[Flight and migration : A challenge for medicine in Germany]. / Flucht und Migration : Eine Herausforderung für die Medizin in Deutschland.

In 2015 about 1.1 million refugees came to Germany. As a consequence public health authorities as well as physicians in hospitals and surgeries were faced with considerable challenges and problems. Between January and March 2016 the German Society of Internal Medicine (DGIM) and the Professional Organisation of German Internists (BDI) initiated a survey among their members in order to ascertain which diseases and problems physicians were confronted with. A total of 28,063 members of the DGIM and BDI participated in the survey of which 3626 members answered all questions. This equals a response rate of 11.31 %. Of the respondents, 1865 (51.9 %) stated holding employment positions and 987 (27.4 %) were self-employed. The predominant number of physicians were under the impression that the composition of diseases needing treatment did not change within the time period under survey (55.7 % of employed and 73.7 % of self-employed physicians). Typical disease patterns of internal medicine were mentioned here. Most significant problems when treating migrants and refugees were linguistic communication, cultural affiliation, and psychological traumatic experiences. Little or nothing is known about the modalities of reimbursement for the respective health care areas, especially by physicians in employed positions (84.6 %). In agreement with the vote of the 119th Deutscher Ärztetag, DGIM and BDI recommend the introduction of a nationwide health insurance card for migrants and refugees.

[The new GOÄ and its pitfalls]. / Die neue GOÄ und ihre Fallstricke.

The German Medical Association is working out a new fee scale for medical invoicing, which has to be reformed because the contents and the ratings are not up to date. The secretary of state for health in Germany demands that the new draft be coordinated with private insurance companies; as a result, they can influence indirectly the relationship between physicians and their patients. The new specifications will narrow the gap between private and social insurance in Germany. We discuss the consequences for the physician-patient relationship and the implications for the political plans to reform the whole insurance system in Germany.

A randomized trial comparing the impact of a nonionic (Iomeprol) versus an ionic (Ioxaglate) low osmolar contrast medium on abrupt vessel closure and ischemic complications after coronary angioplasty.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of nonionic versus ionic contrast media on abrupt vessel closure and major ischemic complications after coronary angioplasty. BACKGROUND: There is a continuous debate about the "thrombogenic potential" of nonionic contrast media. The results of both in vitro and in vivo investigations are incongruent. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated the outcomes of 2,000 patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). According to a randomized, double-blind protocol, they received either iomeprol (nonionic; n = 1,001) or ioxaglate (ionic; n = 999). Intracoronary thrombus before PTCA was found more often in the iomeprol group (4.2% vs 2.7%, p = 0.04). No other significant differences between both groups were observed with regard to pre-PTCA clinical and angiographic characteristics. RESULTS: The frequency of reocclusions necessitating repeat angioplasty occurring either in laboratory (2.9% with iomeprol and 3.0% with ioxaglate) or out of laboratory (3.1% vs 4.1%) was not significantly different. The rate of major ischemic complications was also comparable after both contrast media (emergency bypass surgery: 0.8% vs 0.7%, myocardial infarction: 1.8 vs 2.0%, cardiac death during hospital stay: 0.2% vs 0.2%). In the iomeprol group, more patients had dissections post-PTCA (30.2% vs 25.0%, p = 0.01) and more patients received intracoronary stents (31.6% vs 25.7%, p = 0.004). Allergic reactions requiring treatment occurred only in the ioxaglate group (0.0% vs 0.9%, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The nonionic contrast medium was not associated with a higher rate of abrupt vessel closure requiring repeat angioplasty, or major ischemic events. These data suggest that nonionic contrast media do not increase the risk of thrombotic complications in patients undergoing coronary interventions.

[Sympatho-adrenal activity in acute cold stress. The mechanism of sudden death following water immersion]. / Sympatho-adrenale Aktivität bei akutem Kältestress. Zum Mechanismus plötzlicher Todesfälle im Wasser.

In addition to currently known mechanisms of sudden death following water immersion, predominantly vagal cardio-depressive reflexes are discussed. The pronounced circulatory centralization in diving animals as well as following exposure to cold water indicates additional sympathetic activity. In cold water baths of 15 degrees C, our own measurements indicate an increase in plasma catecholamine levels by more than 300%. This may lead to cardiac arrhythmias by the following mechanism: Cold water essentially induces sinus bradycardia. Brady- and tachyarrhythmias may supervene as secondary complications. Sinusbradycardia may be enhanced by sympathetic hypertonus. Furthermore, ectopic dysrhythmias are liable to be induced by the strictly sympathetic innervation of the ventricle. Myocardial ischemia following a rise in peripheral blood pressure constitutes another arrhythmogenic factor. Some of these reactions are enhanced by alcohol intoxication.

[Simulation of a coronary vascular complication in transluminal coronary angioplasty by reversible intima folding]. / Vortäuschung einer koronaren Gefässkomplikation während der transluminalen koronaren Angioplastik durch reversible Intimafaltung.

The injection of contrast material into the right coronary artery via a guiding catheter while a Harzler dilatation catheter had already been introduced revealed an inhomogeneous filling of the vessel suspicious of an extensive thrombosis or a dissection. On completion of the angioplasty and removal of the balloon catheter, the artery again filled homogeneously showing a good angioplasty result. It is concluded that a complication had only been faked during angioplasty due to intimal folding and subsequent flow obstruction following the insertion of the balloon catheter.

[Heart rate and refractoriness of accessory A-V- pathways (author's transl)]. / Herzfrequenz und Refraktärverhalten akzessorischer Leitungsbahnen.

In 20 patients with WPW-syndrome, the effective refractory periods of accessory A-V conduction were measured by programmed atrial stimulation during His-bundle electrography. The effects of basic heart rate on this parameter were evaluated. Three groups of patients were distinguished: A) The effective refractory periods of accessory A-V conduction were clearly longer than the effective refractory periods of the right atrium in 12 patients. In these patients, acceleration of heart rate shortened the effective refractory period of accessory A-V conduction. Refractoriness of accessory A-V conduction was a linear function of cycle length. B) Block of accessory A-V conduction occured at a rather long basic cycle length in three patients. No rate dependency of refractoriness could be evaluated. Methodical problems regarding the determination of effective refractory period of accessory A-V conduction were discussed. The significance of the parameter in question in respect to the trigger mechanism of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias (echozone) and the ventricular rate during atrial tachycardias were demonstrated.

Effects of heart rate and atropine on 'dual AV conduction'.

In patients with evidence of dual AV conduction, a premature atrial depolarization is normally conducted via a fast conducting pathway with a long refractory period. At a critically timed coupling interval, the effective refractory period is reached and now the impulse is conducted over a pathway with a slow conduction velocity and a short effective refractory period. At this moment in the His bundle electrocardiogram, a sudden increase in the AH interval occurs which is called the 'break' phenomenon. This phenomenon was studied in 14 patients, with a history of supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardia, at the patient's own heart rate, at different paced heart rates, and after the administration of atropine. In 11 patients the 'break' phenomenon could be elicited during sinus rhythm,; in 3 when the heart rate was accelerated. The effective refractory period of the fast conducting pathway was prolonged in 9 patients, remained unchanged in 3, and was shortened in 2 when the heart rate was increased. The effective refractory period of the slow conduting pathway was reached when block occurred proximal to the His bundle. This parameter was increased in 8 patients, remained unchanged in 3, and was decreased in 1 patient with augmentation of the heart rate. This effective refractory period was not measured in 2 patients. Atropine led to a shortening of the refractory period of both pathways in 8 patients studied. Atrial echo phenomena indicating the beginning of a re-entry circuit occurred at an AH prolongation that was not always identical to that measured at the point of 'break'. Widening, as well as narrowing, of the echo zone was found, indicating that the re-entry circuit was in a state of labile equilibrium. In cases where shortening of the pathways involved in the re-entry circuit was found, structures other than nodal may exist; therefore paranodal bypass must be considered.

Heterodromia in accessory A-V connections.

In 15 patients with WPW-syndrome the atrio-ventricular and ventriculoatrial conduction was studied by recording of intracardiac potentials during atrial and ventricular pacing. Typical differences in the patterns of normal and accessory A-V conduction identified accessory V-A conduction in 13 patients. According to the evaluation of accessory A-V and V-A conductivity by high rate pacing the patients studied can be divided into three groups: Group I (5 pat): equally good accessory A-V and V-A conductivity. Group II (5 pat): good accessory A-V and impaired accessory V-A conductivity. Group III (5 pat): impaired accessory A-V and good V-A conductivity. In group I the course of investigation was repeated after the application of Ajmaline. The distinct heterodromia in group II and III and the different behaviour of the accessory A-V and V-A conduction after Ajmaline can be explained by the in vitro experiments of Fuente (3). According to our results and to the finding that an excellent accessory V-A conduction is a presupposition for the initiation of supraventricular re-entry tachycardia, it seems mandatory to analyze accessory A-V and V-A conduction properties as well.

[Retrograde catheter recanalization of long-range occlusion of the superficial femoral artery]. / Retrograde Katheter-Rekanalisation langstreckiger Verschlüsse der Arteria femoralis superficialis.

In a prospective study between March 1992 and October 1993, 50 consecutive patients (47 men, three women; mean age 59.7 [42-73] years) with a total of 52 occlusions of the superficial femoral artery underwent retrograde recanalization via the popliteal artery. The patients were in clinical stage IIa (n = 7), IIb (n = 38) or III (n = 5). The mean Doppler ratio (ankle/arm) was 0.51 +/- 0.14, mean length of occlusion 19 +/- 9 [4-40] cm. Popliteal puncture was successful in all patients but one. The occlusion was passed by guide-wire in 38, subsequently by balloon catheter in 37. Additional laser angioplasty had to be performed in five patients, while stent implantation was necessary in another five. 35 of 52 vessels (in 33 patients) remained open and free of significant stenosis after the procedure. The mean ankle/arm Doppler ratio was 0.5 +/- 0.13 immediately before the angioplasty, 0.72 +/- 0.17 (P < 0.05) immediately afterwards. There were no complications ascribable to the technique except in two cases in which an asymptomatic arteriovenous fistula developed. These results indicate that retrograde recanalization of the superficial femoral artery is a relatively reliable and successful catheter technique in patients who would otherwise have to be treated by surgery.