Pharmacies Counselling of Patients in the Era of Antifungal Resistance.

BACKGROUND: Tinea pedis is one of the most prevalent superficial fungal infections. Initial antifungal treatment is often acquired over-the-counter (OTC) without previous consultation with a physician. OBJECTIVE: Lately, increasing antifungal terbinafine resistance has been documented in Denmark and globally and it is therefore of interest to assess how Danish pharmacies advise customers with tinea pedis. METHODS: One hundred Danish pharmacies were randomly selected and an employee interviewed from each. A structured question guide was followed, with the possibility to add further comments. RESULTS: Interviews of 94 pharmacies were conducted. Six pharmacies never replied. Terbinafine as standard dose or cutaneous solution terbinafine one time application (Lamisil Once (R)) were recommended by 99% of the pharmacy employees as first-line treatment. The customer was advised to seek medical attention when tinea pedis was recurring (93%), or when treatment duration was > 2 weeks (77%). The majority (88%) of the pharmacy employees had no knowledge about antifungal resistance. CONCLUSION: Only few pharmacy employees were aware of the current problem of antifungal resistance and the majority advised costumers to initiate treatment using OTC topical terbinafine. The problem of emerging antifungal resistance requires attention in order to provide customers with tinea pedis effective treatment and prevent further societal spread of resistance to antifungals.

Subcutaneous Bolus Infusions of Undiluted Levetiracetam for End-of-Life Patients: Two Cases.

We present two cases, in which end-of-life patients were inadvertently treated with bolus infusions of undiluted subcutaneous levetiracetam. The patients were treated for three and four days respectively. In both cases, the course of treatment was uneventful. Especially, no seizures, nor local irritation was observed. Administration of undiluted subcutaneous levetiracetam as intermittent bolus infusions by hand holds alluring properties for end-of-life patients. Amongst others reducing patient discomfort, increasing freedom of movement, and accessibility to essential seizure prophylaxis by eliminating the need for a syringe driver, thereby helping accommodate many patients wish to die in their own home. However, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety, including the optimum dilution and administration time of the subcutaneous preparation remains to be determined in clinically controlled trials.

Psychotropic drugs for patients with glaucoma.

This review offers a summary of the current knowledge of pshychotropic drugs and glaucoma. If exposed to psychotropic drugs, some patients may develop angle-closure glaucoma. Although rarely contraindicated, exposed predisposed and diagnosed patients should be followed-up by an ophthalmologist. It is still unclear if serotonin reuptake inhibitors increase the risk of angle-closure glaucoma. Tricyclic antidepressants and benzodiazepines should be used with caution in predisposed patients. The same applies to antipsychotic drugs, where first-generation antipsychotic drugs might have a smaller impact on the intraocular pressure than second-generation antipsychotic drugs.

Onset of Action of Selected Second-Generation Antipsychotics (Pines)-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses.

Recommendations for duration of treatment with antipsychotics before considering a switch vary from 2 to 8 weeks, although several studies suggest a rapid onset of action. The objective of this review was to estimate time to onset of action and time to maximum antipsychotic effect of asenapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, and zotepine (pines). We searched bibliographic databases for randomized, placebo-controlled trials in adults with schizophrenia estimating the antipsychotic effect of pines over time. Thirty-five studies including 6331 patients diagnosed with chronic schizophrenia were included. We estimated the standardized mean differences (SMD) of changes in symptom score from baseline to follow-up between intervention and placebo groups across studies using meta-analysis techniques. The summarized effect across all included pines administered as immediate-release formulations showed a statistically significant effect at week 1 (SMD, -0.20 [CI95% -0.28, -0.13]), which increased until week 3 (SMD, -0.42 [CI95% -0.50, -0.34]), after which the effect leveled off (week 6: SMD, -0.53 [CI95% -0.62, -0.44]). The sensitivity analyses of the individual pines confirm this finding, although data sparsity increases variability and limits conclusiveness of these analyses.

The effect of activated charcoal on drug exposure following intravenous administration: A meta-analysis.

Activated charcoal both reduces primary drug absorption and enhances drug elimination. However, the two mechanisms of action overlap and are indistinguishable from each other. In order to estimate the extend of enhanced elimination, we summarized the effect of activated charcoal on intravenously administered drugs, where reduced drug exposure can be attributed to enhanced elimination. We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies evaluating the effect of orally administered activated charcoal on the systemic exposure of intravenously administered drugs. We searched the bibliographic databases PubMed, Embase and Cochrane. Meta-regression analyses of selected physiochemical drug properties on the effect sizes of activated charcoal were performed. All but one of 21 included studies used multiple-dose activated charcoal (MDAC). MDAC reduced the median half-life of the intravenously administered study drugs by 45.7% (interquartile range: 15.3%-51.3%) and area under the concentration time curve by 47.0% (interquartile range: 36.4%-50.2%). MDAC significantly improved drug elimination across nine different intravenously administered drugs, but we were unable to identify factors allowing extrapolation to other drugs. The results offer a possible and plausible rationale for the previously observed effects of single-dose activated charcoal beyond the timeframe where ingested drug is present in the gastro-intestinal tract.

[Biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs for pregnant and lactating women or male partners].

Effective medical treatment of rheumatic diseases during pregnancy and lactation is important, but the evidence for use of biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) is sparse and recommendations conflicting, which we discuss in this review. While some tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α inhibitors appear safe during pregnancy and lactation, the evidence for use of non-TNF-α inhibitors is still too sparse to exclude adverse pregnancy outcomes and harm to the lactating child. The limited evidence on paternal exposure indicates, that TNF-α inhibitors do not affect male fertility or harm offspring. For non-TNF-α inhibitors, the evidence is still insufficient to draw any conclusion.

Supratheraputic rivaroxaban levels: A persistent drug-drug interaction after discontinuation of amiodarone.

We report the case of an 88-year old woman referred for evaluation of increased INR. Surprisingly supratherapeutic levels of rivaroxaban was detected. Upon scrutiny of the patient's medical history, a drug-drug interaction between amiodarone and rivaroxaban persisting 3 weeks after cessation of amiodaron remains the prime suspect causing the clinical picture. Both INR and rivaroxaban levels returned to normal within 3 days of cessation of rivaroxaban. The case highlights that rivaroxaban, although highly variably, does affect INR. Furthermore, it highlights that the potential for DDIs involving amiodarone may persists for weeks or months after discontinuation. Amiodarone is predicted to increase rivaroxaban exposure, through inhibition of rivaroxaban elimination via CYP3A4 and P-gp. Elderly patients and patients with declining renal function are especially at risk of increased rivaroxaban exposure when a DDI with amiodarone occurs.