RESUMO
Three types of hemoglobins exist in higher plants, symbiotic, non-symbiotic, and truncated hemoglobins. Symbiotic (class II) hemoglobins play a role in oxygen supply to intracellular nitrogen-fixing symbionts in legume root nodules, and in one case ( Parasponia Sp.), a non-symbiotic (class I) hemoglobin has been recruited for this function. Here we report the induction of a host gene, dgtrHB1, encoding a truncated hemoglobin in Frankia-induced nodules of the actinorhizal plant Datisca glomerata. Induction takes place specifically in cells infected by the microsymbiont, prior to the onset of bacterial nitrogen fixation. A bacterial gene (Frankia trHBO) encoding a truncated hemoglobin with O (2)-binding kinetics suitable for the facilitation of O (2) diffusion ( ) is also expressed in symbiosis. Nodule oximetry confirms the presence of a molecule that binds oxygen reversibly in D. glomerata nodules, but indicates a low overall hemoglobin concentration suggesting a local function. Frankia trHbO is likely to be responsible for this activity. The function of the D. glomerata truncated hemoglobin is unknown; a possible role in nitric oxide detoxification is suggested.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Hemoglobinas/genética , Magnoliopsida/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Nódulos Radiculares de Plantas/metabolismo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Clonagem Molecular , Sequência Conservada , DNA Complementar/química , DNA Complementar/metabolismo , Frankia/genética , Frankia/metabolismo , Frankia/fisiologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Hemoglobinas/metabolismo , Magnoliopsida/genética , Magnoliopsida/microbiologia , Fixação de Nitrogênio , Oxigênio/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/análise , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Nódulos Radiculares de Plantas/genética , Nódulos Radiculares de Plantas/microbiologia , SimbioseRESUMO
In actinorhizal symbioses, filamentous nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria of the genus Frankia induce the formation of nodules on the roots of a diverse group of dicotyledonous plants representing trees or woody shrubs, with one exception, Datisca glomerata. In the nodules, Frankia fixes nitrogen and exports the products to the plant cytoplasm, while being supplied with carbon sources by the host. Possibly due to the diversity of the host plants, actinorhizal nodules show considerable variability with regard to structure, oxygen protection mechanisms and physiology. Actinorhizal and legume-rhizobia symbioses are evolutionary related and share several features.
Assuntos
Alnus/microbiologia , Fabaceae , Frankia/fisiologia , Fixação de Nitrogênio , Simbiose/fisiologia , Raízes de Plantas/microbiologiaRESUMO
Two chitinases (EC 3.2.1.14) and two beta-1,3-glucanases (EC 3.2.1.39) were purified from the culture medium of spruce (Picea abines [L.] Karst.) cells to study their role in modifying elicitors, cell walls, growth, and hyphal morphology of ectomycorrhizal fungi. The 36-kD class I chitinase (isoelectric point [pl] 8.0) and the 28-kD chitinase (pl 8.7) decreased the activity of elicitor preparations from Hebeloma crustuliniforme (Bull. ex Fries.) Quél., Amanita muscaria (L.) Pers., and Suillus variegatus (Sw.: Fr.) O.K., as demonstrated by using the elicitor-induced extracellular alkalinization in spruce cells as a test system. In addition, chitinases released monomeric products from the walls of these ectomycorrhizal fungi. The beta-1,3-glucanases (35 kD, pl 3.7 and 3.9), in contrast, had little influence on the activity of the fungal elicitors and released only from walls of A. muscaria some polymeric products. Furthermore, chitinases alone and in combination with beta-1,3-glucanases had no effect on the growth and morphology of the hyphae. Thus, it is suggested that apoplastic chitinases in the root cortex destroy elicitors from the ectomycorrhizal fungi without damaging the fungus. By this mechanism the host plant could attenuate the elicitor signal and adjust its own defense reactions to a level allowing symbiotic interaction.