and weight intake. However, after the CLD-withdrawal period of 28 days, AF inducibility, atrial inflammation (IL6, IL1ß), and atrial fibrosis (Masson's trichrome staining) remained significantly higher in rats exposed to 1 µg/L CLD compared to 0 µg/L. CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged CLD ingestion provokes atrial conduction slowing and increased risk of AF. Although CLD-weaning, some persistent damages occurred in the atrium like atrial fibrosis and atrial senescence signals, which are accompanied by atrial inflammation and arrhythmogenicity.

ERK3 is involved in regulating cardiac fibroblast function.

ERK3/MAPK6 activates MAP kinase-activated protein kinase (MK)-5 in selected cell types. Male MK5 haplodeficient mice show reduced hypertrophy and attenuated increase in Col1a1 mRNA in response to increased cardiac afterload. In addition, MK5 deficiency impairs cardiac fibroblast function. This study determined the effect of reduced ERK3 on cardiac hypertrophy following transverse aortic constriction (TAC) and fibroblast biology in male mice. Three weeks post-surgery, ERK3, but not ERK4 or p38α, co-immunoprecipitated with MK5 from both sham and TAC heart lysates. The increase in left ventricular mass and myocyte diameter was lower in TAC-ERK3+/- than TAC-ERK3+/+ hearts, whereas ERK3 haploinsufficiency did not alter systolic or diastolic function. Furthermore, the TAC-induced increase in Col1a1 mRNA abundance was diminished in ERK3+/- hearts. ERK3 immunoreactivity was detected in atrial and ventricular fibroblasts but not myocytes. In both quiescent fibroblasts and "activated" myofibroblasts isolated from adult mouse heart, siRNA-mediated knockdown of ERK3 reduced the TGF-ß-induced increase in Col1a1 mRNA. In addition, intracellular type 1 collagen immunoreactivity was reduced following ERK3 depletion in quiescent fibroblasts but not myofibroblasts. Finally, knocking down ERK3 impaired motility in both atrial and ventricular myofibroblasts. These results suggest that ERK3 plays an important role in multiple aspects of cardiac fibroblast biology.

The role of cellular senescence in profibrillatory atrial remodelling associated with cardiac pathology.

AIMS: Cellular senescence is a stress-related or aging response believed to contribute to many cardiac conditions; however, its role in atrial fibrillation (AF) is unknown. Age is the single most important determinant of the risk of AF. The present study was designed to (i) evaluate AF susceptibility and senescence marker expression in rat models of aging and myocardial infarction (MI), (ii) study the effect of reducing senescent-cell burden with senolytic therapy on the atrial substrate in MI rats, and (iii) assess senescence markers in human atrial tissue as a function of age and the presence of AF. METHODS AND RESULTS: AF susceptibility was studied with programmed electrical stimulation. Gene and protein expression was evaluated by immunoblot or immunofluorescence (protein) and digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (messenger RNA). A previously validated senolytic combination, dasatinib and quercetin, (D+Q; or corresponding vehicle) was administered from the time of sham or MI surgery through 28 days later. Experiments were performed blinded to treatment assignment. Burst pacing-induced AF was seen in 100% of aged (18-month old) rats, 87.5% of young MI rats, and 10% of young control (3-month old) rats (P ≤ 0.001 vs. each). Conduction velocity was slower in aged [both left atrium (LA) and right atrium (RA)] and young MI (LA) rats vs. young control rats (P ≤ 0.001 vs. each). Atrial fibrosis was greater in aged (LA and RA) and young MI (LA) vs. young control rats (P < 0.05 for each). Senolytic therapy reduced AF inducibility in MI rats (from 8/9 rats, 89% in MI vehicle, to 0/9 rats, 0% in MI D + Q, P < 0.001) and attenuated LA fibrosis. Double staining suggested that D + Q acts by clearing senescent myofibroblasts and endothelial cells. In human atria, senescence markers were upregulated in older (≥70 years) and long-standing AF patients vs. individuals ≤60 and sinus rhythm controls, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our results point to a potentially significant role of cellular senescence in AF pathophysiology. Modulating cell senescence might provide a basis for novel therapeutic approaches to AF.

An inflammation resolution-promoting intervention prevents atrial fibrillation caused by left ventricular dysfunction.

AIMS: Recent studies suggest that bioactive mediators called resolvins promote an active resolution of inflammation. Inflammatory signalling is involved in the development of the substrate for atrial fibrillation (AF). The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of resolvin-D1 on atrial arrhythmogenic remodelling resulting from left ventricular (LV) dysfunction induced by myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. METHODS AND RESULTS: MI was produced by left anterior descending coronary artery ligation. Intervention groups received daily intraperitoneal resolvin-D1, beginning before MI surgery (early-RvD1) or Day 7 post-MI (late-RvD1) and continued until Day 21 post-MI. AF vulnerability was evaluated by performing an electrophysiological study. Atrial conduction was analysed by using optical mapping. Fibrosis was quantified by Masson's trichrome staining and gene expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and RNA sequencing. Investigators were blinded to group identity. Early-RvD1 significantly reduced MI size (17 ± 6%, vs. 39 ± 6% in vehicle-MI) and preserved LV ejection fraction; these were unaffected by late-RvD1. Transoesophageal pacing induced atrial tachyarrhythmia in 2/18 (11%) sham-operated rats, vs. 18/18 (100%) MI-only rats, in 5/18 (28%, P < 0.001 vs. MI) early-RvD1 MI rats, and in 7/12 (58%, P < 0.01) late-RvD1 MI rats. Atrial conduction velocity significantly decreased post-MI, an effect suppressed by RvD1 treatment. Both early-RvD1 and late-RvD1 limited MI-induced atrial fibrosis and prevented MI-induced increases in the atrial expression of inflammation-related and fibrosis-related biomarkers and pathways. CONCLUSIONS: RvD1 suppressed MI-related atrial arrhythmogenic remodelling. Early-RvD1 had MI sparing and atrial remodelling suppressant effects, whereas late-RvD1 attenuated atrial remodelling and AF promotion without ventricular protection, revealing atrial-protective actions unrelated to ventricular function changes. These results point to inflammation resolution-promoting compounds as novel cardio-protective interventions with a particular interest in attenuating AF substrate development.

A genetic mouse model of lean-NAFLD unveils sexual dimorphism in the liver-heart axis.

Lean patients with NAFLD may develop cardiac complications independently of pre-existent metabolic disruptions and comorbidities. To address the underlying mechanisms independent of the development of obesity, we used a murine model of hepatic mitochondrial deficiency. The liver-heart axis was studied as these mice develop microvesicular steatosis without obesity. Our results unveil a sex-dependent phenotypic remodeling beyond liver damage. Males, more than females, show fasting hypoglycemia and increased insulin sensitivity. They exhibit diastolic dysfunction, remodeling of the circulating lipoproteins and cardiac lipidome. Conversely, females do not manifest cardiac dysfunction but exhibit cardiometabolic impairments supported by impaired mitochondrial integrity and ß-oxidation, remodeling of circulating lipoproteins and intracardiac accumulation of deleterious triglycerides. This study underscores metabolic defects in the liver resulting in significant sex-dependent cardiac abnormalities independent of obesity. This experimental model may prove useful to better understand the sex-related variability, notably in the heart, involved in the progression of lean-NAFLD.

Angiopoietin-1 but not angiopoietin-2 promotes neutrophil viability: Role of interleukin-8 and platelet-activating factor.

We previously reported the expression of angiopoietin receptor Tie2 on human neutrophils. Both angiopoietins (Ang1 and Ang2) induce platelet activating factor (PAF) synthesis from endothelial cells (ECs) and neutrophils. Both angiopoietins can also modulate EC viability and since PAF can promote pro-survival activity on neutrophils, we addressed whether Ang1 and/or Ang2 could modulate neutrophil viability. Neutrophils were isolated from venous blood of healthy volunteers and neutrophil viability was assessed by flow cytometry using apoptotic and necrotic markers (annexin-V and propidium iodide (P.I.), respectively). Basal neutrophil viability from 0 to 24 h post-isolation decreased from 98% to ≈45%. Treatment with anti-apoptotic mediators such as interleukin-8 (IL-8; 25 nM) and PAF (100 nM) increased neutrophil basal viability by 34 and 26% (raising it from 43 to 58 and 55%) respectively. Treatment with Ang1 (0.001-50 nM) increased neutrophil viability by up to 41%, while Ang2 had no significant effect. Combination of IL-8 (25 nM) or PAF (100 nM) with Ang1 (10 nM) further increased neutrophil viability by 56 and 60% respectively. We also observed that Ang1, but not Ang2 can promote IL-8 release and that a pretreatment of the neutrophils with blocking anti-IL-8 antibodies inhibited the anti-apoptotic effect of IL-8 and Ang1 by 92 and 81% respectively. Pretreatment with a selective PAF receptor antagonist (BN 52021), did abrogate PAF pro-survival activity, without affecting Ang1-induced neutrophil viability. Our data are the first ones to report Ang1 pro-survival activity on neutrophils, which is mainly driven through IL-8 release.

Structural dysregulation of the pulmonary autograft was associated with a greater density of p16INK4A-vascular smooth muscle cells.

The present study tested the hypothesis that a senescent phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) may represent the seminal event linked to maladaptive pulmonary autograft remodeling of a small number of patients that underwent the Ross procedure. The diameter of the pulmonary autograft (47±4 mm) of three male patients was significantly greater compared to the pulmonary artery (26±1 mm) excised from bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) patients. The pulmonary autograft was associated with a neointimal region and the adjacent medial region was significantly thinner compared to the pulmonary artery of BAV patients. Structural dysregulation was evident as elastin content of the medial region was significantly reduced in the pulmonary autograft compared to the pulmonary artery of BAV patients. By contrast, collagen content of the medial region of the pulmonary autograft and the pulmonary artery of BAV patients was not significantly different. Reduced medial elastin content of the pulmonary autograft was associated with increased protein levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9. The latter phenotype was not attributed to a robust inflammatory response as the percentage of Mac-2(+)-infiltrating monocytes/macrophages was similar between groups. A senescent phenotype was identified as protein levels of the cell cycle inhibitor p27kip1 were upregulated and the density of p16INK4A/non-muscle myosin IIB(+)-VSMCs was significantly greater in the pulmonary autograft compared to the pulmonary artery of BAV patients. Thus, senescent VSMCs may represent the predominant cellular source of increased matrix metalloproteinase-9 protein expression translating to maladaptive pulmonary autograft remodeling characterized by elastin degradation, medial thinning and neointimal formation.

Chymase Inhibition Resolves and Prevents Deep Vein Thrombosis Without Increasing Bleeding Time in the Mouse Model.

Background Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is the primary cause of pulmonary embolism and the third most life-threatening cardiovascular disease in North America. Post-DVT anticoagulants, such as warfarin, heparin, and direct oral anticoagulants, reduce the incidence of subsequent venous thrombi. However, all currently used anticoagulants affect bleeding time at various degrees, and there is therefore a need for improved therapeutic regimens in DVT. It has recently been shown that mast cells play a crucial role in a DVT murine model. The underlying mechanism involved in the prothrombotic properties of mast cells, however, has yet to be identified. Methods and Results C57BL/6 mice and mouse mast cell protease-4 (mMCP-4) genetically depleted mice (mMCP-4 knockout) were used in 2 mouse models of DVT, partial ligation (stenosis) and ferric chloride-endothelial injury model of the inferior vena cava. Thrombus formation and impact of genetically repressed or pharmacologically (specific inhibitor TY-51469) inhibited mMCP-4 were evaluated by morphometric measurements of thrombi immunochemistry (mouse and human DVT), color Doppler ultrasound, bleeding times, and enzymatic activity assays ex vivo. Recombinant chymases, mMCP-4 (mouse) and CMA-1 (human), were used to characterize the interaction with murine and human plasmin, respectively, by mass spectrometry and enzymatic activity assays. Inhibiting mast cell-generated mMCP-4, genetically or pharmacologically, resolves and prevents venous thrombus formation in both DVT models. Inferior vena cava blood flow obstruction was observed in the stenosis model after 6 hours of ligation, in control- but not in TY-51469-treated mice. In addition, chymase inhibition had no impact on bleeding times of healthy or DVT mice. Furthermore, endogenous chymase limits plasmin activity in thrombi ex vivo. Recombinant mouse or human chymase degrades/inactivates purified plasmin in vitro. Finally, mast cell-containing immunoreactive chymase was identified in human DVT. Conclusions This study identified a major role for mMCP-4, a granule-localized protease of chymase type, in DVT formation. These findings support a novel pharmacological strategy to resolve or prevent DVT without affecting the coagulation cascade through the inhibition of chymase activity.