RESUMO
Newcastle disease (ND) is a serious neurological and respiratory disease of poultry that affects all types of birds but has traditionally not caused symptoms in wild aquatic birds, the natural hosts. In the late 1990s, a new genotype, viz. 5d that is pathogenic to all types of birds, including waterfowl, arose in China and has since spread from East Asia into parts of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. We performed a phylogenetic analysis of the fusion protein gene of isolates obtained from outbreaks of ND in Sudan and found that all contemporary strains isolated between 2003 and 2006 were of genotype 5d, containing the virulent fusion protein cleavage site (F0) motif (112)RRQKRF(117). Introduction via a Middle Eastern trade partner is likely to be the source of infection since phylogenetic analysis excluded the possibility of introduction from western and southern Africa.
Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças , Doença de Newcastle/epidemiologia , Doença de Newcastle/virologia , Vírus da Doença de Newcastle/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Aves , Genótipo , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Vírus da Doença de Newcastle/química , Vírus da Doença de Newcastle/patogenicidade , Filogenia , Alinhamento de Sequência , Sudão/epidemiologia , Fatores de Tempo , Proteínas Virais de Fusão/química , VirulênciaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Melasma is a common pigmentary disorder. Despite the availability of a wide range of skin-lightening treatments, melasma of skin remains a therapeutic challenge. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of nanosome vitamin C iontophoresis and to compare the therapeutic effects of nanosome vitamin C iontophoresis vs. glycolic acid peel 70% in the treatment of melasma in Egyptian women. METHODS: This study included 14 patients of melasma with skin type IV-V taken for a right-left comparison study of six sessions. Glycolic acid 70% peel was applied on the right side, whereas nanosome vitamin C was applied by iontophoresis on the other side. The results are evaluated using the melasma area and severity index score and with photographs at baseline and after six sessions. Also the photographs were evaluated by two single-blinded physicians before and after sessions. RESULTS: Both sides were improved, but the side treated with nanosome vitamin C showed better results. Side effects were few and transient. CONCLUSION: We concluded that nanosome vitamin C is a new, safe and effective, easy and painless method in the treatment of melasma.