RESUMO
Escherichia coli is a highly adaptive microorganism, and its ability to form biofilms under certain conditions can be critical for antimicrobial resistance. The adhesion of four E. coli isolates from bovine mastitis to bovine mammary alveolar (MAC-T) cells, biofilm production on a polystyrene surface, and the expression profiles of the genes fliC, csgA, fimA, and luxS in the presence of enrofloxacin, gentamicin, co-trimoxazole, and ampicillin at half of the MIC were investigated. Increased adhesion of E. coli isolates in the presence of antimicrobials was not observed; however, increased internalization of some isolates was observed by confocal microscopy. All of the antimicrobials induced the formation of biofilms by at least one isolate, whereas enrofloxacin and co-trimoxazole decreased biofilm formation by at least one isolate. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that all four genes were differentially expressed when bacteria were exposed to subinhibitory concentrations of antimicrobials, with expression altered on the order of 1.5- to 22-fold. However, it was not possible to associate gene expression with induction or reduction of biofilm formation in the presence of the antimicrobials. Taken together, the results demonstrate that antimicrobials could induce biofilm formation by some isolates, in addition to inducing MAC-T cell invasion, a situation that might occur in vivo, potentially resulting in a bacterial reservoir in the udder, which might explain some cases of persistent mastitis in herds.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Aderência Bacteriana/efeitos dos fármacos , Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Mastite Bovina/microbiologia , Leite/microbiologia , Ampicilina/farmacologia , Animais , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Liases de Carbono-Enxofre/genética , Bovinos , Enrofloxacina , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Escherichia coli/fisiologia , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Feminino , Proteínas de Fímbrias/genética , Flagelina/genética , Fluoroquinolonas/farmacologia , Gentamicinas/farmacologia , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/microbiologia , Mastite Bovina/tratamento farmacológico , Poliestirenos , Combinação Trimetoprima e Sulfametoxazol/farmacologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: We aim to determine the effectiveness of meditation for adults with non-specific low back pain. METHODS: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, PEDro, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO databases for randomized controlled trials that investigated the effectiveness of meditation in adults with non-specific low back pain. Two reviewers rated risk of bias using the PEDro scale and the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. Primary outcomes were pain intensity and disability. RESULTS: We included eight trials with a total of 1,234 participants. Moderate-certainty evidence shows that meditation is better than usual care for disability at short-term (SMD = -0.22; 95% CI = -0.42 to -0.02). We also found that meditation is better than usual care for pain intensity at long-term (SMD = -0.28; 95% CI = -0.54 to -0.02). There is no significant difference for pain intensity between meditation and minimal intervention or usual care at short and intermediate-term. We did not find differences between meditation and minimal intervention for disability at intermediate-term or usual care in any follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: We found small effect sizes and moderate-certainty evidence that meditation is slightly better than minimal intervention in the short-term for disability. Low-certainty of evidence suggests that meditation is slightly better than usual care for pain in the long-term. Meditation appears to be safe with most trials reporting no serious adverse events.