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1.
Environ Toxicol ; 30(12): 1355-63, 2015 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25782373

RESUMO

To elucidate the effect on the H19 gene methylation of sperm and organs in offspring by chlorpyrifos-methyl (CPM) exposure during organogenesis period, CPM was administered at doses of 4 (CPM4), 20 (CPM20), and 100 (CPM100) mg/kg bw/day from 7 days post coitum (d.p.c.) to 17 d.p.c. after mating CAST/Ei (♂) and B6 (♀). Anogenital distance (AGD) was measured at postnatal day (PND) 21. Clinical signs, body weights, feed and water consumption, organs weights, serum hormone values, and H19 methylation level of organ and sperm were measured at PND63. Body weights were significantly lower than control until PND6. AGD was significantly decreased in the CPM100 group in males and increased in the CPM20 group in females. The absolute weights of the thymus and epididymis were significantly increased for males in all of CPM treatment groups. In the CPM20 group, absolute weights of liver, kidney, heart, lung, spleen, prostate gland, and testes were significantly increased. Testosterone concentrations in serum were significantly increased by CPM treatment in males. H19 methylation level of liver and thymus showed decreased pattern in a dose-dependent manner in males. The levels of H19 methylation in sperm were 73.76 ± 7.16% (Control), 57.84 ± 12.94% (CPM4), 64.24 ± 3.79% (CPM20), and 64.24 ± 3.79% (CPM100). Conclusively, CPM exposure during organogenesis period can disrupt H19 methylation in sperm, liver, and thymus and disturb the early development of offspring.


Assuntos
Clorpirifos/análogos & derivados , Metilação de DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Organogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , RNA Longo não Codificante/genética , Espermatozoides/metabolismo , Animais , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Clorpirifos/toxicidade , Ilhas de CpG , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Tamanho do Órgão/efeitos dos fármacos , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Testosterona/sangue , Timo/metabolismo
2.
Environ Toxicol ; 29(8): 926-35, 2014 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23125134

RESUMO

The aim of this study was to identify whether chlorpyrifos methyl (CPM) exposure during pregnancy leads to changes in the methylation patterns of H19 gene. CPM 4, 20, 100 mg/kg bw/day was administered to 4 pregnant mice per group between 7 and 12 days post coitum (d.p.c.). Pregnant mice were killed at 13 d.p.c. The genomic methylation in primordial germ cells (PGCs) and fetal organs (the liver, intestine, and placenta) was examined. Four polymorphism sites in the H19 alleles of maternal (C57BL/6J) and paternal (CAST/Ei) alleles were identified at nucleotide position 1407, 1485, 1566, and 1654. The methylation patterns of 17 CpG sites were analyzed. The methylation level in male and female PGCs was not altered by CPM treatment in the maternal allele H19. The methylation level of the paternal H19 allele was altered in only male PGCs in response to the CPM treatment. The methylation level at a binding site for the transcriptional regulator CTCF2 was higher than that at the CTCF1 binding site in all CPM-treated groups. In the placenta, the aggregate methylation level of H19 was 56.89%in control group. But, those levels were ranged from 47.7% to 49.89% after treatment with increasing doses of CPM. H19 gene from the liver and intestine of 13 d.p.c. fetuses treated with CPM was hypomethylated as compared with controls, although H19 mRNA expression was unaltered. In the placenta, H19 expression was slightly increased in the CPM-treated group, although not significantly. IGF2 expression levels were not significantly changed in the placenta. In conclusion, CPM exposure during pregnancy alters the methylation status of the H19 gene in PGCs and embryonic tissues. We infer that these alterations are likely related to changes in DNA demethylase activity.


Assuntos
Clorpirifos/análogos & derivados , Disruptores Endócrinos/toxicidade , Exposição Materna , Troca Materno-Fetal , Praguicidas/toxicidade , RNA Longo não Codificante/metabolismo , Alelos , Animais , Clorpirifos/toxicidade , Epigênese Genética , Feminino , Feto/metabolismo , Células Germinativas/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like II/genética , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like II/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Metilação , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Especificidade de Órgãos , Placenta/metabolismo , Polimorfismo Genético , Gravidez , RNA Longo não Codificante/genética , Fatores Sexuais , Especificidade da Espécie
3.
Cell Biol Toxicol ; 29(1): 1-11, 2013 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23108452

RESUMO

Embryonic stem cell testing is an alternative model system to assess drug and chemical toxicities because of its similar developmental characteristics with in vivo embryogenesis and organogenesis. This study evaluated the toxicity of chemicals at specific developmental stages of mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived hepatic differentiation; hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs), and hepatocyte-like cells (HCs). The toxic effects of carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and arsanilic acid (Ars) were evaluated by measuring the expressions of Cytokeratin (CK18) and GATA binding protein 4 (GATA-4) and the activities of aspartate transaminase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) during the hepatic differentiation process. Non-toxic doses of three chemicals at a range of 25 to 500 µM for CCl(4), 12.5 to 800 nM for 5-FU and 6.25 to 400 mM for Ars were treated. In the CCl(4)-treated group, significant decreases (P < 0.05) of the marker expression were observed by more than 300 µM from day 10 in CK18 and by more than 400 µM of CCl(4) from day 22 in GATA-4, respectively. However, both markers were decreased (P < 0.01) by treatments of all doses at day 40. In the 5-FU-treated group, the expressions of two proteins were not affected by any of the doses at day 10 and 22, whereas the GATA-4 expression was decreased (P < 0.05) by more than 400 nM of 5-FU at days 28 and 40. In the Ars-treated group, the CK18 expression was inhibited (P < 0.05) by more than 100 mM of Ars at day 22 but showed a tendency to recover. Although the GATA-4 was inhibited by all doses at day 22, the inhibition of GATA-4 recovered at days 28 and 40. ALP activities of three chemicals were significantly increased (P < 0.05) by a dose-dependent manner. The activities of AST and LDH were prone to be increased by more than 300 µM of CCl(4,) but not affected by all doses of 5-FU except for 800 nM of 5-FU in AST activities. In the Ars, the enzyme activities were significantly increased (P < 0.05) by more than 50 µM of Ars in AST and more than 6.25 µM of Ars in LDH. The present results indicate that CCl(4) has a more toxic effect on HCs, whereas Ars is more toxic to HPCs. Additionally, in vitro alternative testing using ESC-derived HPCs and HCs could provide useful information on chemical toxicity during the hepatic differentiation process and could be a useful model system for assessing chemical hepatotoxicity.


Assuntos
Ácido Arsanílico/toxicidade , Tetracloreto de Carbono/toxicidade , Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Células-Tronco Embrionárias/efeitos dos fármacos , Fluoruracila/toxicidade , Hepatócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Alternativas aos Testes com Animais/métodos , Animais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular/fisiologia , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Células-Tronco Embrionárias/metabolismo , Hepatócitos/enzimologia , Camundongos , Testes de Toxicidade
4.
J Appl Toxicol ; 31(5): 455-62, 2011 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21404309

RESUMO

Genomic analysis in the local lymph node assays (LLNAs) is useful for assessing skin sensitization of chemicals and providing insights into mechanisms of sensitization. In this study, we collected 1406 genes from previous microarray findings, validated changes in their expression by RT-PCR analysis in local lymph nodes draining skin exposed to different sensitizers, and interpreted their biological function through pathway-based genomic analysis, in which 468 genes were identified as being in the KEGG pathway database. The top-ranked functions (P < 0.01) identified as being affected by the sensitizers were associated with aspects of cell growth, such as DNA replication, cell cycle regulation and pyrimidine metabolism. All the sensitizers tested (DNCB, OXA and TDI) induced significant up-regulation of Psme4, which is associated with DNA replication; Tfdp1, which is related to cell cycle regulation; and Dut, which is involved in pyrimidine metabolism. Specific changes were also shown in functional categories related to the immune response, including cytokines and their receptors. Genes identified in these functional categories, such as Ccl21c, Cxcl9, Cxcl10, Ifng and Il12rb1, were found to have functional relevance. These findings may enhance our understanding and assessment of chemical sensitizers, and enable us to distinguish sensitizers from irritants and to classify chemicals as contact sensitizers.


Assuntos
Alérgenos/toxicidade , Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Ensaio Local de Linfonodo , Linfonodos/efeitos dos fármacos , Administração Tópica , Animais , Óleo de Cróton/toxicidade , Dinitroclorobenzeno/toxicidade , Genômica , Linfonodos/metabolismo , Linfonodos/patologia , Camundongos , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , Oxazolona/toxicidade , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Tolueno 2,4-Di-Isocianato/toxicidade
5.
J AOAC Int ; 93(6): 1806-10, 2010.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21313806

RESUMO

Clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) is a well-known medicinal plant used for diarrhea, digestive disorders, or in antiseptics in Korea. Eugenol is the main active ingredient of clove and has been chosen as a marker compound for the chemical evaluation or QC of clove. This paper reports the development and validation of an HPLC-diode array detection (DAD) method for the determination of eugenol in clove. HPLC separation was accomplished on an XTerra RP18 column (250 x 4.6 mm id, 5 microm) with an isocratic mobile phase of 60% methanol and DAD at 280 nm. Calibration graphs were linear with very good correlation coefficients (r2 > 0.9999) from 12.5 to 1000 ng/mL. The LOD was 0.81 and the LOQ was 2.47 ng/mL. The method showed good intraday precision (%RSD 0.08-0.27%) and interday precision (%RSD 0.32-1.19%). The method was applied to the analysis of eugenol from clove cultivated in various countries (Indonesia, Singapore, and China). Quantitative analysis of the 15 clove samples showed that the content of eugenol varied significantly, ranging from 163 to 1049 ppb. The method of determination of eugenol by HPLC is accurate to evaluate the quality and safety assurance of clove, based on the results of this study.


Assuntos
Eugenol/análise , Syzygium/química , Calibragem , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Indicadores e Reagentes , Coreia (Geográfico) , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Solventes
6.
Toxicology ; 250(2-3): 116-23, 2008 Sep 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18652873

RESUMO

The murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) has been extensively utilized to evaluate sensitizing chemicals. However, there have been some concerns that its use to discriminate between classes of chemicals is minimal. It is thus desirable to identify better or alternative immune endpoints with in LLNA itself. Here, we evaluated the protein and/or mRNA levels of cytokines and granzyme B (GzmB), a cytotoxic lymphocyte product, to discriminate between sensitizers and irritants and to characterize the chemical sensitizers when used as supplemental indicators in LLNA endpoints. For this, CBA/N mice were topically treated daily with a well-known chemical sensitizer such as a strong contact sensitizer 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB), a skin contact sensitizer 2-phenyl-4-ethoxymethylene-5-oxazolone (OXA), and a skin or respiratory sensitizer toluene 2,4-diisocyanate (TDI), and the non-sensitizing irritants, croton oil (CRO) and nonanoic acid (NA), for 3 consecutive days. The protein and/or mRNA levels in auricular lymph nodes draining the ear skin were then analyzed by real-time RT-PCR and immunoassay. The sensitizers, but not the irritants, evoked pronounced interleukin (IL)-2, IL-3 and IL-4 or interferon (IFN)-gamma. Significantly, different sensitizers evoked different cytokine patterns of IL-4 and IFN-gamma, as DNCB strongly up-regulated both IFN-gamma and IL-4, OXA up-regulated IFN-gamma strongly but IL-4 weakly, and TDI up-regulated IL-4 strongly but IFN-gamma weakly. The sensitizers also strongly up-regulated GzmB mRNA, while the irritants had a much weaker effect. Thus, these cytokines and GzmB mRNA may be useful as additional endpoints for discriminating between irritants and sensitizers or contact and respiratory sensitizers in the LLNA.


Assuntos
Citocinas/biossíntese , Dermatite Alérgica de Contato/diagnóstico , Dermatite de Contato/diagnóstico , Pavilhão Auricular/metabolismo , Granzimas/biossíntese , Irritantes/toxicidade , Ensaio Local de Linfonodo , Linfonodos/metabolismo , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Pele/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Dinitroclorobenzeno/toxicidade , Pavilhão Auricular/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Imunoensaio , Linfonodos/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos CBA , Ocitocina/análogos & derivados , Ocitocina/toxicidade , RNA/biossíntese , RNA/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Tolueno 2,4-Di-Isocianato/toxicidade
7.
Toxicol Lett ; 177(1): 1-9, 2008 Feb 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18242016

RESUMO

There has been some concern that certain non-sensitizing irritants may yield false positive results in the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA). This study compared gene expression profiles in lymph nodes draining skin following exposure to sensitizers and irritants, to identify gene transcripts that could distinguish sensitizers from irritants. After treating CBA/N mouse ears for 3 days with the sensitizers 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, 2-phenyl-4-ethoxymethylene-5-oxazolone, or toluene-2,4-diisocyanate or the non-sensitizing irritants croton oil or nonanoic acid, auricular lymph nodes and ear tissues were excised. Sensitizer-induced changes in parameters such as ear thickness, lymph node weight, and cell count also occurred in irritant-treated mouse tissues. However, gene transcripts such as Ifi27, Il12rb1, Ifng, and Zbp1, which are related to T-cell activation, were shown by gene expression microarrays and real-time RT-PCR analyses to be up-regulated in auricular lymph nodes by sensitizers exclusively. These findings suggest that gene expression analysis may enable distinction between sensitizing chemicals and non-sensitizing irritants.


Assuntos
Alérgenos/toxicidade , Pavilhão Auricular/efeitos dos fármacos , Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Irritantes/toxicidade , Linfonodos/efeitos dos fármacos , Pele/efeitos dos fármacos , Alérgenos/classificação , Animais , Pavilhão Auricular/metabolismo , Pavilhão Auricular/patologia , Feminino , Expressão Gênica/genética , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Irritantes/classificação , Ensaio Local de Linfonodo , Linfonodos/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos CBA , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , Tamanho do Órgão/efeitos dos fármacos , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Pele/metabolismo , Pele/patologia , Regulação para Cima/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação para Cima/genética
8.
Chemosphere ; 70(9): 1563-7, 2008 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17936875

RESUMO

The relationship between profiles of residual PCDD/Fs in beef and raw milk was examined by measuring concentrations and detected frequencies. Unrelated samples of beef and raw milk were collected from nine regions in South Korea. Congener-specific profiles of PCDD/Fs in beef and raw milk were very similar. PCDFs, particularly 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF, 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF, and 2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF, were dominant congeners in both beef and raw milk suggesting that sources of contamination may not significantly differ nationwide. The profiles of PCDD/Fs in domestic beef and raw milk in this study were closer to the profiles of emission from metal industries although Korea imports over 75% of feedingstuffs. The ratios of PCDF/PCDD in TEQ concentration were more than 5 and 15 in beef and raw milk, respectively. The mean concentrations of PCDD/Fs in 60 samples of beef and 60 samples of raw milk were 0.80 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat and 0.65 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat, respectively. The residual profiles of PCDD/Fs in raw milk resembled that in beef although the congener profiles might change throughout the food chain. This indicated that monitoring of dioxins in milk could provide information for contamination of milk itself or other associated food.


Assuntos
Benzofuranos/análise , Carne/análise , Leite/química , Dibenzodioxinas Policloradas/análogos & derivados , Animais , Bovinos , Cromatografia Gasosa , Dibenzofuranos Policlorados , Coreia (Geográfico) , Dibenzodioxinas Policloradas/análise
9.
Chemosphere ; 69(3): 381-6, 2007 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17604812

RESUMO

Safety control of feed and feed additives is necessary to have safe food of animal origin. Based on media reports, nine incidents regarding dioxins and/or PCBs contaminations occurred worldwide during the last decade. Korea is a country which imports feed and feed additives. In this study, various kinds of feed and feed additives were analyzed to monitor the contamination level of dioxins. The level of PCDD/Fs in fish oil was the highest with a concentration of 23.33ngkg(-1), which is equivalent to a toxicological concentration of 4.68ngWHO-TEQ/kg. Feed from animals origin such as chicken meal, animal fat, fish meal, fish oil, and shell powder showed relatively higher concentrations of PCDD/Fs. Feed from plants origin, minerals, and additives ranged from non-detects for bit pulp and ethoxyquin to 8.28ngkg(-1) for dl-methionine. From a toxicological point of view, the highest concentration in vitamins was 0.08ngWHO-TEQ/kg among the feed additives. 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF was the dominant congener in samples of fish oil, fish meal, and shell powder. Animal fat showed that the pattern of PCDD/Fs depends on the sources of contamination. A sample of animal fat showed 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF and the other sample showed 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD as a primary congener. Generally, low levels of PCDDs were detected in feed additives. Patterns of PCDD/Fs in choline chloride were different with that in choline chloride from an incident in Europe in 2000.


Assuntos
Ração Animal/análise , Benzofuranos/análise , Dibenzodioxinas Policloradas/análogos & derivados , Dibenzofuranos Policlorados , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Dibenzodioxinas Policloradas/análise
10.
Appl Biochem Biotechnol ; 182(2): 635-652, 2017 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27966090

RESUMO

New approaches to veterinary drug screening based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ToF/MS) are rapid and have high selectivity and sensitivity. In this study, we developed a multiresidue method for screening over 100 veterinary drug residues using ion trap (IT)-ToF/MS. The screened compounds comprised major drug classes used in veterinary practice, representing the following: amphenicols, anthelmintics, benzimidazoles, ß-lactams, coccidiostats, ionophores, macrolides, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, quinolones, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and tranquilizers. The method was developed based on chromatographic retention time, specific accurate mass, isotope distribution, and fragment data. Each compound was validated at three levels, and the mass accuracy, accuracy, and repeatability were calculated. All parameters showed acceptable values and conformed to the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC criteria. This screening method can simultaneously analyze over 100 veterinary drugs in meat, milk, eggs, and fish in a single analytical run.


Assuntos
Produtos Pesqueiros/análise , Análise de Alimentos/métodos , Carne/análise , Óvulo , Drogas Veterinárias/análise , Cromatografia Líquida , Espectrometria de Massas
11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26588172

RESUMO

A survey of Cd and Pb in animal tissue, milk and dairy products was conducted. Muscle, liver and kidney of domestically produced cows, pigs, chickens and ducks were collected from eight regions in Korea. Raw cow milk was collected from 9 regions, and imported dairy products (butter, cheese, cream and powdered milk) were collected from 15 countries. Cd and Pb were analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after microwave digestion. Concentrations of Cd and Pb did not exceed the Korean legal maximum levels in any of the samples. Correlation coefficients were estimated between concentration of Cd or Pb and animal age and between muscle, liver and kidney. In cows, there were good correlations between age and Cd in kidney (r = 0.748) and between Cd in liver and in kidney (r = 0.878). Continuous monitoring will be an important role to safeguard consumers in the event of a food contamination incident.


Assuntos
Cádmio/análise , Chumbo/química , Leite/química , Animais , Bovinos , Galinhas , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Poluentes Ambientais/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Rim/química , Fígado/química , Músculos/química , República da Coreia , Suínos
12.
J Vet Sci ; 16(4): 431-7, 2015.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26040610

RESUMO

Monoclonal anti-enrofloxacin antibody was prepared for a direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and purification system using monoclonal antibody (mAb) coupled magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The IC50 values of the developed mAb for enrofloxacin (ENR), ciprofloxacin, difloxacin, sarafloxacin, pefloxacin, and norfloxacin were 5.0, 8.3, 9.7, 21.7, 36.0, and 63.7 ng/mL, respectively. The lowest detectable level of ENR was 0.7 ng/mL in the prepared ELISA system. To validate the developed ELISA in the food matrix, known amounts of ENR were spiked in meat and egg samples at 10, 20 and 30 ng/mL. Recoveries for ENR ranged from 72.9 to 113.16% with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 2.42 to 10.11%. The applicability of the mAb-MNP system was verified by testing the recoveries for ENR residue in three different matrices. Recoveries for ENR ranged from 75.16 to 86.36%, while the CV ranged from 5.08 to 11.53%. Overall, ENR-specific monoclonal antibody was prepared and developed for use in competitive to ELISAs for the detection of ENR in animal meat samples. Furthermore, we suggest that a purification system for ENR using mAb-coupled MNPs could be useful for determination of ENR residue in food.


Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/química , Antineoplásicos/análise , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Fluoroquinolonas/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/química , Animais , Ovos/análise , Enrofloxacina , Feminino , Carne/análise , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C
13.
Chemosphere ; 54(10): 1533-8, 2004 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14659955

RESUMO

The risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is difficult since complex congeners were used in many industrial applications for a long period of time and the residue monitoring in foods of animal origin and the environment were not established in comparable systems. The relationships of determined concentrations in indicator PCB congeners (mono- and di-ortho PCBs) and coplanar PCB congeners (non-ortho PCBs) in livestock products are presented in this study. The concentrations of seven indicator PCBs were compared with three coplanar PCBs in beef, pork, and chicken fat. Distributions of concentration for the indicator PCBs in three different animal species were similar except for that of PCB-118 (2,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl) in pork fat. The congeners with the highest concentration were PCB-138 (2,2',3,4,4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl) in beef and pork fat and PCB-28 (2,4,4'-trichlorobiphenyl) in chicken fat. The bioaccumulation and metabolism of PCBs in animal species represent different congener profiles in livestock products. The percentage of the total concentration of three coplanar PCBs was about 2% of the total concentration of the seven indicator PCBs. Relatively high concentration of mono-ortho and di-ortho PCBs in fat samples of livestock products may be calculated with the concentration of coplanar PCBs that can be usually determined on a sequential procedure with dioxin analysis. Therefore, the relationship of the amounts between seven indicator PCBs and three coplanar PCBs may be useful to derive the composition and level of contaminants in beef, pork, and chicken.


Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo/química , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Carne/análise , Bifenilos Policlorados/análise , Animais , Bovinos , Galinhas , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Suínos
14.
J Anal Toxicol ; 38(9): 667-71, 2014.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25129879

RESUMO

The quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method for sample preparation was applied to determine seven organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) in stomach contents of poisoned postmortem animals. The pesticides consisted of diazinon, edifenphos, ethyl p-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate, fenitrothion, monocrotophos, parathion and phosphamindon, and tested samples included stomach contents from postmortem animals of cattle, goat, dog, cat, birds, deer and rabbit. The pesticides were spiked into the samples which were found to be negative through previous pesticide poisoning analysis, and the pesticides were extracted and cleaned up based on the QuEChERS process and then they were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC)-flame photometric detector (FPD) or GC-nitrogen-phosphorus detector (NPD) with a DB-5 column. Limits of detection ranged from 0.27 to 0.41 mg/kg for the seven pesticides. The mean recoveries ranged from 80 to 99% in GC-FPD and 83 to 90% in GC-NPD. The coefficients of variation were <10% for all analytes and sample matrix combinations except for phosphamidon and edifenphos in dog stomach contents. This study demonstrated that the method using QuEChERS and GC-FPD and/or GC-NPD is very effective to analyze the OPs in the stomach contents of postmortem animals.


Assuntos
Cromatografia Gasosa/métodos , Conteúdo Gastrointestinal/química , Intoxicação por Organofosfatos/veterinária , Compostos Organofosforados/análise , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Animais , Autopsia , Bovinos , Limite de Detecção , Intoxicação por Organofosfatos/diagnóstico
15.
J Vet Sci ; 15(1): 61-71, 2014.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24136205

RESUMO

This study was performed to assess the neurotoxic effects of methylmercury, arsanilic acid and danofloxacin by quantification of neural-specific proteins in vitro. Quantitation of the protein markers during 14 days of differentiation indicated that the mouse ESCs were completely differentiated into neural cells by Day 8. The cells were treated with non-cytotoxic concentrations of three chemicals during differentiation. Low levels of exposure to methylmercury decreased the expression of GABAA-R and Nestin during the differentiating stage, and Nestin during the differentiated stage. In contrast, GFAP, Tuj1, and MAP2 expression was affected only by relatively high doses during both stages. Arsanilic acid affected the levels of GABAA-R and GFAP during the differentiated stage while the changes of Nestin and Tuj1 were greater during the differentiating stage. For the neural markers (except Nestin) expressed during both stages, danofloxacin affected protein levels at lower concentrations in the differentiated stage than the differentiating stage. Acetylcholinesterase activity was inhibited by relatively low concentrations of methylmercury and arsanilic acid during the differentiating stage while this activity was inhibited only by more than 40 µM of danofloxacin in the differentiated stage. Our results provide useful information about the different toxicities of chemicals and the impact on neural development.


Assuntos
Ácido Arsanílico/toxicidade , Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Células-Tronco Embrionárias/efeitos dos fármacos , Poluentes Ambientais/toxicidade , Fluoroquinolonas/toxicidade , Compostos de Metilmercúrio/toxicidade , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Animais , Células-Tronco Embrionárias/citologia , Imunofluorescência , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/metabolismo , Neurônios/citologia , Sais de Tetrazólio/metabolismo , Tiazóis/metabolismo
16.
Food Chem ; 138(2-3): 1786-91, 2013 Jun 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23411310

RESUMO

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) concentrations were determined in abdominal fat samples from 30 cattle. The relationships between chemicals, age, and gender were investigated. The concentration of PCDD/Fs ranged from 0.01 to 1.36 pg TEQ g(-1) fat, DL-PCBs ranged from 0.17 to 1.64 pg TEQ g(-1) fat, PBDEs ranged from 135 to 725 pgg(-1) fat, and HCB ranged from 25.5 to 2061 pgg(-1) fat. A comparison between cattle's age and gender vs. the concentration of contaminants revealed higher concentrations of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs in cattle aged more than 3 years; no difference between genders was apparent. Moreover, the concentrations of PBDEs in cattle fat did not correspond with the age of cattle. Relative to cattle 1.5-2.5 years of age, cattle aged 3 and 4 years had higher concentration of HCB but the concentration difference was not clear at age 5. Human exposures to these compounds from beef sources were calculated based on beef consumption.


Assuntos
Benzofuranos/análise , Bovinos/metabolismo , Poluentes Ambientais/análise , Gorduras/análise , Éteres Difenil Halogenados/análise , Hexaclorobenzeno/análise , Bifenilos Policlorados/análise , Dibenzodioxinas Policloradas/análogos & derivados , Animais , Benzofuranos/metabolismo , Bovinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Exposição Ambiental , Poluentes Ambientais/metabolismo , Gorduras/metabolismo , Feminino , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Éteres Difenil Halogenados/metabolismo , Hexaclorobenzeno/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Bifenilos Policlorados/metabolismo , Dibenzodioxinas Policloradas/análise , Dibenzodioxinas Policloradas/metabolismo , República da Coreia
17.
Mycotoxin Res ; 29(3): 185-92, 2013 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23436220

RESUMO

Mice were exposed to deoxynivalenol (DON) via drinking water at a concentration of 2 mg/L for 36 days. On day 8 of treatment, inactivated porcine parvovirus vaccine (PPV) was injected intraperitoneally. The relative and absolute weight of the spleen was significantly decreased in the DON-treated group (DON). Antibody titers to parvovirus in serum were 47.9 ± 2.4 in the vaccination group (Vac), but 15.2 ± 6.5 in the group treated with DON and vaccine (DON + Vac). The IgA and IgG was not different in the DON, Vac an,d DON + Vac groups. IgM was significantly lower only in the DON + Vac group. However IgE was significantly increased in the Vac and DON + Vac group, but no change was observed between the Vac and DON + Vac groups. The concentrations of IL-2, IL-4, GM-CSF, MCP-1 and Rantes in serum, and IL-1α in mesenteric lymph node and MIP-1ß in spleen were significantly increased by DON treatment compared to control. The concentrations of IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-12, IL-13 and Rantes in thymus, of IL-2 in spleen, and of IL-1α, IL-1ß, IL-3, IL-5, IL-10, IL-17, G-CSF, GM-CSF and MCP-1 in mesenteric lymph nodes were significantly decreased in mice compared to those in the Vac group, while concentrations of IL-1α, IL-2, IL-9, IL-13,G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, MCP-1, MIP-1α and TNF-α were significantly increased in serum compared to the Vac group. In conclusion, the results presented here indicate that exposure to DON at 2.0 mg/L via drinking water can disrupt the immune response in vaccinated mice by modulating cytokines and chemokines involved in their immune response to infectious disease.


Assuntos
Imunossupressores/administração & dosagem , Parvovirus Suíno/imunologia , Tricotecenos/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Administração Oral , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Citocinas/sangue , Linfonodos/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C3H , Baço/efeitos dos fármacos , Timo/efeitos dos fármacos , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem
18.
J Agric Food Chem ; 61(10): 2293-8, 2013 Mar 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23402590

RESUMO

Residues of veterinary drugs, pesticides, and environmental contaminants in domestic and imported foods of animal origin were monitored by the National Residue Program and inspection service in Korea in the past decade. In all, 134 substances were analyzed in the monitoring plan; 35 substances were examined in the surveillance and enforcement testing program, and 27 substances were investigated in exploratory projects. The overall trend of violation rates gradually decreased over the past decade. Pesticides were not found in any domestic samples of animal origin. The violation rates of chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline decreased, but quinolone and penicillin detections increased in Korea. Several kinds of residue violations of veterinary drugs, endosulfan, or dioxins were found in the imported products each year. In an example event in 2008, the Korea monitoring plan contributed globally to investigate the dioxin contamination from Chilean pork. Continuous monitoring based on internationally harmonized standards and methods provides the essential scientific basis to manage and ensure food safety.


Assuntos
Resíduos de Drogas/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Carne/análise , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Animais , Bovinos , Inocuidade dos Alimentos , Gado , Aves Domésticas , República da Coreia , Suínos , Drogas Veterinárias/análise
19.
J Vet Sci ; 14(2): 143-50, 2013.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23388439

RESUMO

Monoclonal antibody (mAb, NVRQS-DON) against deoxynivalenol (DON) was prepared. DON-Ag coated enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and DON-Ab coated ELISA were prepared by coating the DON-BSA and DON mAb. Quantitative DON calculation ranged from 50 to 4,000 ng/mL for DON-Ab coated ELISA and from 25 to 500 ng/mL for DON-Ag coated ELISA. 50% of inhibitory concentration values of DON, HT-2, 15-acetyl-DON, and nivalenol were 23.44, 22,545, 5,518 and 5,976 ng/mL based on the DON-Ab coated ELISA. Cross-reactivity levels of the mAb to HT-2, 15-acetyl-DON, and nivalenol were 0.1, 0.42, and 0.40%. The intra- and interassay precision coefficient variation (CV) were both <10%. In the mAb-coated ELISA, mean DON recovery rates in animal feed (0 to 1,000 mg/kg) ranged from 68.34 to 95.49% (CV; 4.10 to 13.38%). DON in a buffer solution (250, 500 and 1,000 ng/mL) was isolated using 300 mg of NVRQS-DON and 3 mg of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The mean recovery rates of DON using this mAb-MNP system were 75.2, 96.9, and 88.1% in a buffer solution spiked with DON (250, 500, and 1,000 ng/mL). Conclusively we developed competitive ELISAs for detecting DON in animal feed and created a new tool for DON extraction using mAb-coupled MNPs.


Assuntos
Técnicas de Química Analítica/métodos , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Micotoxinas/análise , Tricotecenos/análise , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Anticorpos Antifúngicos/análise , Anticorpos Monoclonais/análise , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Feminino , Fusarium/imunologia , Imidazóis/química , Magnetismo/métodos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Micotoxinas/química , Nanopartículas/química , Ovalbumina/química , Tricotecenos/química
20.
J Vet Sci ; 13(2): 119-25, 2012 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22705733

RESUMO

A monoclonal antibody (mAb) against zearalenone (ZEN) was produced using ZEN-carboxymethoxylamine and -BSA conjugates. Antibody produced by one clone showing a very high binding ability was selected and found to have a higher affinity for ZEN compared to a commerciall ZEN antibody. We developed two direct competitive ELISA systems using the selected antibody (ZEN-coated and anti-ZEN antibody-coated ELISA). Quantitative ranges for the anti-ZEN antibody coated ELISA and ZEN-coated ELISA were from 25 to 750 ppb and from 12.5 to 100 ppb, respectively. The detection limit of both methods as measured with standard solutions was 10 ppb. The intra-plate and inter-well variation of both ELISAs were less than 10%. The IC(50) values for α-zearalenol, ß-zearalenol, α-zearalanol, and ß-zearalanol compared to ZEN were 108.1, 119.3, 114.1, and 130.3% for the ZEN-coated ELISA. These values were 100.7, 120.7, 121.6, and 151.6% for the anti-ZEN antibody-coated ELISA. According to the anti-ZEN antibody-coated ELISA, the average recovery rates of ZEN from spiked animal feed containing 150 to 600 ng/mL of ZEN ranged from 106.07 to 123.00% with 0.93 to 2.28% coefficients of variation. Our results demonstrate that the mAb developed in this study could be used to simultaneously screen for ZEN and its metabolites in feed.


Assuntos
Ácido Amino-Oxiacético/química , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Zearalenona/imunologia , Animais , Feminino , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Soroalbumina Bovina/química
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