RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Most pregnant women in the United States are at risk of inadequate intake of vitamin A, vitamin D, folic acid, calcium, iron, and omega-3 fatty acids from foods alone. Very few United States dietary supplements provide sufficient doses of all 6 nutrients without inducing excess intake. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to identify energy-efficient foods that provide sufficient doses of these nutrients and could be consumed in lieu of dietary supplements to achieve the recommended intake in pregnancy. METHODS: In a previous analysis of 2,450 pregnant women, we calculated the range of additional intake needed to shift 90% of participants to intake above the estimated average requirement and keep 90% below the tolerable upper level for these 6 nutrients. Here, we identified foods and beverages from the 2019 to 2020 Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies that provide target levels of these nutrients without exceeding the additional energy intake recommended for pregnancy beginning in the second trimester (340 kilocalories). RESULTS: We identified 2358 candidate foods meeting the target intake range for at least one nutrient. No candidate foods provided target amounts of all 6 nutrients. Seaweed (raw or cooked without fat) provided sufficient vitamin A, folate, calcium, iron, and omega-3s (5 of 6 nutrients) but would require an intake of >5 cups/d. Twenty-one other foods/beverages (mainly fish, vegetables, and beverages) provided target amounts of 4 of the 6 nutrients. Few foods met targets for vitamin D (n = 54) or iron (n = 93). CONCLUSIONS: Results highlight the difficulty in meeting nutritional requirements from diet alone and imply that dietary supplements are likely necessary to meet vitamin D and iron targets in pregnancy, as well as omega-3 fatty acid targets for individuals who do not consume fish products. Other foods could be added in limited amounts to help meet intake targets without exceeding caloric recommendations or nutrient safety limits.
Assuntos
Micronutrientes , Vitamina A , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Gravidez , Estados Unidos , Cálcio , Dieta , Suplementos Nutricionais , Vitaminas , Ácido Fólico , Verduras , Vitamina D , FerroRESUMO
A known biological role of casein micelles is to transport calcium from mother to young and provide amino acids for growth and development. Previous reports demonstrated that modified casein micelles can be used to transport and deliver hydrophobic probes. In this study, the distribution of lipid-soluble phospholipids, including sphingomyelins (SM) and phosphatidylcholines (PC), was quantified in whole raw milk, skim raw milk, and casein micelles of various sizes during early, mid, and late lactation stages. Low-pressure size exclusion chromatography was used to separate casein micelles by size, followed by hydrophobic extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the quantification of PC and SM. Results showed that the SM d18:1/23:0, d18:1/22:0, d18:1/16:0, d16:1/22:0, d16:1/23:0, and d18:1/24:0 and the PC 16:0/18:1, 18:0/18:2, and 16:0/16:0 were dominating candidates appearing in maximum concentration in whole raw milk obtained from late lactation, with 21 to 50% of total SM and 16 to 35% of total PC appearing in skim milk. Of the total SM and PC found in skim milk, 35 to 46% of SM and 22 to 29% of PC were associated with the casein micelle fraction. The highest concentrations of SM d18:1/22:0 (341 ± 17 µg/g of casein protein) and PC 16:0/18:1 (180 ± 20 µg/g of casein protein) were found to be associated with the largest casein micelles (diameter = 149 nm) isolated in milk from late lactation, followed by a decrease in concentration as the casein micelle size decreased.
Assuntos
Caseínas/análise , Bovinos , Lactação/fisiologia , Micelas , Leite/química , Animais , Feminino , Tamanho da Partícula , FosfolipídeosRESUMO
Species of Candida frequently cause life-threatening infections in neonates, transplant and intensive care unit (ICU) patients, and others with compromised host defenses. The successful management of systemic candidiasis depends upon early, rapid diagnosis. Blood cultures are the standard diagnostic method, but identification requires days and less than half of the patients are positive. These limitations may be eliminated by using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect Candida DNA in the blood specimens of patients at risk. Here, we optimized a PCR protocol to detect 5-10 yeasts in low volumes of simulated and clinical specimens. We also used a mouse model of systemic candidiasis and determined that candidemia is optimally detectable during the first few days after infection. However, PCR tests are often costly, labor-intensive, and inconvenient for routine use. To address these obstacles, we evaluated the innovative microfluidic real-time PCR platform (Advanced Liquid Logic, Inc.), which has the potential for full automation and rapid turnaround. Eleven and nine of 16 specimens from individual patients with culture-proven candidemia tested positive for C. albicans DNA by conventional and microfluidic real-time PCR, respectively, for a combined sensitivity of 94%. The microfluidic platform offers a significant technical advance in the detection of microbial DNA in clinical specimens.
Assuntos
Candida albicans/isolamento & purificação , Candidemia/diagnóstico , Técnicas de Laboratório Clínico/métodos , Microfluídica/métodos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/métodos , Animais , Candida albicans/genética , Candidemia/microbiologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Camundongos , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Given the limited available evidence on chloral hydrate safety in neonatal populations and the discrepancy in chloral hydrate acceptance between the US and other countries, we sought to clarify the safety profile of chloral hydrate compared to other sedatives in hospitalized infants. METHODS: We included all infants <120 days of life who underwent a minor procedure and were administered chloral hydrate, clonidine, clonazepam, dexmedetomidine, diazepam, ketamine, lorazepam, midazolam, propofol, or pentobarbital on the day of the procedure. We characterized the distribution of infant characteristics and evaluated the relationship between drug administration and any adverse event. We performed propensity score matching, regression adjustment (RA), and inverse probability weighting (IPW) to ensure comparison of similar infants and to account for confounding by indication and residual bias. Results were assessed for robustness to analytical technique by reanalyzing the main outcomes with multivariate logistic regression, a doubly robust IPW with RA model, and a doubly robust augmented IPW model with bias-correction. RESULTS: Of 650 infants, 497 (76%) received chloral hydrate, 79 (12%) received midazolam, 54 (8%) received lorazepam, and 15 (2%) received pentobarbital. Adverse events occurred in 41 (6%) infants. Using propensity score matching, chloral hydrate was associated with a decreased risk of an adverse event compared to other sedatives, risk difference (95% confidence interval) of -12.79 (-18.61, -6.98), pâ< â0.001. All other statistical methods resulted in similar findings. CONCLUSION: Administration of chloral hydrate to hospitalized infants undergoing minor procedures is associated with a lower risk for adverse events compared to other sedatives.
Assuntos
Hidrato de Cloral/uso terapêutico , Hospitalização , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/uso terapêutico , Insuficiência Respiratória/induzido quimicamente , Diagnóstico por Imagem/métodos , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Oftalmológico , Eletroencefalografia/métodos , Feminino , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Modelos Logísticos , Lorazepam/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Midazolam/uso terapêutico , Análise Multivariada , Oxigenoterapia , Pentobarbital/uso terapêutico , Polissonografia/métodos , Pontuação de Propensão , Respiração Artificial , Insuficiência Respiratória/terapiaRESUMO
Analysis by the oxygen-isotope method of samples of benthonic Foraminifera, collected at different depths on the continental shelf and slope of western Cenitral America, yielded isotopic temperatures agreeing closely with the temperatures measured in the field. The validity of the oxygen-isotope method as a means of analysis of paleotemperatures is further supported.
Assuntos
Galinhas , Eucariotos/análise , Isótopos de Oxigênio/análise , Plâncton/análise , Animais , América Central , Análise Espectral , Temperatura , Clima TropicalRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The intranasal route is a minimally invasive method for rapidly delivering midazolam and fentanyl to provide short-term analgesia and sedation in infants. However, intranasal use of midazolam and fentanyl is not labeled for infants and safety data are sparse. The objective of this study is to evaluate the safety of intranasal midazolam and intranasal fentanyl in infants admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). METHODS: We retrospectively identified all infants receiving intranasal midazolam or fentanyl in the NICU from 2009 to 2015. We recorded indication for use and vital signs and determined the proportion of infants experiencing the following adverse events: death within 24 hours, hypotension, bradycardia, worsening respiratory status, and chest wall rigidity. Vital signs 4 hours before and after each dose were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS: We identified 17 infants (gestational ages 23- 41 weeks) receiving 25 intranasal doses. None of the infants died or developed hypotension, bradycardia, or chest wall rigidity. Intranasal delivery was most commonly used for sedation during magnetic resonance imaging studies. Other indications include analgesia or sedation for retinopathy of prematurity surgery, intubation, and peripherally inserted central catheter placement. One infant receiving intranasal midazolam experienced worsening respiratory status. Vital signs before and after dosing were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: Intranasal midazolam and fentanyl use in term and preterm infants appeared safe and well-tolerated in this small cohort of infants. Larger, prospective studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of intranasal midazolam and fentanyl use in infants are warranted.
Assuntos
Analgésicos Opioides/administração & dosagem , Fentanila/administração & dosagem , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/administração & dosagem , Midazolam/administração & dosagem , Dor Processual/prevenção & controle , Administração Intranasal , Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapêutico , Pressão Arterial , Bradicardia/epidemiologia , Cateterismo Periférico , Feminino , Fentanila/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/uso terapêutico , Hipotensão/epidemiologia , Recém-Nascido , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal , Intubação Intratraqueal , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Midazolam/uso terapêutico , Mortalidade , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Oftalmológicos , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório do Recém-Nascido/epidemiologia , Taxa Respiratória , Retinopatia da Prematuridade/cirurgia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Parede TorácicaRESUMO
We report two infants treated with daptomycin for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection and describe peak and trough blood concentrations measured during therapy. The peak concentrations were 41.7 and 36.7 mcg ml(-1), and the 12-hour trough concentrations were 12.7 and 16.3 mcg ml(-1), respectively. Even though the infants received higher doses than adults, their drug concentrations were comparable to those observed in adults treated with regular dosing of daptomycin.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacocinética , Bacteriemia/tratamento farmacológico , Daptomicina/farmacocinética , Resistência a Meticilina/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Monitoramento de Medicamentos/métodos , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Staphylococcus aureus/patogenicidadeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Antenatal exposure to methadone or buprenorphine often causes neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) in newborns. However, comparative effects on affected infants' hospital courses are inconclusive. We sought to estimate the relationship of antenatal exposure with methadone or buprenorphine and infants' length of stay among hospitalized infants with NAS. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study of hospitalized infants with NAS with either maternal exposure. Eligible infants were singleton infants born ⩾36 weeks' gestation and diagnosed with NAS<7 days of age between 2011 and 2014 in the Pediatrix Clinical Data Warehouse. Infant with congenital anomalies and those of multiple gestation were excluded. RESULTS: Of 3364 eligible infants, 2202 (65%) were exposed to methadone and 1162 (34%) to buprenorphine. Infants exposed to buprenorphine had a lower rate of pharmacologic treatment for NAS (88 vs 91%, P<0.001). Median length of hospital stay was shorter among infants exposed to buprenorphine (21 days (inter-quartile range; 13-31) vs methadone (24 days (15-38), P<0.0001)). On multivariable Cox proportional hazard analyses, buprenorphine was associated with a shorter length of stay (hazard ratio (HR)=1.47 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.32-1.62, P<0.001) after controlling for maternal age, parity, race or ethnicity, prenatal care, smoking status, use of antidepressants, use of benzodiazepines, and infant gestational age, small for gestational age status, cesarean delivery, sex, out born status, type of pharmacotherapy, breast milk use, year and center. We observed similar results in model using infants matched 1:1 with propensity scores for antenatal medication exposure (HR 1.39 for buprenorphine, CI 1.32-1.62, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Among infants born ⩾36 weeks' gestation with NAS, antenatal buprenorphine exposure was associated with a decreased length of stay relative to antenatal methadone exposure.
Assuntos
Buprenorfina/efeitos adversos , Tempo de Internação/estatística & dados numéricos , Metadona/efeitos adversos , Síndrome de Abstinência Neonatal/etiologia , Tratamento de Substituição de Opiáceos/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Buprenorfina/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal , Masculino , Idade Materna , Metadona/uso terapêutico , Análise Multivariada , Síndrome de Abstinência Neonatal/terapia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/tratamento farmacológico , Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez/tratamento farmacológico , Pontuação de Propensão , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Candidemia is common in extremely low birth weight infants and is associated with substantial mortality and morbidity. Treatment options have traditionally been limited to amphotericin B deoxycholate or fluconazole. We present a case of a premature infant with persistent candidemia despite antifungal treatment that responded to therapy with caspofungin, an echinocandin antifungal. The infant's Candida isolate developed resistance to azoles during fluconazole administration and also suffered from severe hypercalcemia during the initiation of caspofungin therapy.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Candidíase/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças do Prematuro/tratamento farmacológico , Peptídeos Cíclicos/uso terapêutico , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida albicans/isolamento & purificação , Caspofungina , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Equinocandinas , Humanos , Hipercalcemia/induzido quimicamente , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Lipopeptídeos , Masculino , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Pirimidinas/uso terapêutico , Triazóis/farmacologia , Triazóis/uso terapêutico , VoriconazolRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the frequency of normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) parameters in Candida meningitis and the proportion of candidemia associated with Candida meningitis. STUDY DESIGN: We evaluated the initial lumbar puncture results from infants discharged from 150 Neonatal Intensive Care Units between 1997 and 2004. Candida meningitis was diagnosed by a positive CSF culture or positive Gram stain for yeast. We calculated two-tailed P-values using non-parametric testing, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis or Fisher's exact tests where appropriate. RESULTS: Twenty infants had culture-positive Candida meningitis. Normal CSF parameters were found in 43% (3/7) of the infants with Candida meningitis and only 37% (7/19) of them had positive blood cultures for Candida. CONCLUSION: Normal CSF parameters do not exclude the diagnosis of neonatal Candida meningitis. The majority of infants in this cohort with Candida meningitis did not have evidence of candidemia at the time of diagnosis.
Assuntos
Candidíase/sangue , Candidíase/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Meningites Bacterianas/sangue , Meningites Bacterianas/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Sepse/microbiologia , Glicemia/análise , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Contagem de Leucócitos , Masculino , Meningites Bacterianas/microbiologia , Sepse/líquido cefalorraquidianoRESUMO
Infant delirium is an under-recognized clinical entity in neonatal intensive care, and earlier identification and treatment could minimize morbidities associated with this condition. We describe a case of a 6-month-old former 32 weeks gestation infant undergoing a prolonged mechanical ventilation course diagnosed with delirium related to the combination of his underlying illness and the use of multiple sedative and analgesic medications. Initiation of the atypical antipsychotic risperidone allowed for weaning from continuous infusions of benzodiazepines and opiods, and lower dosages of bolus-dosed sedation and analgesics. The patient experienced no adverse side effects from use of this neuroleptic.
Assuntos
Analgésicos Opioides/efeitos adversos , Cateterismo Cardíaco , Delírio/terapia , Desprescrições , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/efeitos adversos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/terapia , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório do Recém-Nascido/psicologia , Aminas/uso terapêutico , Ansiolíticos/uso terapêutico , Ácidos Cicloexanocarboxílicos/uso terapêutico , Delírio/etiologia , Dexmedetomidina/efeitos adversos , Diazepam/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Fentanila/efeitos adversos , Gabapentina , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal , Metadona/efeitos adversos , Midazolam/efeitos adversos , Fenobarbital/efeitos adversos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Gravidez , Respiração Artificial , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório do Recém-Nascido/complicações , Risperidona/uso terapêutico , Ácido gama-Aminobutírico/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to determine whether antenatal exposure to magnesium is associated with spontaneous intestinal perforation (SIP) in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants (⩽1000 g). STUDY DESIGN: We identified all ELBW infants admitted to 1 of 323 neonatal intensive care units from 2007 to 2013. We used multivariable conditional logistic regression to compare outcomes in the first 21 days after birth between infants exposed and unexposed to magnesium in utero. RESULTS: Of the 28 035 infants, 11 789 (42%) were exposed to antenatal magnesium (AM). There was no difference in the risk of SIP, odds ratio=1.08 (95% confidence interval; 0.91 to 1.29), between infants exposed and unexposed to AM. Mortality in the first 21 days after birth was lower in the magnesium-exposed infants, odds ratio=0.76 (0.70 to 0.83). CONCLUSION: AM exposure in ELBW infants was not associated with increased risk of SIP.
Assuntos
Mortalidade Infantil/tendências , Recém-Nascido de Peso Extremamente Baixo ao Nascer , Doenças do Prematuro/epidemiologia , Perfuração Intestinal/epidemiologia , Sulfato de Magnésio/uso terapêutico , Exposição Materna , Bases de Dados Factuais , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Doenças do Prematuro/induzido quimicamente , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal , Perfuração Intestinal/induzido quimicamente , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Análise Multivariada , América do Norte/epidemiologia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for early-onset group B Streptococcus (EOGBS) disease in neonates of mothers with negative antenatal screening. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a retrospective cohort study of neonates born to mothers with negative antenatal GBS screening between 2002 and 2012. Our primary outcome was EOGBS infection. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess factors associated with EOGBS. RESULTS: EOGBS was confirmed in 492 of the 179 818 neonates that met the study inclusion criteria. Risk factors for EOGBS included black race (reference: white, odds ratio (OR) =1.81 (95% confidence interval: 1.43, 2.31)), maternal age <18 years (reference: >35 years, OR=2.63 (1.54, 4.51)) and maternal age 18 to 35 years (reference: >35 years, OR=1.94 (1.30, 2.88)). CONCLUSION: Maternal age <18 years and black race were the strongest predictors of EOGBS. Further research investigating contributors to the discordance between screening results and neonatal outcomes in these populations is needed.
Assuntos
População Negra , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/prevenção & controle , Idade Materna , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/prevenção & controle , Infecções Estreptocócicas/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Antibioticoprofilaxia , Bases de Dados Factuais , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Análise Multivariada , North Carolina/epidemiologia , Razão de Chances , Gravidez , Diagnóstico Pré-Natal , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Streptococcus agalactiae/isolamento & purificação , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To characterize in-hospital outcomes of premature infants diagnosed with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study including premature infants with severe BPD discharged from 348 Pediatrix Medical Group neonatal intensive care units from 1997 to 2015. RESULTS: There were 10 752 infants with severe BPD, and 549/10 752 (5%) died before discharge. Infants who died were more likely to be male, small for gestational age, have received more medical interventions and more frequently diagnosed with surgical necrotizing enterocolitis, culture-proven sepsis and pulmonary hypertension following 36 weeks of postmenstrual age compared with survivors. Approximately 70% of infants with severe BPD were discharged by 44 weeks of postmenstrual age, and 86% were discharged by 48 weeks of postmenstrual age. CONCLUSIONS: A majority of infants diagnosed with severe BPD were discharged home by 44 weeks of postmenstrual age. These results may inform discussions with families regarding the expected hospital course of infants diagnosed with severe BPD.
Assuntos
Displasia Broncopulmonar/fisiopatologia , Enterocolite Necrosante/epidemiologia , Hipertensão Pulmonar/epidemiologia , Sepse/epidemiologia , Displasia Broncopulmonar/complicações , Registros Eletrônicos de Saúde , Enterocolite Necrosante/cirurgia , Feminino , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido de Peso Extremamente Baixo ao Nascer , Lactente Extremamente Prematuro , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Pequeno para a Idade Gestacional , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal , Masculino , North Carolina , Alta do Paciente , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Sepse/diagnóstico , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Neonatal meningitis is an illness with potentially devastating consequences. Early identification of potential risk factors for Gram-negative rod (GNR) infections versus Gram-positive cocci (GPC) infection prior to obtaining final culture results is of value in order to appropriately guide expirical therapy. We sought to compare laboratory and clinical parameters of GNR and GPC meningitis in a cohort of term and premature infants. STUDY DESIGN: We evaluated lumbar punctures from neonates cared for at 150 neonatal intensive care units managed by the Pediatrix Medical Group Inc. We compared cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) parameters (white blood cell count, red blood cell count, glucose, and protein), demographics, and outcomes between infants with GNR and GPC meningitis. CSF cultures positive with coagulase-negative staphylococci were excluded. RESULTS: We identified 77 infants with GNR and 86 with GPC meningitis. There were no differences in gestational age, birth weight, infant sex, race, or rate of Caesarean section. GNR meningitis was more often diagnosed after the third postnatal day and was associated with higher white blood cell and red blood cell counts. GNR meningitis diagnosed in the first 3 days of life was associated with antepartum antibiotic exposure. No difference was noted in either CSF protein or glucose levels. After correcting for gestational age, there was no observed difference in mortality between infants infected with GNR or GPC. CONCLUSION: Compared to GPC meningitis, GNR meningitis was associated with several aspects of the clinical history and laboratory findings including older age of presentation, antepartum exposure to antibiotics, and elevated CSF white blood cell and red blood cell counts.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/isolamento & purificação , Cocos Gram-Positivos/isolamento & purificação , Meningites Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Meningites Bacterianas/microbiologia , Infecções Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Infecções Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Bacterianas/mortalidade , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Seguimentos , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/diagnóstico , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/mortalidade , Cocos Gram-Positivos/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal , Masculino , Meningites Bacterianas/mortalidade , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Medição de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Punção Espinal , Taxa de Sobrevida , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of sildenafil therapy on development of severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) requiring surgical intervention in premature infants. STUDY DESIGN: We identified premature infants who were discharged from Pediatrix Medical Group neonatal intensive care units from 2003 to 2012 and who received an ophthalmologic exam. We matched each infant exposed to sildenafil before first eye exam to three nonexposed infants using propensity scoring to control for differences in baseline infant characteristics. We evaluated the association between sildenafil exposure and development of severe ROP using conditional logistic regression. RESULT: Of the 57 815 infants meeting inclusion criteria, 88 were exposed to sildenafil. We matched 81/88 (92%) sildenafil-exposed with 243 nonexposed infants. There was no difference in the proportion of infants who developed severe ROP in the sildenafil-exposed vs nonexposed groups (17/81 (21%) vs 38/243 (16%), P=0.27). On adjusted analysis, there was no difference in severe ROP in the sildenafil-exposed vs nonexposed infants (odds ratio=1.46, 95% confidence interval=0.76 to 2.82, P=0.26). CONCLUSION: We did not observe an association between risk of severe ROP and sildenafil exposure before first eye exam in this cohort of premature infants.
Assuntos
Displasia Broncopulmonar/complicações , Hipertensão Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Retinopatia da Prematuridade , Citrato de Sildenafila , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Oftalmológico , Feminino , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Hipertensão Pulmonar/etiologia , Lactente , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Recém-Nascido de muito Baixo Peso , Masculino , Registros Médicos Orientados a Problemas , Retinopatia da Prematuridade/diagnóstico , Retinopatia da Prematuridade/epidemiologia , Retinopatia da Prematuridade/etiologia , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Citrato de Sildenafila/administração & dosagem , Citrato de Sildenafila/efeitos adversos , Estatística como Assunto , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Vasodilatadores/administração & dosagem , Vasodilatadores/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Glycogen and cyclic AMP-metabolizing enzymes of rabbit skeletal muscle were examined during postnatal development. Glycogen synthase I, glycogen phosporylase and lactate dehydrogenase activity increased 7-fold by the 6th--8th postnatal week while glycogen synthase D was present in the neonate at one-half adult levels. Cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase decreased; adenylate cyclase increased 10-fold for both the epinephrine and NaF-stimulated states of the enzyme.
Assuntos
3',5'-AMP Cíclico Fosfodiesterases/metabolismo , Adenilil Ciclases/metabolismo , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Glicogênio Sintase/metabolismo , Glicogênio/metabolismo , Músculos/enzimologia , Fosforilases/metabolismo , Envelhecimento , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Ativação Enzimática , Epinefrina/farmacologia , Fluoretos/farmacologia , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Desenvolvimento Muscular , CoelhosRESUMO
The postnatal development of mammalian skeletal muscle is associated with an increased capacity for glycogenolysis. In the present study rabbit skeletal muscle underwent a 7-fold increase in glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase activity over the postnatal period of 0--8 weeks. An enriched fraction of sarcolemma was prepared from neonatal and adult muscle to examine the development of the beta-adrenergic receptor-adenylate cyclase system. Adult membranes possessed a 2-fold greater Na+K+(Mg2+)-ATPase activity and a 6--8 fold greater sodium fluoride- and epinephrine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. The activation ratio (effector activity/basal activity) increased 2--3 fold for epinephrine and sodium fluoride in adult sarcolemma. The activation by catecholamines conformed to the physiological beta 2 type response with isoproterenol (1.8 . 10(-8) M) > epinephrine (1.1 . 10(-7) M) > norinephrine (3.2 . 10(-6) M). In contrast, binding studies employing (-)-[3H]dihydroalprenolol showed little difference between neonatal and adult membranes with respect to (1) number of binding sites, (2) equilibrium dissociation constant and (3) displacement of (-)-[3H]dihydroalprenolol by catecholamine agonists. Protein and lipid components of the sarcolemma were also modified during development. Neonatal membranes possessed two glycopeptides of Mr 80000 and 86000, whereas in the adult only a single Mr 113000 species was evident. The total lipid phosphorus and phospholipid composition was unchanged during development. The content of linoleic acid increased approx. 3-fold during development in the phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine phospholipids. The cholesterol content of adult membranes was decreased by 29% compared to neonatal membranes.
Assuntos
Adenilil Ciclases/metabolismo , Catecolaminas/farmacologia , Desenvolvimento Muscular , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta/metabolismo , Receptores Adrenérgicos/metabolismo , Sarcolema/enzimologia , Animais , Membrana Celular/enzimologia , Di-Hidroalprenolol/metabolismo , Epinefrina/farmacologia , Feminino , Guanosina Trifosfato/farmacologia , Isoproterenol/farmacologia , Norepinefrina/farmacologia , Fosfolipídeos/análise , Coelhos , Sarcolema/efeitos dos fármacos , Fluoreto de Sódio/farmacologia , ATPase Trocadora de Sódio-Potássio/metabolismoRESUMO
Embryonic chick muscle cells in the infused (myoblast) and fused (myotube) states differentially incorporate [3H]palmitic acid into their cellular lipids. Myoblasts incorporated [3H]palmitic acid 6--7-fold greater than myotubes in the triglyceride fraction. The endogenous triglyceride levels, however, were similar for the two developmental stages indicating increased triglyceride turnover in the myoblast compared to that of the myotube. Myotubes showed an increased incorporation of [3H]palmitic acid into sphingomyelin compared to myoblasts. Myoblasts and myotubes had a similar phospholipid composition. The data indicate that fusion is characterized by a decrease in triglyceride turnover possibly reflecting a shift from oxidative to glycolytic metabolism to coincide with the fusion process.
Assuntos
Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Músculos/metabolismo , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Embrião de Galinha , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Músculos/citologia , Músculos/embriologia , Ácidos Palmíticos/metabolismo , Fosfolipídeos/metabolismo , Triglicerídeos/metabolismoRESUMO
Fast (extensor digitorum longus) and slow (soleus) rat skeletal muscles served as the source for isolation and biochemical comparison of two distinct surface membrane fractions with properties of the sarcolemma and transverse tubular system. Enriched sarcolemmal membrane from soleus demonstrated a lighter density after sucrose density centrifugation. Sialic acid content was 1.5-fold higher in soleus (62 nmol/mg) than extensor (40 nmol/mg). The specific activity of (Na+ + K+ + Mg2+)-ATPase was similar (1.40 and 1.65 micronmol Pi/mg per 5 min) with the soleus enzyme displaying a (1) greater resistance to inhibition by ouabain, and (2) broader ionic ratio (Na+/K+) requirement than extensor enzyme. The polypeptide and phospholipid composition showed no major differences between the two muscle types. The second surface membrane fraction, tentatively identified as transverse tubule, differed in membrane composition. The major polypeptide of extensor was of 95 000 molecular weight whereas for soleus a Mr=28 000 species was dominant. Total phospholipid content of soleus was 1.5-fold greater than extensor due mostly to increased levels of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Endogenous membrane protein kinase for the 28 000 molecular weight polypeptide was found exclusively in this membrane. The reaction conditions were identical for extensor and soleus since both required divalent cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) and neither was affected by cyclic AMP. Soleus showed a 2-fold higher capacity for phosphate incorporation than extensor. These studies show that surface membrane fractions derived from fast and slow muscles differ in terms of functional and compositional properties. These differences are specific not only for the surface membrane but for the muscle type and may relate to the known physiological differences observed between fast and slow mammalian muscle.