Fucoidan from Sargassum autumnale Inhibits Potential Inflammatory Responses via NF-κB and MAPK Pathway Suppression in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced RAW 264.7 Macrophages.

Fucoidans are sulfate-rich polysaccharides with a wide variety of beneficial biological activities. The present study aimed to highlight the anti-inflammatory activity of fucoidan from the brown seaweed Sargassum autumnale (SA) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Among the isolated fucoidan fractions, the third fraction (SAF3) showed a superior protective effect on LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. SAF3 inhibits nitric oxide (NO) production and expression of prostaglandin E-2 (PGE2) via downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) expression in LPS-induced RAW 26.7 cells. SAF3 treatment decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1ß, TNF-α, and IL-6 expression in LPS-induced cells. LPS stimulation activated NF-κB and MAPK signaling cascades in RAW 264.7 cells, while treatment with SAF3 suppressed them in a concentration-dependent manner. Existing outcomes confirm that SAF3 from S. autumnale possesses potent anti-inflammatory activity and exhibits good potential for application as a functional food ingredient or for the treatment of inflammation-related disorders.

Dimeric architecture of maltodextrin glucosidase (MalZ) provides insights into the substrate recognition and hydrolysis mechanism.

Maltodextrin glucosidase (MalZ) is a key enzyme in the maltose utilization pathway in Escherichia coli that liberates glucose from the reducing end of the short malto-oligosaccharides. Unlike other enzymes in the GH13_21 subfamily, the hydrolytic activity of MalZ is limited to maltodextrin rather than long starch substrates, forming various transglycosylation products in α-1,3, α-1,4 or α-1,6 linkages. The mechanism for the substrate binding and hydrolysis of this enzyme is not well understood yet. Here, we present the dimeric crystal structure of MalZ, with the N-domain generating a unique substrate binding groove. The N-domain bears CBM34 architecture and forms a part of the active site in the catalytic domain of the adjacent molecule. The groove found between the N-domain and catalytic domain from the adjacent molecule, shapes active sites suitable for short malto-oligosaccharides, but hinders long stretches of oligosaccharides. The conserved residue of E44 protrudes at subsite +2, elucidating the hydrolysis pattern of the substrate by the glucose unit from the reducing end. The structural analysis provides a molecular basis for the substrate specificity and the enzymatic property, and has potential industrial application for protein engineering.

Lipid Inhibitory Effect of (-)-loliolide Isolated from Sargassum horneri in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes: Inhibitory Mechanism of Adipose-Specific Proteins.

Sargassum horneri (S. horneri) is a well-known brown seaweed widely distributed worldwide. Several biological activities of S. horneri have been reported. However, its effects on lipid metabolism and the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In the present study, we examined the inhibitory effect of the active compound "(-)-loliolide ((6S,7aR)-6-hydroxy-4,4,7a-trimethyl-5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-1-benzofuran-2(4H)-one (HTT))" from S. horneri extract on lipid accumulation in differentiated adipocytes. MTT assays demonstrated that (-)-loliolide is not toxic to 3T3-L1 adipocytes in a range of concentrations. (-)-loliolide significantly reduced intracellular lipid accumulation in the differentiated phase of 3T3-L1 adipocytes as shown by Oil Red O staining. Western blot analysis revealed that (-)-loliolide increased the expression of lipolytic protein phospho-hormone-sensitive lipase (p-HSL) and thermogenic protein peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1). Additionally, (-)-loliolide decreased expression of adipogenic and lipogenic proteins, including sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBP-α), and fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. These results indicate that (-)-loliolide from S. horneri could suppress lipid accumulation via regulation of antiadipogenic and prolipolytic mechanisms in 3T3-L1 cells. Considering the multifunctional effect of (-)-loliolide, it can be useful as a lipid-lowering agent in the management of patients who suffer from obesity.

Rice bran supplement prevents UVB-induced skin photoaging in vivo.

Although rice bran consumption is reportedly has numerous beneficial effects on human health, the relationship between rice bran and the prevention of photoaging has not been investigated in detail. We sought to investigate whether consumption of rice bran supplement (RBS) can elicit preventive effects against UVB-induced photoaging in vivo. Dorsal skin sections of hairless mice were exposed to UVB over 16 weeks. RBS consumption suppressed UVB-induced wrinkle formation and inhibited the loss of water content and epidermal thickening in the mouse skin. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that repeated exposure to UVB upregulated matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, while consumption of RBS suppressed MMP-13 and COX-2 expression, as well as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. These findings suggest that RBS could be a potential bioactive ingredient in nutricosmetics to inhibit wrinkle formation and water content loss via the suppression of COX-2 and MMP-13 expression.

Pyrosequencing analysis of microbiota reveals that lactic acid bacteria are dominant in Korean flat fish fermented food, gajami-sikhae.

The gajami-sikhae, traditional Korean cuisine fermented with flat fish, samples were collected from eight different manufacturers (GS1-GS8). We employed pyrosequencing method to analyze the bacterial communities of the gajami-sikhae samples. Family- and genus-level analyses indicated that the bacterial community compositions of GS3 and GS6 were distinct from those of the rest. The species-level structures of bacterial communities of the gajami-sikhae samples except for GS3 and GS6 featured Lactobacillus sakei as the most abundant species. Leuconostoc mesenteroides was revealed as the most dominant species among the bacterial community of GS6 and the bacterial community of GS3 was composed of various lactic acid bacteria. We employed a culture-based method to isolate beneficial strains from the gajami-sikhae samples. However, most of the 47 selected colonies were identified as Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. This study indicated that gajami-sikhae was mainly composed of many beneficial lactic acid bacteria.

Actinidia arguta Extract Containing Myo-Inositol Suppresses TNF-α-Induced VCAM-1 Expression and Monocyte Adhesion to Endothelial Cells via Inhibition of the PTEN/Akt/GSK-3ß and NF-κB Signaling Pathways.

The primary inflammatory process in atherosclerosis, a major contributor to cardiovascular disease, begins with monocyte adhering to vascular endothelial cells. Actinidia arguta (kiwiberry) is an edible fruit that contains various bioactive components. While A. arguta extract (AAE) has been recognized for its anti-inflammatory characteristics, its specific inhibitory effect on early atherogenic events has not been clarified. We used tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) for an in vitro model. AAE effectively hindered the attachment of THP-1 monocytes and reduced the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in HUVECs. Transcriptome analysis revealed that AAE treatment upregulated phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), subsequently inhibiting phosphorylation of AKT and glycogen synthase kinase 3ß (GSK3ß) in HUVECs. AAE further hindered phosphorylation of AKT downstream of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway, leading to suppression of target gene expression. Oral administration of AAE suppressed TNF-α-stimulated VCAM-1 expression, monocyte-derived macrophage infiltration, and proinflammatory cytokine expression in C57BL/6 mouse aortas. Myo-inositol, identified as the major compound in AAE, played a key role in suppressing THP-1 monocyte adhesion in HUVECs. These findings suggest that AAE could serve as a nutraceutical for preventing atherosclerosis by inhibiting its initial pathogenesis.

Characterization of a glycoside hydrolase family 31 α-glucosidase involved in starch utilization in Podospora anserina.

For Podospora anserina, several studies of cellulolytic enzymes have been established, but characteristics of amylolytic enzymes are not well understood. When P. anserina grew in starch as carbon source, it accumulated glucose, nigerose, and maltose in the culture supernatant. At the same time, the fungus secreted α-glucosidase (PAG). PAG was purified from the culture supernatant, and was found to convert soluble starch to nigerose and maltose. The recombinant enzyme with C-terminal His-tag (rPAG) was produced with Pichia pastoris. Most rPAG produced under standard conditions lost its affinity for nickel-chelating resin, but the affinity was improved by the use of a buffered medium (pH 8.0) supplemented with casamino acid and a reduction of the cultivation time. rPAG suffered limited proteolysis at the same site as the original PAG. A site-directed mutagenesis study indicated that proteolysis had no effect on enzyme characteristics. A kinetic study indicated that the PAG possessed significant transglycosylation activity.

Aromatic residue on ß→α loop 1 in the catalytic domain is important to the transglycosylation specificity of glycoside hydrolase family 31 α-glucosidase.

The specificity for the α-1,4- and α-1,6-glucosidic linkages varies among glycoside hydrolase family 31 α-glucosidases. This difference in substrate specificity has been considered to be due to the difference in an aromatic residue on ß→α loop 1 in the catalytic domain with a (ß/α)8 barrel fold; i.e., the enzymes having Tyr and Trp on ß→α loop 1 were respectively described as α-1,4-specific and α-1,6-specific α-glucosidases. Schwanniomyces occidentalis α-glucosidase, however, prefers the α-1,4-glucosidic linkage, although the enzyme possesses Trp324 at the corresponding position. The mutation of Trp324 to Tyr decreased the ability for hydrolysis of the α-1,6-glucosidic linkage and formation of the α-1,6-glucosidic linkage in transglycosylation, indicating Trp324 to be closely associated with α-1,6 specificity, even if the enzyme preferred the α-1,4-glucosidic linkage. The mutant enzyme was found to catalyze the production of the branched oligosaccharide, 2,4-di-O-(α-D-glucopyranosyl)-D-glucopyranose, more efficiently than the wild-type enzyme.

Structural, physicochemical, and immune-enhancing properties of edible insect protein isolates from Protaetia brevitarsis larvae.

Edible insects are promising future food resources globally. Herein, the structural, physicochemical, and bio-functional properties of edible insect protein isolates (EPIs) extracted from Protaetia brevitarsis larvae were investigated. The results showed that EPIs have a high total essential amino acid content; moreover, ß-sheet is the major secondary protein structure. The EPI protein solution was highly soluble and electrically stable and did not aggregate easily. In addition, EPIs exhibited immune-enhancing properties; EPI treatment of macrophages induced the activation of macrophages and consequently promoted the production of pro-inflammatory mediators (NO, TNF-α, and IL-1ß). Moreover, macrophage activation of EPIs was confirmed to occur through the MAPK and NF-κB pathways. In conclusion, our results suggest that the isolated P. brevitarsis protein can be fully utilized as a functional food material and alternative protein source in the future food industry.

The Antioxidant Activity of Undaria pinnatifida Sporophyll Extract Obtained Using Ultrasonication: A Focus on Crude Polysaccharide Extraction Using Ethanol Precipitation.

Undaria pinnatifida, a marine biological resource from which antioxidants such as polysaccharides can be obtained, is primarily distributed in the coastal areas of East Asia. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential for physiological processes; however, excess ROS levels in the body result in cellular oxidative damage. Several extraction methods exist; however, factors such as long extraction times and high temperatures degrade polysaccharides. Therefore, this study aimed to increase the yield of U. pinnatifida sporophyll extract (UPE), a U. pinnatifida byproduct, using ultrasonication, an environmentally friendly extraction method, and identify UPE components with antioxidant activity. UPE_2, 4, 6, and 8 extracts were obtained at extraction times of 2, 4, 6, and 8 h, respectively. UPE_8 had the highest yield (31.91%) and polysaccharide (69.22%), polyphenol, (8.59 GAE µg/mg), and fucoxanthin contents (2.3 µg/g). UPE_8 showed the greatest protective and inhibitory effects on ROS generation in H2O2-damaged Vero cells. Ethanol precipitation of UPE_8 confirmed that UPE_8P (precipitate) had superior antioxidant activity in Vero cells compared to UPE_8S (supernatant). UPE_8P contained a large amount of polysaccharides, a major contributor to the antioxidant activity of UPE_8. This study shows that UPE_8 obtained using ultrasonication can be a functional food ingredient with excellent antioxidant activity.

Peptides inhibiting angiotensin-I-converting enzyme: Isolation from flavourzyme hydrolysate of Protaetia brevitarsis larva protein and identification.

Many angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides are used to prevent and manage hypertension. In this study, ACE inhibitory peptides were isolated from an insect protein that is attracting attention for it potential antihypertensive activity. Protaetia brevitarsis larva protein was enzymatically hydrolyzed by Flavourzyme®, and the hydrolysate was shown to inhibit ACE. Subsequent fractionation, using ultrafiltration and gel permeation chromatography followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis, identified four previously unknown peptides with significant ACE inhibition characteristics (Ser-Tyr, Pro-Phe, Tyr-Pro-Tyr, and Trp-Ile). The highest inhibition activity observed for Trp-Ile. These peptides stimulated production of NO in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and, based on molecular docking analysis, exerted their inhibitory effects via hydrogen bonding with the ACE receptor active site. Thus, the identified peptides can be considered as promising candidates for ACE inhibition and have potential to be used as functional food ingredients.

Antioxidant potential of low molecular weight fucoidans from Sargassum autumnale against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in vitro and in zebrafish models based on molecular weight changes.

In this study, we investigated the potential antioxidant abilities of low-molecular weight fucoidans from enzyme-assisted hydrolysates of Sargassum autumnale, based on molecular weight changes, in vitro and in vivo. The yield and free radical-scavenging activities of enzyme-assisted hydrolysates of S. autumnale were screened. The protamex-assisted hydrolysate of S. autumnale (SAP) presented the highest yield and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-scavenging activity; therefore, it was chosen for fucoidan purification. Three fucoidan fractions were observed in SAP, and their antioxidant activity was assessed. Fucoidan fraction 3 of protamex-assisted hydrolysate of S. autumnale (SAPF3) offered significant protection against H2O2-induced oxidative stress, and was structurally and physically similar to commercial fucoidan. Fucose and low-molecular weight fucoidans were highly concentrated in SAPF3. The results of our study show that SAPF3, a low-molecular weight fucoidan from S. autumnale, possesses strong antioxidant properties and may be an effective alternative to antioxidant agents in the functional food industry.

Dietary fucoidan from a brown marine algae (Ecklonia cava) attenuates lipid accumulation in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells and alleviates high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice.

Fucoidan from marine algae is used as a functional ingredient in the food. Here, we purified fucoidan fractions from a crude polysaccharide obtained after the crude polysaccharide of celluclast-assisted hydrolysate from Ecklonia cava (ECC). We evaluated the effect of ECC on lipid accumulation in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes and investigated its anti-obesity effects in vivo in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. In vitro Oil Red O staining revealed that treatment with ECC and its purified fucoidan fractions of celluclast assisted hydrolysate from Ecklonia cava (ECFs) remarkably reduced lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. ECF3 contained the highest contents of polysaccharides and sulfate compared with other fucoidan fractions. ECF3 treatment significantly reduced lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. Oral administration of ECC significantly reduced body weight, body weight gain, serum lipid content, and total white adipose tissue mass. Histological analysis revealed that ECC reduced lipid accumulation in EAT and liver tissues. Our findings suggest that the anti-obesity effects of ECC are associated with suppressing lipid accumulation in white adipose tissues and increased energy expenditure by upregulating the expression of thermogenic UCP1 and UCP3 in BAT. These results indicate that ECC and its ECFs possess anti-obesity properties and can be used in food and nutraceutical industries.

Diosmin restores the skin barrier by targeting the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in atopic dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory chronic skin disease that is characterized by the dysfunction or lack of skin barrier proteins. Recent studies have proposed that the pharmacological upregulation of skin barrier proteins is an effective treatment for AD. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a transcription factor that positively regulates the expression of skin barrier proteins upon its activation. PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify AhR agonists from phytochemicals and investigate its effect on skin barrier restoration as well as its mechanisms of action in AD. STUDY DESIGN: A publicly available assay database and HaCaT cells stably transduced with a luciferase gene driven by an AhR-target gene promoter (CYP1A1) were used to screen for the activity of AhR agonists from phytochemicals. Normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) and a human skin equivalent (HSE) model were used to investigate the effect of AhR agonists on skin restoration and its underlying mechanisms. METHODS: A Gaussia luciferase assaywas performed to screen for AhR agonist activity. Western blotting, qRT-PCR analysis, immunofluorescence, drug affinity responsive target stability assay, and siRNA-mediated AhR knockdown were performed in NHEKs. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to measure epidermal thickness in the HSE model. RESULTS: Diosmin, a potential AhR agonist derived from natural products, upregulated the expression of skin barrier proteins (filaggrin and loricrin) and their upstream regulator (OVOL1) in NHEKs. Diosmin treatment also increased epidermal thickness in the HSE model. In addition, incubating NHEKs with diosmin restored the expression of skin barrier proteins and mRNAs that were suppressed by Th2 cytokines and inhibited STAT3 phosphorylation that was induced by Th2 cytokines. Diosmin also upregulated the expression of NQO1, a negative regulator of STAT3. Immunofluorescence results showed that diosmin stimulated AhR nuclear translocation, and the drug affinity responsive target stability assay revealed that this phytochemical directly bound to AhR. Furthermore, AhR knockdown abolished diosmin-induced filaggrin and loricrin expression. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that diosmin is a potential treatment for AD that targets AhR.

Development of an ultrasonic system for industrial extraction of unheated sesame oil cake.

Sesame is a popular functional food in Asia. However, research on sesame seed oil cake compounds and their extraction methods is lacking. Ultrasound technology was applied to develop an efficient extraction method for this purpose. First, pilot-scale extraction from sesame oil cake was performed and optimized using response surface methodology. The extract obtained using optimized conditions (0% ethanol for 4 h at 20°C) showed the highest yield (45.1%) and inhibitory effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS; 55.1%). Compared to extracts obtained by conventional extraction methods, those obtained by ultrasound technology exhibited a higher extraction yield, greater antioxidant effect, and increased lignan content. Based on pilot-scale experiments, an industrial-scale ultrasonic extraction system was designed to extract a 2.1-ton solution at once. The extract contained sesaminol 1,2-diglucoside (4.6 mg/g) as the major component and showed 28.3% ROS inhibition activity. Our industrial ultrasound-assisted extraction method has potential application for other compounds.

Mechanical Properties of Porcine and Fish Skin-Based Collagen and Conjugated Collagen Fibers.

Collagen is a protein that is a major component of animal skins and tendons. It is used in various medical, cosmetic, and food products through extraction and purification. The fibrous products of purified collagen fibers extracted from raw mammal materials have relatively excellent mechanical properties and are used for high-end medical products. In this study, we examined collagen materials produced from porcine and fish skins, which are major sources of collagen raw materials. We examined a method for spinning collagen fibers from fish skin-based collagen and analyzed the physical properties of those collagen fibers. In addition, we examined the characteristics and advantages of conjugated fibers according to their porcine- and/or fish skin-based compositions. The spinnability and mechanical properties of these conjugated fibers were analyzed according to their compositions. The mechanical properties of collagen structure are determined by hydroxyproline content and can be manipulated by the composition of collagen in the conjugated fibers.

Inhibitory effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae extract obtained through ultrasound-assisted extraction on melanoma cells.

Although the immune enhancing effect of yeast has been widely reported, studies specifically investigating its effects on skin cancer are lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a yeast extract capable of inhibiting melanoma cells using ultrasound technology, which can lyse the cell walls allowing subsequent rapid yeast extraction. To compare the extraction efficiency across different extraction methods, the total yield, as well as total glucan, α-glucan, and ß-glucan yields were measured. Ultrasound-assisted extract of yeast (UAEY) was found to effectively inhibit melanoma cell growth and proliferation as well as the expression of cyclin D1 and c-myc, in vitro. Additionally, the extract reduced melanoma tumor volume and cyclin D1 levels in BALB/c nu/nu mice. The optimal extraction conditions were 0.2 M NaOH, 3 h, 70 °C, 20 kHz, and 800 W, resulting in an increased total extraction and ß-glucan yields of 73.6% and 7.1%, respectively, compared with that achieved using a conventional chemical (0.5 M NaOH) extraction method. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that UAEY may represent an effective anti-skin cancer agent.

Immune-enhancing effects of polysaccharide extract of by-products of Korean liquor fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

To increase the value of yeast-fermented Korean liquor by-products, we obtained crude polysaccharide (CPS) fractions via ultrasound-assisted extraction and stepwise-gradient ethanol precipitation and investigated their functionality. Nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells was increased following treatment with the CPSs derived from extract. Analysis of the monosaccharide and amino acid composition of the CPS fractions using HPLC revealed that the polysaccharides were mainly composed of glucose (57.2%), mannose (22.6%), and galactose (17.6%), and no amino acids were detected. In addition, a higher concentration of ethanol solvent for fractionation yielded polysaccharides with lower molecular weights (<15 kDa). CPS 3 and 4 fractions increased the production of TNF-α (15 and 17-fold, respectively) and IL-6 (20 and 18-fold, respectively) and iNOS (65 and 35-fold, respectively) expression at concentration 12.5 µg/mL compared with levels in non-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Especially, CPS 4 at 200 and 400 µg/mL significantly increased the proliferation of mouse spleen cells by 126% and 153%, respectively. These results indicated that CPS 4 enhanced the proliferation of mouse spleen cells in vivo, indicating its immune-enhancing effects. Therefore, this research can contribute to the development of eco-friendly extraction techniques and immune-enhancing materials.

Transglycosylation properties of maltodextrin glucosidase (MalZ) from Escherichia coli and its application for synthesis of a nigerose-containing oligosaccharide.

The transglycosylation reaction of maltodextrin glucosidase (MalZ) cloned and purified from Escherichia coli K12 was characterized and applied to the synthesis of branched oligosaccharides. Purified MalZ preferentially catalyzed the hydrolysis of maltodextrin, gamma-cyclodextrin (CD), and cycloamylose (CA). In addition, when the enzyme was incubated with 5% maltotriose (G3), a series of transfer products were produced. The resulting major transfer products, annotated as T1, T2, and T3, were purified and their structures were determined by TLC, MALDI-TOF/MS, (13)C NMR, and enzymatic analysis. T1 was identified as a novel compound, maltosyl alpha-1,3-maltose, whereas T2 and T3 were determined to be isopanose and maltosyl-alpha-1,6-maltose, respectively. These results indicated that MalZ transferred sugar moiety mainly to C-3 or C-6-OH of glucose of the acceptor molecule. To obtain highly concentrated transfer products, the enzyme was reacted with 10% liquefied cornstarch, and then glucose and maltose were removed by immobilized yeast. The T1 content of the resulting reaction mixture reached 9.0%. The mixture of T1 containing a nigerose moiety can have an immunopotentiating effect on the human body and may be a potential functional sugar stuff.

Enhancement of the apoptotic effects of Arctii Fructus extracts on cancer cells by the enzymatic bioconversion of lignans.

The fruit of Arctium lappa L. (Arctii Fructus) is one of the most popularly used medicinal plant components in Asia. To enhance the functionality of Arctii Fructus extract, a bioconversion method was developed to produce arctigenin from arctiin. Treatment with ß-glucosidase increased the arctigenin content by >5 fold in Arctii Fructus extracts. The bioconversion products enhanced the apoptosis of cancer cells. The cell viabilities of gefitinib-resistant lung cancer HCC827 (HCC827GR) cells and colon cancer cells (DLD1) were decreased by 40% and 35%, respectively. The bioconversion products also decreased anchorage-independent growth of cancer cells. In addition, the increase of apoptosis in cancer cells by bioconversion was confirmed by the flow cytometry analysis. These results indicated that arctigenin exerts anticancer effects on lung and colon cancer cells and that Arctii Fructus can potentially function as a chemopreventive agent. In addition, bioconverted Arctii Fructus extract displayed higher anticancer activity than the same levels of purified arctigenin, indicating the advantage of consuming Arctii Fructus itself as a food or medicinal material.