Anaerobic oxidation of ethane by archaea from a marine hydrocarbon seep.

Ethane is the second most abundant component of natural gas in addition to methane, and-similar to methane-is chemically unreactive. The biological consumption of ethane under anoxic conditions was suggested by geochemical profiles at marine hydrocarbon seeps1-3, and through ethane-dependent sulfate reduction in slurries4-7. Nevertheless, the microorganisms and reactions that catalyse this process have to date remained unknown8. Here we describe ethane-oxidizing archaea that were obtained by specific enrichment over ten years, and analyse these archaea using phylogeny-based fluorescence analyses, proteogenomics and metabolite studies. The co-culture, which oxidized ethane completely while reducing sulfate to sulfide, was dominated by an archaeon that we name 'Candidatus Argoarchaeum ethanivorans'; other members were sulfate-reducing Deltaproteobacteria. The genome of Ca. Argoarchaeum contains all of the genes that are necessary for a functional methyl-coenzyme M reductase, and all subunits were detected in protein extracts. Accordingly, ethyl-coenzyme M (ethyl-CoM) was identified as an intermediate by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. This indicated that Ca. Argoarchaeum initiates ethane oxidation by ethyl-CoM formation, analogous to the recently described butane activation by 'Candidatus Syntrophoarchaeum'9. Proteogenomics further suggests that oxidation of intermediary acetyl-CoA to CO2 occurs through the oxidative Wood-Ljungdahl pathway. The identification of an archaeon that uses ethane (C2H6) fills a gap in our knowledge of microorganisms that specifically oxidize members of the homologous alkane series (CnH2n+2) without oxygen. Detection of phylogenetic and functional gene markers related to those of Ca. Argoarchaeum at deep-sea gas seeps10-12 suggests that archaea that are able to oxidize ethane through ethyl-CoM are widespread members of the local communities fostered by venting gaseous alkanes around these seeps.

Atomic-scale probing of heterointerface phonon bridges in nitride semiconductor.

Interface phonon modes that are generated by several atomic layers at the heterointerface play a major role in the interface thermal conductance for nanoscale high-power devices such as nitride-based high-electron-mobility transistors and light-emitting diodes. Here we measure the local phonon spectra across AlN/Si and AlN/Al interfaces using atomically resolved vibrational electron energy-loss spectroscopy in a scanning transmission electron microscope. At the AlN/Si interface, we observe various interface phonon modes, of which the extended and localized modes act as bridges to connect the bulk AlN modes and bulk Si modes and are expected to boost the phonon transport, thus substantially contributing to interface thermal conductance. In comparison, no such phonon bridge is observed at the AlN/Al interface, for which partially extended modes dominate the interface thermal conductivity. This work provides valuable insights into understanding the interfacial thermal transport in nitride semiconductors and useful guidance for thermal management via interface engineering.

Integrated bioinformatics analysis of SEMA3C in tongue squamous cell carcinoma using machine-learning strategies.

Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is an aggressive oral cancer with a high incidence of metastasis and poor prognosis. We aim to identify and verify potential biomarkers for TSCC using bioinformatics analysis. To begin with, we examined clinical and RNA expression information of individuals with TSCC from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differential expression analysis and functional analysis were conducted. Multiple machine-learning strategies were next employed to screen and determine the hub gene, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to assess diagnostic value. Semaphorin3C (SEMA3C) was identified as a critical biomarker, presenting high diagnostic accuracy for TSCC. In the validation cohorts, SEMA3C exhibited high expression levels in TSCC. The high expression of SEMA3C was a poor prognostic factor in TSCC by the Kaplan-Meier curve. Based on the Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, SEMA3C was mapped in terms related to cell adhesion, positive regulation of JAK-STAT, positive regulation of stem cell maintenance, and positive regulation of NF-κB activity. Single-cell RNA sequencing (ScRNA-seq) analysis showed cells expressing SEMA3C were predominantly tumor cells. Then, we further verified that SEMA3C had high expression in TSCC clinical samples. In addition, the knockdown of SEMA3C suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of TSCC cells in vitro. This study is the first to report the involvement of SEMA3C in TSCC, suggesting that upregulated SEMA3C could be a novel and critical potential biomarker for future predictive diagnostics, prevention, prognostic assessment, and personalized medical services in TSCC.

Chiral Charge Density Wave and Backscattering-Immune Orbital Texture in Monolayer 1T-TiTe2.

Nontrivial electronic states are attracting intense attention in low-dimensional physics. Though chirality has been identified in charge states with a scalar order parameter, its intertwining with charge density waves (CDW), film thickness, and the impact on the electronic behaviors remain less well understood. Here, using scanning tunneling microscopy, we report a 2 × 2 chiral CDW as well as a strong suppression of the Te-5p hole-band backscattering in monolayer 1T-TiTe2. These exotic characters vanish in bilayer TiTe2 in a non-CDW state. Theoretical calculations prove that chirality comes from a helical stacking of the triple-q CDW components and, therefore, can persist at the two-dimensional limit. Furthermore, the chirality renders the Te-5p bands with an unconventional orbital texture that prohibits electron backscattering. Our study establishes TiTe2 as a promising playground for manipulating the chiral ground states at the monolayer limit and provides a novel path to engineer electronic properties from an orbital degree.

Microbial diversity and oil biodegradation potential of northern Barents Sea sediments.

The Arctic, an essential ecosystem on Earth, is subject to pronounced anthropogenic pressures, most notable being the climate change and risks of crude oil pollution. As crucial elements of Arctic environments, benthic microbiomes are involved in climate-relevant biogeochemical cycles and hold the potential to remediate upcoming contamination. Yet, the Arctic benthic microbiomes are among the least explored biomes on the planet. Here we combined geochemical analyses, incubation experiments, and microbial community profiling to detail the biogeography and biodegradation potential of Arctic sedimentary microbiomes in the northern Barents Sea. The results revealed a predominance of bacterial and archaea phyla typically found in the deep marine biosphere, such as Chloroflexi, Atribacteria, and Bathyarcheaota. The topmost benthic communities were spatially structured by sedimentary organic carbon, lacking a clear distinction among geographic regions. With increasing sediment depth, the community structure exhibited stratigraphic variability that could be correlated to redox geochemistry of sediments. The benthic microbiomes harbored multiple taxa capable of oxidizing hydrocarbons using aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Incubation of surface sediments with crude oil led to proliferation of several genera from the so-called rare biosphere. These include Alkalimarinus and Halioglobus, previously unrecognized as hydrocarbon-degrading genera, both harboring the full genetic potential for aerobic alkane oxidation. These findings increase our understanding of the taxonomic inventory and functional potential of unstudied benthic microbiomes in the Arctic.

The Great Oxidation Event expanded the genetic repertoire of arsenic metabolism and cycling.

The rise of oxygen on the early Earth about 2.4 billion years ago reorganized the redox cycle of harmful metal(loids), including that of arsenic, which doubtlessly imposed substantial barriers to the physiology and diversification of life. Evaluating the adaptive biological responses to these environmental challenges is inherently difficult because of the paucity of fossil records. Here we applied molecular clock analyses to 13 gene families participating in principal pathways of arsenic resistance and cycling, to explore the nature of early arsenic biogeocycles and decipher feedbacks associated with planetary oxygenation. Our results reveal the advent of nascent arsenic resistance systems under the anoxic environment predating the Great Oxidation Event (GOE), with the primary function of detoxifying reduced arsenic compounds that were abundant in Archean environments. To cope with the increased toxicity of oxidized arsenic species that occurred as oxygen built up in Earth's atmosphere, we found that parts of preexisting detoxification systems for trivalent arsenicals were merged with newly emerged pathways that originated via convergent evolution. Further expansion of arsenic resistance systems was made feasible by incorporation of oxygen-dependent enzymatic pathways into the detoxification network. These genetic innovations, together with adaptive responses to other redox-sensitive metals, provided organisms with novel mechanisms for adaption to changes in global biogeocycles that emerged as a consequence of the GOE.

Semiconductor-Metal Phase Transition and Emergent Charge Density Waves in 1T-ZrX2 (X = Se, Te) at the Two-Dimensional Limit.

A charge density wave (CDW) is a collective quantum phenomenon in metals and features a wavelike modulation of the conduction electron density. A microscopic understanding and experimental control of this many-body electronic state in atomically thin materials remain hot topics in materials physics. By means of material engineering, we realized a dimensionality and Zr intercalation induced semiconductor-metal phase transition in 1T-ZrX2 (X = Se, Te) ultrathin films, accompanied by a commensurate 2 × 2 CDW order. Furthermore, we observed a CDW energy gap of up to 22 meV around the Fermi level. Fourier-transformed scanning tunneling microscopy and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy reveal that 1T-ZrX2 films exhibit the simplest Fermi surface among the known CDW materials in TMDCs, consisting only of a Zr 4d derived elliptical electron conduction band at the corners of the Brillouin zone.

Gut microbiota regulation and prebiotic properties of polysaccharides from Oudemansiella raphanipes mushroom.

Oudemansiella raphanipes is a type of fungus used as both medicine and food. Fungal polysaccharides have demonstrated various bioactivities, involving the adjust and control of gut microbiota, but no such studies on O. raphanipes polysaccharides (OrPs) have been reported. It is by extracting and purifying that OrPs was obtained from O. raphanipes crude polysaccharide and study their effects in mice. The sample contents of total sugar was 97.26%, and the monosaccharide content comprised mannose, rhamnose, glucose, and xylose in a molar ratio of 35.2:2.8:21.2:40.8. The effects of OrPs on body weight (BW), gut microbiota, fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and the correlation between fecal SCFAs and gut microbes, in mice were investigated. The results of the experiment found that OrPs significantly (P < 0.01) inhibited the increase in BW, altered the constitution of the gut microbiota, and significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced the content of fecal SCFAs in mice. Moreover, among the top ten bacteria in terms of relative abundance, the Lachnospiraceae and Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 groups were positively associated with the increased production of SCFAs. Other bacteria, such as Atopobiaceae and Bifidobacterium of Actinobacteriota, and Faecalibaculum, Dubosiella, and Clostridium sensu stricto 5 of Firmicutes, were also positively associated with higher content of fecal SCFAs. The results of the experiment suggest that OrPs have a potential prebiotic effect on gut microbiota and may prevent BW gain. Furthermore, the major producers of SCFAs were Firmicutes and Actinobacteriota.

Genome and proteome analyses show the gaseous alkane degrader Desulfosarcina sp. strain BuS5 as an extreme metabolic specialist.

The metabolic potential of the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfosarcina sp. strain BuS5, currently the only pure culture able to oxidize the volatile alkanes propane and butane without oxygen, was investigated via genomics, proteomics and physiology assays. Complete genome sequencing revealed that strain BuS5 encodes a single alkyl-succinate synthase, an enzyme which apparently initiates oxidation of both propane and butane. The formed alkyl-succinates are oxidized to CO2 via beta oxidation and the oxidative Wood-Ljungdahl pathways as shown by proteogenomics analyses. Strain BuS5 conserves energy via the canonical sulfate reduction pathway and electron bifurcation. An ability to utilize long-chain fatty acids, mannose and oligopeptides, suggested by automated annotation pipelines, was not supported by physiology assays and in-depth analyses of the corresponding genetic systems. Consistently, comparative genomics revealed a streamlined BuS5 genome with a remarkable paucity of catabolic modules. These results establish strain BuS5 as an exceptional metabolic specialist, able to grow only with propane and butane, for which we propose the name Desulfosarcina aeriophaga BuS5. This highly restrictive lifestyle, most likely the result of habitat-driven evolutionary gene loss, may provide D. aeriophaga BuS5 a competitive edge in sediments impacted by natural gas seeps. Etymology: Desulfosarcina aeriophaga, aério (Greek): gas; phágos (Greek): eater; D. aeriophaga: a gas eating or gas feeding Desulfosarcina.

Predictive value of proteomic markers for advanced rectal cancer with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Preoperative neoadjuvant chemoradiation (nCRT) has been the standard treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer. Serum biomarkers to stratify patients with respect to prognosis and response to nCRT are needed due to the diverse response to the therapy. METHODS: Thirteen paired pre- and post-nCRT sera from rectal cancer patients were analyzed by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) method. Twenty-five proteins were selected for validation by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) in ninety-one patients. RESULTS: Totally, 310 proteins were identified and quantified in sera samples. Reactome pathway analysis showed that the immune activation-related pathways were enriched in response to nCRT. Twenty-five proteins were selected for further validation. PRM result showed that the level of PZP was higher in pathological complete response (pCR) patients than non-pCR patients. The Random Forest algorithm identified a prediction model composed of 10 protein markers, which allowed discrimination between pCR patients and non-pCR patients (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.886 on testing set). Higher HEP2 and GELS or lower S10A8 in baseline sera were associated with better prognosis. Higher APOA1 in post nCRT sera was associated with better disease-free survival (DFS). CONCLUSIONS: We identified and confirmed a 10-protein panel for nCRT response prediction and four potential biomarkers HEP2, GELS, S10A8 and APOA1 for prognosis of rectal cancer based on iTRAQ-based comparative proteomics screening and PRM-based targeted proteomic validation.

Discovery of enzymes to biotransform ginsenoside Rd into ginsenosides F2 and CK using metagenomics and genomic mining.

Ginsenosides are the main active components of ginseng, including many types and different contents. Among them, minor ginsenosides have better biological functions and pharmacological activities than those of the major ginsenosides. However, minor ginsenosides cannot be obtained in large quantities, but by means of enzymatic transformation technology, some major ginsenosides can be de-glycosylated at a specific position to generate minor ginsenosides. In this study, we report two glycosidase genes associated with the conversion of ginsenoside Rd to ginsenosides F2 or CK. SWMU-CK-1 was identified among the total genes extracted from the feces of plum deer by local Blast screening for putative ginsenoside conversion function, which could cause the conversion of ginsenoside Rd → F2 → CK. The other gene was found in the Bifidobacterium breve 689b SGAir 0764 chromosome genome, which might have the same function as the ß-glucosidase gene testified by the gene matching, named SWMU-F2-2, and can achieve the Rd → F2 transformation. This study reports two genes that enable achieving the biotransformation of rare ginsenosides, while it provides a new insight and a promising approach to explore new genes and develop new functions of existing genes.

Tumor mutation burden in blood predicts benefit from neoadjuvant chemo/radiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer.

Distant metastasis has been the major concern of prognosis in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). The purpose of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of TMB in blood (bTMB) in LARC patients after receiving neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) and surgery. Using targeted ctDNA sequencing, we revealed that bTMB level at baseline was positively correlated with recurrence-free survival (RFS). Following nCRT, the patients with decreasing TMB tends to have a longer median RFS. bTMB level after surgery was negatively correlated with RFS. The serum cytokines including IFNγ, IFNα2, IL-1ß, IL-2 and MIP-1ß were significantly higher in pre-nCRT serum with higher bTMB group than that of lower bTMB group. Clonal evolution analysis showed that the pre- and post-nCRT ctDNAs of most cases had shared mutations. In conclusion, we presume that bTMB could potentially improve pre- and post-treatment risk assessment and facilitate individualized therapy for patients with LARC.

High Arsenic Levels Increase Activity Rather than Diversity or Abundance of Arsenic Metabolism Genes in Paddy Soils.

Arsenic (As) metabolism genes are generally present in soils, but their diversity, relative abundance, and transcriptional activity in response to different As concentrations remain unclear, limiting our understanding of the microbial activities that control the fate of an important environmental pollutant. To address this issue, we applied metagenomics and metatranscriptomics to paddy soils showing a gradient of As concentrations to investigate As resistance genes (ars) including arsR, acr3, arsB, arsC, arsM, arsI, arsP, and arsH as well as energy-generating As respiratory oxidation (aioA) and reduction (arrA) genes. Somewhat unexpectedly, the relative DNA abundances and diversities of ars, aioA, and arrA genes were not significantly different between low and high (∼10 versus ∼100 mg kg-1) As soils. Compared to available metagenomes from other soils, geographic distance rather than As levels drove the different compositions of microbial communities. Arsenic significantly increased ars gene abundance only when its concentration was higher than 410 mg kg-1. In contrast, metatranscriptomics revealed that relative to low-As soils, high-As soils showed a significant increase in transcription of ars and aioA genes, which are induced by arsenite, the dominant As species in paddy soils, but not arrA genes, which are induced by arsenate. These patterns appeared to be community wide as opposed to taxon specific. Collectively, our findings advance understanding of how microbes respond to high As levels and the diversity of As metabolism genes in paddy soils and indicated that future studies of As metabolism in soil or other environments should include the function (transcriptome) level. IMPORTANCE Arsenic (As) is a toxic metalloid pervasively present in the environment. Microorganisms have evolved the capacity to metabolize As, and As metabolism genes are ubiquitously present in the environment even in the absence of high concentrations of As. However, these previous studies were carried out at the DNA level; thus, the activity of the As metabolism genes detected remains essentially speculative. Here, we show that the high As levels in paddy soils increased the transcriptional activity rather than the relative DNA abundance and diversity of As metabolism genes. These findings advance our understanding of how microbes respond to and cope with high As levels and have implications for better monitoring and managing an important toxic metalloid in agricultural soils and possibly other ecosystems.

Direct Observation of Full-Gap Superconductivity and Pseudogap in Two-Dimensional Fullerides.

Alkali-fulleride superconductors with a maximum critical temperature T_{c}∼40 K exhibit a similar electronic phase diagram to that of unconventional high-T_{c} superconductors. Here we employ cryogenic scanning tunneling microscopy to show that trilayer K_{3}C_{60} displays fully gapped strong coupling s-wave superconductivity, accompanied by a pseudogap above T_{c}∼22 K and within vortices. A precise control of the electronic correlations and potassium doping enables us to reveal that superconductivity occurs near a superconductor-Mott-insulator transition and reaches maximum at half-filling. The s-wave symmetry retains over the entire phase diagram, which, in conjunction with an abrupt decline of the superconductivity below half-filling, indicates that alkali fullerides are predominantly phonon-mediated superconductors, although the electronic correlations also come into play.

Direct Visualization of Ambipolar Mott Transition in Cuprate CuO_{2} Planes.

Identifying the essence of doped Mott insulators is one of the major outstanding problems in condensed matter physics and the key to understanding the high-temperature superconductivity in cuprates. We report real space visualization of Mott insulator-metal transition in Sr_{1-x}La_{x}CuO_{2+y} cuprate films that cover both the electron- and hole-doped regimes. Tunneling conductance measurements directly on the copper-oxide (CuO_{2}) planes reveal a systematic shift in the Fermi level, while the fundamental Mott-Hubbard band structure remains unchanged. This is further demonstrated by exploring the atomic-scale electronic response of CuO_{2} to substitutional dopants and intrinsic defects in a sister compound Sr_{0.92}Nd_{0.08}CuO_{2}. The results may be better explained in the framework of self-modulation doping, similar to that in semiconductor heterostructures, and form a basis for developing any microscopic theories for cuprate superconductivity.

Modified apple polysaccharide regulates microbial dysbiosis to suppress high-fat diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6J mice.

PURPOSE: Obesity, substantially increasing the risk of diseases such as metabolic diseases, becomes a major health challenge. In this study, we, therefore, investigated the effect of modified apple polysaccharide (MAP) on obesity. METHODS: Twelve male C57BL/6J mice were given a 45% high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks to replicate an obesity model and six mice were given normal diet as control. Then, 1 g/kg MAP was administrated to six mice by gavage for 15 days. Illumina Miseq PE300 sequencing platform was used to analyze the microbial diversity of fecal samples. Flow cytometry was employed to investigate the effects of MAP on immune cells in adipose tissue. Bacterial culture and qPCR were used to assess the effects of MAP on the growth of whole fecal bacteria and representative microbiota in vitro. RESULTS: MAP could alleviate HFD-induced obesity and decrease body weight of mice effectively. The results of α diversity showed that Shannon index in HFD group was significantly lower than that in control group; Shannon index in MAP group was higher than that in HFD group. The results of ß diversity showed that the microbiota of MAP group was more similar to that of control group. HFD increased the number of T cells and macrophages in adipocytes; while MAP decreased the number of T cells and macrophages. MAP could promote the growth of fecal bacteria, and demonstrated a facilitated effect on the proliferation of Bacteroidetes, Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, and an inhibitory effect on Fusobacterium. CONCLUSIONS: MAP could reduce HFD-induced obesity of mice effectively. The possible mechanisms are that MAP restored HFD-induced intestinal microbiota disorder, downregulated the number of T cells and macrophages in adipose tissue.

Organic Carbon Amendments Affect the Chemodiversity of Soil Dissolved Organic Matter and Its Associations with Soil Microbial Communities.

The "4 per mil" initiative recognizes the pivotal role of soil in carbon resequestration. The need for evidence to substantiate the influence of agricultural practices on chemical nature of soil carbon and microbial biodiversity has become a priority. However, owing to the molecular complexity of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM), specific linkages to microbial biodiversity have eluded researchers. Here, we characterized the chemodiversity of soil DOM, assessed the variation of soil bacterial community composition (BCC), and identified specific linkages between DOM traits and BCC. Sustained organic carbon amendment significantly ( P < 0.05) increased total organic matter reservoirs, resulted in higher chemodiversity of DOM and emergence of recalcitrant moieties (H/C < 1.5). In the meantime, sustained organic carbon amendment shaped the BCC to a more eutrophic state while long-term chemical fertilization directed the BCC toward an oligotrophic state. Meanwhile, higher connectivity and complexity were observed in organic carbon amendment by DOM-BCC network analysis, indicating that soil microbes tended to have more interaction with DOM molecules after organic matter inputs. These results highlight the potential for organic carbon amendments to not only build soil carbon stocks and increase their resilience but also mediate the functional state of soil bacterial communities.

Differential expression of activin ßA and ßB genes in female allotriploid and diploid red crucian carp Carassius auratus red var.

activin ßA and ßB from diploid and allotriploid crucian carp were cloned.The differential expression of activin ßA and ßB genes in female allotriploid and diploid red crucian carp Carassius auratus red var. were studied and found to be expressed in all the tested tissues; particularly, the expression of activin ßA and ßB was elevated in the ovaries of allotriploids and differential expression in pituitaries during the non-breeding season and the breeding season period. The immunohistochemistry indicated that the abnormal triploid ovaries were dominated by small oogonium-like cells with dense signals and that the elevated expression of activin ßA and ßB in the ovaries of allotriploids may be related to allotriploid sterility.

Cytotoxic Polyketides from the Marine Sponge-Derived Fungus Pestalotiopsis heterocornis XWS03F09.

Four new compounds, including two new polyketides, heterocornols M and N (1, 2), and a pair of epimers, heterocornols O and P (3, 4), were isolated from the fermentation broth of the marine sponge-derived fungus Pestalotiopsis heterocornis XWS03F09, together with three known compounds (5-7). The new chemical structures were established on the basis of a spectroscopic analysis, optical rotation, experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD). All of the compounds (1-7) were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities, and heterocornols M-P (1-4) exhibited cytotoxicities against four human cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 20.4-94.2 µM.

Effects of none-steroidal anti-inflammatory and antibiotic drugs on the oral immune system and oral microbial composition in rats.

BACKGROUND: Antibiotics and none-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are often taken orally to treat human diseases. The use of these drugs adversely could affect the natural oral microbiota composition and oral immune system. In the meanwhile, it may break the original balance of oral micro-ecosystem. Exploring this change is of great importance to host health. METHODS: In this study, we took 20 SD rats and divided them into four groups of five rats each. Each of these groups was administered specified doses of amoxicillin (AMX), ornidazole (ORD), aspirin (ASP), or purified water (CTR), using oral gavage daily for 14 days. High-throughput sequencing was used to investigate the microbiota difference in the four groups of rats once the oral gavage completed. ELISA kit was used to determine IgG and SIgA content, to understand the effect of the drugs on the oral immune system. RESULTS: We found that oral bacterial composition, IgG and sIgA were significantly affected by the use of these drugs. No matter which medication the rats takes, oral microbiota diversity increase significantly. At the genus level, The Lactobacillaceae, which is essential to the human food digest, raised in the aspirin take group. Staphylococcus and Pasteurella increased in the ornidazole group. Klebsiella, Corynebacterium rose significantly in the amoxicillin group. In normal oral cavity without taking the task medicine, Streptococcus, Pasteurella, and Rothia were in a relatively high abundance. IgG and SIgA content also changed by using these drugs, thus indicating applied those drugs impact of the oral immune system. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that antibiotic and none-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs could influence the oral microbiota composition, which could also destroy the original oral micro-ecosystem environment. The non-antibiotic drug effect on the oral microbiota and oral immune system similar to the antibiotic drug. All these changes may have a negative influence on host health.