Comparative evaluation of H&H and WFNS grading scales with modified H&H (sans systemic disease): A study on 1000 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage.

The comparative studies on grading in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) had several limitations such as the unclear grading of Glasgow Coma Scale 15 with neurological deficits in World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS), and the inclusion of systemic disease in Hunt and Hess (H&H) scales. Their differential incremental impacts and optimum cut-off values for unfavourable outcome are unsettled. This is a prospective comparison of prognostic impacts of grading schemes to address these issues. SAH patients were assessed using WFNS, H&H (including systemic disease), modified H&H (sans systemic disease) and followed up with Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) at 3 months. Their performance characteristics were analysed as incremental ordinal variables and different grading scale dichotomies using rank-order correlation, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, Youden's J and multivariate analyses. A total of 1016 patients were studied. As univariate incremental variable, H&H sans systemic disease had the best negative rank-order correlation coefficient (-0.453) with respect to lower GOS (p < 0.001). As univariate dichotomized category, WFNS grades 3-5 had the best performance index of 0.39 to suggest unfavourable GOS with a specificity of 89% and sensitivity of 51%. In multivariate incremental analysis, H&H sans systemic disease had the greatest adjusted incremental impact of 0.72 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.54-0.91) against a lower GOS as compared to 0.6 (95% CI 0.45-0.74) and 0.55 (95% CI 0.42-0.68) for H&H and WFNS grades, respectively. In multivariate categorical analysis, H&H grades 4-5 sans systemic disease had the greatest impact on unfavourable GOS with an adjusted odds ratio of 6.06 (95% CI 3.94-9.32). To conclude, H&H grading sans systemic disease had the greatest impact on unfavourable GOS. Though systemic disease is an important prognostic factor, it should be considered distinctly from grading. Appropriate cut-off values suggesting unfavourable outcome for H&H and WFNS were 4-5 and 3-5, respectively, indicating the importance of neurological deficits in addition to level of consciousness.

Temporal aneurysmal bone cyst: cost-effective method to achieve gross total resection.

Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is a vascular benign bony expansile lesion. The treatment is gross total resection. Surgery for a skull base aneurysmal bone cyst poses a significant challenge because of its vascularity and the adjacent neurovascular structures. We present the case of a young male with a temporal aneurysmal bone cyst who underwent gross total resection of the lesion. The external carotid artery (ECA) was temporarily clamped to cut off the vascular supply. There was no intraoperative event, and the patient made a good postoperative clinical recovery. This technique was used as an alternative to subselective endovascular embolization of the ECA branches. This case represents a simple yet cost-effective surgical technique to control bleeding for a highly vascular lesion such as ABCs, especially in resource-deficient countries.

Factors predicting long-term outcome after short-segment posterior fixation for traumatic thoracolumbar fractures.

BACKGROUND: The "gold standard" for instrumentation of unstable thoracolumbar fracture-dislocations is pedicle screw and rod fixation. Although traditional treatment supports long-segment posterior fixation (LSPF), more recent studies show short-segment posterior fixation (SSPF) may be effective, but incur higher failure rates. Here, we evaluated the effectiveness of SSPF in the management of unstable thoracolumbar injuries and analyzed the factors impacting long-term outcomes. METHODS: In this retrospective analysis of 91 patients with thoracolumbar fractures managed with SSPF alone, we assessed the clinical and radiological parameters at preoperative, postoperative, and follow-up intervals along with reasons for failures of SSPF. RESULTS: We analyzed 91 patients (mean age: 33.5 years; Male: Female = 50:41) with thoracolumbar fractures treated with SSPF over a median follow-up period of 30 months. SSPF failures were observed in 26 of 91 (28.6%) patients; the median time to implant failure was 17 months. On univariate analysis, statistically significant factors contributing to failure of SSPF included the presence of a burst fracture, a preoperative LSC (load-sharing classification) score >6, and translation/dislocation. With multinomial regression analysis, the only factor predictive for SSPF failure was the patients' postoperative ambulatory status. CONCLUSION: Patients with thoracolumbar facture dislocations, subjected to axial spinal loading postoperatively, should not be considered for SSPF alone. The following factors also contributed to SSPF failures: a burst fracture, a preoperative LSC score of >6, and/or presence of transverse dislocation.

Are C2 pars-pedicle screws alone for type II Hangman's fracture overrated?

BACKGROUND/OBJECT: The recent trend for treatment of certain cases of type II Hangman's fracture has been towards motion preserving surgery. This is claimed to be achieved with placement of pedicle screws across the fracture fragments. However, the long term outcome in clinical scenario is not yet clear, neither are the factors determining suitability of such a technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We have retrospectively analyzed the results of 11 patients of type II Hangman's fracture, according to the extent of translation. Nine patients underwent stabilization of fracture with C2 pedicle screws and 2 were managed with halo immobilization. The conservative management failed in one and this patient underwent internal fixation using pars-pedicle screw as well. The long term clinical and radiological (CT and dynamic X-rays) outcome was analyzed. RESULTS: All patients including the one with halo immobilization, showed solid fusion across the fracture fragments. With the exception of one patient none had any clinical symptoms. This lone patient complained of restricted neck movements. Three different types of radiological results were observed. Two patients with translation >8mm showed C2-3 body fusion. Three of 6 patients with minimal translational (3-4mm) showed facet fusion. Three patients with moderate translational dislocation (4.5-5.5mm) showed persisting C2-3 angular instability. CONCLUSIONS: The C2 pedicle screw is a good technique for osteosynthesis. However, the claimed long term advantage of motion segment preservation with this technique remains doubtful. It may be suitable for those fractures with minimal translation (<4mm), where the superiority of surgery, itself, over external immobilization is questionable. C2-3 fusion is preferable for those fractures with translation >4mm as these are unstable and C2 pedicle screws alone are likely to have less desirable results.

The clinical profile, management, and overall outcome of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage at the neurosurgical unit of a tertiary care center in India.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Several studies report good outcomes in selected patients of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). The purpose of our study is to project the clinical characteristics, management, and overall outcome of patients with aSAH presenting to a tertiary care center in India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study was conducted over a period of 10 months and all patients presenting with aSAH were studied. Patients presenting in all grades and managed with any type of intervention or managed conservatively were included to characterize their clinical and radiological profile at admission, during management, and at discharge. Outcome was assessed with the Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) at 3 months follow-up. RESULTS: Out of the 482 patients [mean age: 51.3 (±13.5); M: F = 1:1], 330 patients were fit to be taken up for intervention of the ruptured aneurysm, while 152 patients were unfit for any intervention. At 3 months follow-up, good outcome (GOS 4 and 5) was observed in 159 (33%), poor outcome (GOS 2 and 3) in 53 (11%), and death in 219 (45.4%) patients, while 51 patients (10.6%) were lost to follow-up. Most (95%) of the patients in the non-intervention group expired, and hence the high mortality rate, as we have analyzed the results of all patients of all grades, regardless of the treatment given. The predictors of poor outcome (GOS 1, 2, and 3) at 3 months follow-up, using multinomial regression model, were: World Federation of Neurological Surgeons (WFNS) grade IV and V (at admission and after adequate resuscitation) [odds ratio (OR): 35.1, 95% confidence interval (CI): 10.8-114.7] and presence of hypertension as a co-morbid illness [OR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.6-5.6]. All patients showing acute infarction on computed tomography scan at presentation had a poor outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Despite recent advances in the treatment of patients with aSAH, the morbidity and mortality rates have failed to improve significantly in unselected patients and natural cohorts. This may be attributed to the natural history of aSAH, and calls for new strategies to diagnose and treat such patients before the catastrophe strikes.

Is ligation and division of anterior third of superior sagittal sinus really safe?

BACKGROUND/OBJECT: Ligation and division of anterior third (AT) of superior sagittal sinus (SSS) is presumed to be safe and is commonly used for approaching anterior skull base tumors and distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysms (DACA). Contrary to this belief we found complications secondary to this procedure more often than described and we have described them along with probable etiology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 62 patients who underwent bifrontal or extended bifrontal craniotomies with ligation and division of the proximal end of SSS were studied retrospectively. The clinical profiles and postoperative CT scans were studied to look for venous edema and hemorrhages. Venogram (digital subtraction) was done in one of the patients who had developed this complication. RESULTS: Five patients developed bifrontal venous hemorrhagic infarcts (4 patients with anterior skull base tumors and 1 with DACA aneurysm). These patients had a morbid postoperative hospital stay with memory disturbances and urinary incontinence in the follow up period. Two patients died. The venogram done in one patient revealed complete occlusion of the AT-SSS. The morbidity and mortality that can be attributed to ligation of AT-SSS was 8.06% and 1.6% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The safety of ligation and division of the AT-SSS is questionable, contrary to traditional teaching. Though only the proximal end of SSS is ligated, the occlusion extends upto the distal craniotomy edge possibly due to reflection of the dural leaf with AT-SSS that causes kinking and thrombosis. It is more often seen in patients with anterior skull base lesions, probably because of already compromised basal venous drainage. A preoperative venogram could possibly predict the safety of this procedure.

Congenital atlantoaxial dislocation: a dynamic process and role of facets in irreducibility.

OBJECT: Patient age at presentation with congenital atlantoaxial dislocation (CAAD) is variable. In addition, the factors determining irreducibility or reducibility in these patients remain unclear. The facets appear to contribute to the stability of the joint, albeit to an unknown extent. The objective of this paper was to study the characteristics of C1-2 facets in these patients and their bearing on the clinicoradiological presentation and management. METHODS: Twenty-four patients with CAAD were studied. Fifteen patients had irreducible CAAD (IrAAD); 3 of these patients experienced incomplete reduction after traction, and 9 had reducible CAAD (RAAD). The images (CT scans of the craniovertebral junction in a neutral position) obtained in the parasagittal, axial, and coronal planes were studied with respect to the C1-2 facets and were compared with 32 control scans. The inferior sagittal and coronal C-1 facet angles were measured. The lordosis of the cervical spine (cervical spine angle calculated on radiographs of the cervical spine, neutral view) in these patients was compared with normal. The management of these patients is described. RESULTS: The inferior sagittal C-1 facet angle and at least one coronal angle in patients with IrAAD were significantly acute compared with those in patients with RAAD and the control population. A significant correlation was found between age and the acuteness of the inferior sagittal C-1 facet angle (that is, the more acute the angle, the earlier the presentation). The lordosis of the cervical spine was exaggerated in patients with IrAAD. Three patients with IrAAD who had smaller acute angles experienced a partial reduction after traction and a complete reduction after intraoperative distraction of the facets, thereby avoiding a transoral procedure. An inferior sagittal C-1 facet angle of more than 150° in the sagittal plane predicted reducibility. Drilling a wedge off the facet in the sagittal plane to make the inferior sagittal C-1 facet angle 150° can reduce the C1-2 joint intraoperatively by posterior approach alone. CONCLUSIONS: The acuteness of the inferior C-1 sagittal facet angles possibly determines the age at presentation and reducibility. The coronal angles determine the telescoping of C-2 within C-1. Patients with IrAAD can be treated using a posterior approach alone with the exception of those with extremely acute angles or a retroflexed dens. The exaggerated lordosis of the cervical spine in these patients is a compensatory phenomenon.