Deletion of Tbc1d4/As160 abrogates cardiac glucose uptake and increases myocardial damage after ischemia/reperfusion.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and associated with poor outcome after myocardial infarction (MI). In T2DM, cardiac metabolic flexibility, i.e. the switch between carbohydrates and lipids as energy source, is disturbed. The RabGTPase-activating protein TBC1D4 represents a crucial regulator of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle by controlling glucose transporter GLUT4 translocation. A human loss-of-function mutation in TBC1D4 is associated with impaired glycemic control and elevated T2DM risk. The study's aim was to investigate TBC1D4 function in cardiac substrate metabolism and adaptation to MI. METHODS: Cardiac glucose metabolism of male Tbc1d4-deficient (D4KO) and wild type (WT) mice was characterized using in vivo [18F]-FDG PET imaging after glucose injection and ex vivo basal/insulin-stimulated [3H]-2-deoxyglucose uptake in left ventricular (LV) papillary muscle. Mice were subjected to cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Heart structure and function were analyzed until 3 weeks post-MI using echocardiography, morphometric and ultrastructural analysis of heart sections, complemented by whole heart transcriptome and protein measurements. RESULTS: Tbc1d4-knockout abolished insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in ex vivo LV papillary muscle and in vivo cardiac glucose uptake after glucose injection, accompanied by a marked reduction of GLUT4. Basal cardiac glucose uptake and GLUT1 abundance were not changed compared to WT controls. D4KO mice showed mild impairments in glycemia but normal cardiac function. However, after I/R D4KO mice showed progressively increased LV endsystolic volume and substantially increased infarction area compared to WT controls. Cardiac transcriptome analysis revealed upregulation of the unfolded protein response via ATF4/eIF2α in D4KO mice at baseline. Transmission electron microscopy revealed largely increased extracellular matrix (ECM) area, in line with decreased cardiac expression of matrix metalloproteinases of D4KO mice. CONCLUSIONS: TBC1D4 is essential for insulin-stimulated cardiac glucose uptake and metabolic flexibility. Tbc1d4-deficiency results in elevated cardiac endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress response, increased deposition of ECM and aggravated cardiac damage following MI. Hence, impaired TBC1D4 signaling contributes to poor outcome after MI.

The paradox-breaking panRAF plus SRC family kinase inhibitor, CCT3833, is effective in mutant KRAS-driven cancers.

BACKGROUND: KRAS is mutated in ∼90% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas, ∼35% of colorectal cancers and ∼20% of non-small-cell lung cancers. There has been recent progress in targeting G12CKRAS specifically, but therapeutic options for other mutant forms of KRAS are limited, largely because the complexity of downstream signaling and feedback mechanisms mean that targeting individual pathway components is ineffective. DESIGN: The protein kinases RAF and SRC are validated therapeutic targets in KRAS-mutant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas, colorectal cancers and non-small-cell lung cancers and we show that both must be inhibited to block growth of these cancers. We describe CCT3833, a new drug that inhibits both RAF and SRC, which may be effective in KRAS-mutant cancers. RESULTS: We show that CCT3833 inhibits RAF and SRC in KRAS-mutant tumors in vitro and in vivo, and that it inhibits tumor growth at well-tolerated doses in mice. CCT3833 has been evaluated in a phase I clinical trial (NCT02437227) and we report here that it significantly prolongs progression-free survival of a patient with a G12VKRAS spindle cell sarcoma who did not respond to a multikinase inhibitor and therefore had limited treatment options. CONCLUSIONS: New drug CCT3833 elicits significant preclinical therapeutic efficacy in KRAS-mutant colorectal, lung and pancreatic tumor xenografts, demonstrating a treatment option for several areas of unmet clinical need. Based on these preclinical data and the phase I clinical unconfirmed response in a patient with KRAS-mutant spindle cell sarcoma, CCT3833 requires further evaluation in patients with other KRAS-mutant cancers.

A novel protocol for the one-pot borylation/Suzuki reaction provides easy access to hinge-binding groups for kinase inhibitors.

The one-pot borylation/Suzuki reaction is a very efficient means of accessing cross-coupling products of two aryl-halide partners that generally requires the use of specific catalysts or ligands and/or relatively long reaction times. This new microwave-assisted method provides a quick one-pot borylation/Suzuki reaction protocol that we applied to the synthesis of various bi- or poly-aryl scaffolds, including a variety of aryl and heteroaryl ring systems and the core frameworks of kinase inhibitors vemurafenib and GDC-0879.

Identification of locally available structural material as co-substrate for organic waste composting in Tamil Nadu, India.

Owing to the lack in structural strength while composting certain kinds of organic wastes, 11 co-substrates were tested that are generally locally available in rural areas of northern Tamil Nadu, India. In addition to the classical composting parameters such as carbon/nitrogen ratio, moisture content, dry matter and organic dry matter, a compression test was conducted to evaluate the structural strength and the suitability as bulking agent for composting processes. Additionally, with respect to the climatic conditions in India, the water holding capacity was also evaluated.

Whole-genome sequencing reveals complex mechanisms of intrinsic resistance to BRAF inhibition.

BACKGROUND: BRAF is mutated in ∼42% of human melanomas (COSMIC. http://www.sanger.ac.uk/genetics/CGP/cosmic/) and pharmacological BRAF inhibitors such as vemurafenib and dabrafenib achieve dramatic responses in patients whose tumours harbour BRAF(V600) mutations. Objective responses occur in ∼50% of patients and disease stabilisation in a further ∼30%, but ∼20% of patients present primary or innate resistance and do not respond. Here, we investigated the underlying cause of treatment failure in a patient with BRAF mutant melanoma who presented primary resistance. METHODS: We carried out whole-genome sequencing and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array analysis of five metastatic tumours from the patient. We validated mechanisms of resistance in a cell line derived from the patient's tumour. RESULTS: We observed that the majority of the single-nucleotide variants identified were shared across all tumour sites, but also saw site-specific copy-number alterations in discrete cell populations at different sites. We found that two ubiquitous mutations mediated resistance to BRAF inhibition in these tumours. A mutation in GNAQ sustained mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling, whereas a mutation in PTEN activated the PI3 K/AKT pathway. Inhibition of both pathways synergised to block the growth of the cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our analyses show that the five metastases arose from a common progenitor and acquired additional alterations after disease dissemination. We demonstrate that a distinct combination of mutations mediated primary resistance to BRAF inhibition in this patient. These mutations were present in all five tumours and in a tumour sample taken before BRAF inhibitor treatment was administered. Inhibition of both pathways was required to block tumour cell growth, suggesting that combined targeting of these pathways could have been a valid therapeutic approach for this patient.

Internal parasitic burdens in brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) from Grenada, West Indies.

This study identified the endoparasites in Brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) during May to July 2017 in Grenada, West Indies. A total of 162 rats, 76 females and 86 males were trapped from St. George and St. David parishes in Grenada. The collected fecal samples were examined for parasitic eggs and/or oocysts using simple fecal flotation technique. Adult parasites found in the intestinal tract were examined for identification. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites among rats was 79 %. Ten helminth species were recovered, several of which were reported for the first time in rodents in Grenada. The internal parasites consist of seven nematodes (Angiostrongylus spp., Nippostrongylus braziliensis, Heterakis spumosa, Strongyloides ratti, Aspiculuris tetraptera, Syphacia spp. and Protospirura spp.), one cestode (Hymenolepsis diminuta), one acanthocephalan (Moniliformis moniliformis) and one protozoa species (Eimeria spp.). The most prevalent zoonotic species were Angiostrongylus spp. (35.2%), Hymenolepsis diminuta (7.4%) and Moniliformis moniliformis (3.1%). Several nonzoonotic endoparasites; which included Nippostrongylus braziliensis (50.6%), Heterakis spumosa (15.4%), Strongyloides ratti (43.2%), Aspiculuris tetraptera (2.5%), Syphacia spp. (1.9%), Protospirura spp. (1.2%) and Eimeria spp. (4.7%) were also identified. The most prevalent parasites were Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (50.6%), Strongyloides ratti (43.2%) and Angiostrongylus spp. (35.2%). Co-infections occurred with up to six species per rat showing different combinations of parasitic infections.

Randomised Phase II Feasibility Trial of Image-guided External Beam Radiotherapy With or Without High Dose Rate Brachytherapy Boost in Men with Intermediate-risk Prostate Cancer (CCTG PR15/ NCT01982786).

AIMS: We conducted a multicentre feasibility study to assess the ability to randomise patients between image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) and IGRT + high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy boost and to adhere to appropriate radiation quality assurance standards. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The primary end point was to determine the ability to randomise 60 patients over an 18 month period. Arm 1 (IGRT) patients received 78 Gy in 39 fractions or 60 Gy in 20 fractions (physician's preference), whereas arm 2 (IGRT + HDR) received 37.5 Gy in 15 fractions with HDR boost of 15 Gy. The secondary end points included >grade 3 acute genitourinary and gastrointestinal toxicity, using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0 at 3 months, validation of a prospectively defined radiation oncology quality assurance to assess treatment compliance. All analyses were descriptive; no formal comparisons between treatment arms were carried out. RESULTS: Between April 2014 and September 2015, 57 National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN)-defined intermediate-risk prostate cancer patients were randomised between IGRT alone (arm 1; n = 29) and IGRT plus HDR brachytherapy boost (arm 2; n = 28). Overall, 93% received the treatment as randomised. There were four patients (one on IGRT arm 1 and three patients on the IGRT + HDR arm 2) who were treated differently from randomisation assignment. For the 29 patients receiving IGRT (arm 1), there were 14 cases reported with minor deviations and three with major deviations. For patients on IGRT + HDR (arm 2), there were 18 cases reported with minor deviations and two with major deviations. At 3 months in the IGRT group (arm 1), one patient reported grade 3 diarrhoea, whereas in the IGRT + HDR group (arm 2), two patients reported grade 3 haematuria. No other gastrointestinal and genitourinary toxicities were reported. CONCLUSION: The pilot study showed the feasibility of randomisation between treatment with IGRT alone versus IGRT + HDR boost. Treatment compliance was good, including adherence to quality assurance standards.

A complex unidirectional signal element mediates GCN4 mRNA 3' end formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The yeast GCN4 3' element represents a class of polyadenylation sites which function unidirectionally and efficiently in test systems in vivo as well as in vitro. A complex signal element is required for polyadenylation activity with a minimal size of 116 nucleotides for the functional element. We subdivided this element into five regions (EL1 to EL5) of 16 to 26 nucleotides each. Each region was characterized by deletion analysis in an in vivo test system. Two TTTTTAT motifs are located in different regions (EL1 and EL4) upstream of the poly(A) site. The 3' end processing activity was significantly reduced when both motifs were mutated by site-directed mutagenesis and abolished when EL1 and EL4 were deleted. The major poly(A) site is located in EL5, 3 nucleotides downstream of the second TTTTTAT motif. Additional minor poly(A) sites are used in less than 10% of the mRNA 3' ends. Deletion of EL3 resulted in a changed pattern of mRNA 3' ends by increased usage of the minor poly(A) addition sites. The major poly(A) site in EL5 can be removed without loss of function when sequences upstream of EL1 are present. The tripartite TAG...TATGT...TTT sequence located downstream of EL5 is not required for function.

A cell surface tethered enzyme improves efficiency in gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy.

The potential for expressing the bacterial enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) tethered to the outer surface of mammalian cells was examined for use in gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy. The affinity of CPG2 for the substrate methotrexate was unaffected by three mutations required to prevent N-linked glycosylation. Breast carcinoma MDA MB 361 cells expressing CPG2 internally showed only a very modest increase in sensitivity to the prodrug CMDA because the prodrug did not enter the cells. Cells expressing surface-tethered CPG2, however, became 16-24-fold more sensitive to CMDA and could mount a good bystander effect. Systemic administration of CMDA to mice bearing established xenografts of the transfected cells led to sustained tumor regressions or cures.

[Determination of visual function in legal assessment]. / Objektivierung der Sehfunktionen bei Begutachtungen.

For the determination of visual function an objective assessment is essential. Basic ophthalmologic examinations such as measurement of visual acuity and perimetry are dependent on patient statements. If the patient is not being able to provide adequate answers, as is the case for small children or mentally retarded patients, or also if the accuracy of the patient's statements is doubtful or simulation or aggravation is suspected, the denoted function in the evaluation of visual acuity has to be checked on consistency using different examination methods, and the results of objective functional tests, such as electrophysiology and morphological features, have to be taken into account.

[Central serous chorioretinopathy--retinal function and morphology: microperimetry and optical coherence tomography]. / Chorioretinopathia centralis serosa--Netzhautfunktion und -morphologie: Mikroperimetrie und optische Kohärenztomografie im Vergleich.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare retinal function and morphology in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) using fundus perimetry and optical coherence tomography (OCT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: In 14 eyes of 14 patients with unilateral and first manifestation of CSC, fundus perimetry with the Microperimeter 1 (MP1) as well as OCT were carried out. The average retinal thickness and the average differential light threshold of the corresponding visual field were analyzed. RESULTS: All patients presented a serous detachment of the central neurosensory retina with a maximal retinal thickness of 381+/-82 microm. The microperimetric examination revealed on average a mean defect of 8.3+/-3.8 dB, which showed a good correlation to retinal thickness (r=0.73). Likewise, maximal retinal thickness and mean threshold values in the corresponding visual field displayed a good correlation (r=-0.58). CONCLUSION: The MP1 enables quantification of functional defects in patients with CSC. Although visual acuity was only slightly reduced, all patients showed extensive scotomata in fundus perimetry, which correlated well with retinal thickness.

[Static fundus perimetry in normals. Microperimeter 1 versus SLO]. / Statische Fundusperimetrie bei Probanden. Microperimeter 1 versus SLO.

BACKGROUND: The Microperimeter 1 (MP-1) allows for fundus-controlled static perimetry of the central visual field. The purpose of this study was to compare MP-1 fundus perimetry with the already established scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) fundus perimetry concerning detected threshold values of light increment sensitivity in normals. METHOD: In 31 eyes of 31 healthy volunteers a fundus controlled static threshold perimetry was carried out each with the MP-1 (Nidek Technologies) and the SLO (Rodenstock). In the central 21 degrees x 12 degrees visual field light increment sensitivity threshold values for 40 corresponding stimulus locations were compared in a rectangular 3 degree-grid. RESULTS: The average light increment sensitivity was 19.1+/-0.5 dB with the MP-1 and 17.2+/-0.9 dB with the SLO. On average the threshold values of the 40 corresponding test locations were 1.9+/-1.3 dB higher with the MP-1 than with the SLO. CONCLUSION: Both the MP-1 and SLO offer the possibility of a reproducible functional analysis of the central retina under simultaneous fundus control. For comparison of results of the MP-1 and SLO fundus perimetry, a correction factor of approximately 2 dB should be used.

Gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy with a mustard prodrug/carboxypeptidase G2 combination.

The gene for the bacterial enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) was expressed internally in mammalian cells. Mammalian-expressed CPG2 had kinetic properties indistinguishable from bacterially expressed CPG2. Human tumor cell lines A2780, SK-OV-3 (ovarian adenocarcinomas), LS174T, and WiDr (colon carcinomas) were engineered to express constitutively either CPG2 or bacterial beta-galactosidase. These cell lines were subjected to a gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy regime, using the prodrug 4-[(2-chloroethyl)(2-mesyloxyethyl)amino]benzoyl-L-glutamic acid (CMDA). The lines which expressed CPG2 had enhanced sensitivity to CMDA. Comparing IC50S, WiDr-CPG2 and SK-OV-3-CPG2 were 11-16-fold more sensitive, whereas A2780-CPG2 and LS174T-CPG2 were approximately 95-fold more sensitive than the corresponding control lines. CPG2-expressing cells and control cells were mixed in differing proportions and then treated with prodrug. Total kill occurred when only approximately 12% of cells expressed CPG2 with the WiDr and SK-OV-3 lines and when only 4-5% of cells expressed CPG2 with the LS174T and A2780 lines, indicating a substantial bystander effect. These results establish this CPG2 enzyme/CMDA prodrug system as an effective combination for the gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy approach.

Regression of established breast carcinoma xenografts with antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy against c-erbB2 p185.

The enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) was conjugated to the rat IgG2a monoclonal antibody (mAb) ICR12, which recognizes the external domain of the human c-erbB2 protooncogene product. The conjugate retained antigen-binding and enzyme activity. Radiolabeled conjugate localized efficiently and stably to MDA MB 361 breast carcinoma xenografts, which overexpress the c-erbB2 gene product p185. Radiotracer determinations and plasma enzyme activity studies in nu/nu mice gave conjugate blood clearance rate half-lives of approximately 4 days. In separate antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy regimes, one dose of the 4-[(2-chloroethyl)(2-mesyloxyethyl)amino]benzoyl-L-glutamic acid prodrug was administered to nu/nu mice bearing established MDA MB 361 tumors (mean volume, 170-260 mm3). In mice which had received ICR12-CPG2 12-14 days previously, sustained dose-dependent tumor stasis or regressions were effected, which in some cases persisted throughout observation periods of up to 90 days. In control mice which had received the isotype-matched irrelevant mAb ICR16-CPG2 conjugate, tumors grew progressively, as did those in mice treated with prodrug alone, or treated simultaneously with ICR12-CPG2 and prodrug at the maximum tolerated dose. Control chemotherapy with conventional drugs proved toxic and induced only minimal growth delays.

Enhancement of antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy in colorectal xenografts by an antivascular agent.

The irregular nature of solid tumor vasculature produces a heterogeneous distribution of antibody-targeted therapies within the tumor mass, which frequently results in reduced therapeutic efficacy. We have, therefore, combined two complementary therapies: Antibody-directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy (ADEPT), which targets tumor cells, and an agent that selectively destroys tumor vasculature. A single i.p. dose (27.5 mg/kg) of the drug 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA), given to nude mice bearing the LS174T colorectal xenograft, destroyed all but a peripheral rim of tumor cells, without enhancing survival. The ADEPT system, in which a pretargeted enzyme activates a prodrug, consisted of the F(ab')2 fragment of anti-carcinoembryonic antigen antibody A5B7 conjugated to the bacterial enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 and the prodrug 4-[(2-chloroethyl)(2-mesyloxyethyl)amino]benzoyl-L-glutamic acid, which was given i.p. in three doses of 500 mg/kg at 72, 84, and 96 h post-conjugate administration (25 units of carboxypeptidase G2). The antibody-enzyme conjugate could be selectively retained at approximately twice the control levels by administration of the antivascular agent at the time of optimal conjugate localization within the tumor (20 h post-conjugate administration), as demonstrated by gamma counting, phosphor plate image analysis, and active enzyme measurement. This resulted in significantly enhanced tumor growth inhibition in groups of six mice, compared to conventional ADEPT therapy, with no concomitant increase in systemic toxicity. In a separate experiment, aimed at trapping the prodrug within the tumor, a 16-fold increase over control values was produced (means, 44.8 versus 2.8 microg/g tumor) when DMXAA was given 4 h prior to 4-[(2-chloroethyl)(2-mesyloxyethyl)amino]benzoyl-L-glutamic acid. The therapeutic window was small, with no significant enhancement of prodrug retention when DMXAA was given at either earlier or later time points. This correlated with the time of vascular shut-down induced by the antivascular agent. We are currently investigating whether it is more advantageous to trap increased levels of conjugate or prodrug within the tumor for maximal enhancement of conventional ADEPT. These studies demonstrate that combined use of antibody-directed and antivascular therapies can significantly benefit the therapeutic outcome of either strategy alone.

ZD2767, an improved system for antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy that results in tumor regressions in colorectal tumor xenografts.

ZD2767 represents an improved version of antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy. It consists of a conjugate of the F(ab')2 A5B7 antibody fragment and carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) and a prodrug, 4-[N,N-bis(2-iodoethyl)amino]phenoxycarbonyl L-glutamic acid. The IC50 of the prodrug against LoVo colorectal tumor cells was 47 microM, and cleavage by CPG2 released the potent bis-iodo phenol mustard drug (IC50 = 0.34 microM). The drug killed both proliferating and quiescent LoVo cells. Administration of the ZD2767 conjugate to nude mice bearing LoVo colorectal xenografts resulted in approximately 1% of injected ZD2767 conjugate localizing/g of tumor after 72 h, and blood and normal tissue levels of the conjugate were 10-50-fold lower. A single round of therapy involving the administration of the prodrug 72 h after the conjugate to athymic mice bearing established LoVo xenografts resulted in approximately 50% of the tumors undergoing complete regressions, tumor growth delays greater than 30 days, and little toxicity (as judged by body-weight loss). Similar studies using a control antibody-CPG2 conjugate that does not bind to LoVo tumor cells resulted in a growth delay of less than 5 days, confirming the tumor specificity of this approach. These studies demonstrate the potential of ZD2767 for the treatment of colorectal cancer.

The transcriptional apparatus required for mRNA encoding genes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae emerges from a jigsaw puzzle of transcription factors.

The number of identified yeast factors involved in transcription has dramatically increased in recent years and the understanding of the interplay between the different factors has become more and more puzzling. Transcription initiation at the core promoter of mRNA encoding genes consisting of upstream, TATA and initiator elements requires an approximately ribosome-sized complex of more than 50 polypeptides. The recent identification and isolation of an RNA polymerase holoenzyme which seems to be preassembled before interacting with a promoter allowed a better understanding of the roles, assignments and interplays of the various constituents of the basal transcription machinery. Recruitment of this complex to the promoter is achieved by numerous interactions with a variety of DNA-bound proteins. These interactions can be direct or mediated by additional adaptor proteins. Other proteins negatively affect transcription by interrupting the recruitment process through protein-protein or protein-DNA interactions. Some basic features of cis-acting elements, the transcriptional apparatus and various trans-acting factors involved in the initiation of mRNA synthesis in yeast are summarized.

[Intravitreal dexamethasone implant for treatment of persistent postoperative macular edema after vitrectomy]. / Intravitreales Dexamethason-Implantat zur Behandlung des persistierenden postoperativen Makulaödems nach Vitrektomie.

BACKGROUND: To date, there is no consensus about the management of persistent cystoid macular edema (CME) following vitrectomy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravitreal dexamethasone implants for the treatment of postoperative CME following vitrectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this multicenter study we retrospectively reviewed the data of 24 patients (25 eyes) who had been treated with intravitreal dexamethasone (Ozurdex®) for the management of persistent postoperative CME following pars plana vitrectomy. The main outcome measure was central retinal thickness (CRT in µm) as assessed by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Secondary outcome measures included change in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and the presence of metamorphopsia. RESULTS: All 19 eyes which were postoperatively examined within 4-8 weeks after implantation showed a significant decrease in CRT (mean 564 µm to 315 µm) and a reduction of metamorphopsias. Within the same period of time the BCVA improved in 15 out of 19 eyes (79%) which corresponds to an average visual improvement from 0.69 logMAR to 0.46 logMAR (P <0.0001). In eyes examined after 10-16 weeks a slight increase in the average CRT of 351 µm was observed, whereas the BCVA improved to 0.28 logMAR. After 4 months a decrease in average BCVA was noted. Out of 25 eyes 12 required further dexamethasone implantations between 1 and 4 times within the investigation period. The first repeat injections were performed an average of 7.3 months after the initial treatment. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that intravitreal dexamethasone is a safe and effective treatment option for persistent CME following vitrectomy.

On the non-existence of a tryptic peptide with biological activity derived from mouse nerve growth factor.

Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography was used to analyse the products of treatment of mouse nerve growth factor with cyanogen bromide followed by trypsin as described by Mercanti et al. All the biological activity was found to be due to incompletely cleaved starting material. Total digestion with trypsin led to complete loss of activity.

The intrinsic structural asymmetry of highly curved phospholipid bilayer membranes.

Phosphorus-31 NMR studies of solutions of small L-alpha-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine bilayer vesicles containing sodium dimethyl phosphate uniformly distributed between the continuous external and the intravesicular aqueous spaces, with the paramagnetic shift reagent Pr3+ present only in the external space, are reported. These studies give the distribution both of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine in the vesicle inner and outer monolayers and of dimethyl phosphate in the aqueous spaces. With the third necessary parameter obtained from the vesicle sedimentation coefficient, the very different packing parameters of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine in inner and outer monolayers can be determined. The vesicle outer radius is 109 A. Although the total bilayer thickness is virtually identical to that of planar bilayers, the outer monolayer is thicker (20 A) and the inner monolayer thinner (15 A). The area per head group at the inner surface, 68 A2, is like the planar value, but the tails are much more folded, so as to decrease the radial lengths and increase the tangential spreat (to 94A2). The reverse is true in the outer layer: the surface per head group is 76 A2, tapering to 51 A2 in the tail region, so that outer layer tails are relatively extended. The difference is equivalent to a shift of about two 2g1 kinks from outer to inner layers; the uneven packing certainly affects fluidity, and may have important biological consequences.