A systematic review of adherence to anticoagulation regimens in pediatric patients.

Thromboembolic disease rates are increasing in pediatric patients. Anticoagulation is prescribed for treatment and prevention of thromboembolic disease. While nonadherence to anticoagulation regimens predicts poor health outcomes in adults, data in anticoagulated pediatric patients are limited. We systematically reviewed the rates, outcomes, and predictors of anticoagulation nonadherence in the pediatric population. Out of a total of 3581 unique articles identified for review, 17 studies met inclusion criteria. These studies primarily evaluated patients with cardiac disease treated with vitamin K antagonists. Overall nonadherence rates varied from 3% to 42%, based upon population, definition of adherence, and measurement strategy. Patient age, goal international normalized ratio (INR), and number of concurrent potentially interacting medications correlated with nonadherence. Data examining the relationship between nonadherence and health outcomes were included in only two studies. Limitations of current literature, as well as critical knowledge gaps that require future study, are discussed.

The Impact of Patient Characteristics and Postoperative Opioid Exposure on Prolonged Postoperative Opioid Use: An Integrative Review.

OBJECTIVES: The United States is experiencing an opioid overdose crisis. Research suggests prolonged postoperative opioid use, a common complication following surgery, is associated with opioid misuse, which, in turn, is the greatest risk factor of heroin misuse. The objective of this review is to evaluate how postoperative opioid exposure relates to prolonged use and to identify factors that predict prolonged postoperative opioid use. DESIGN: An integrative review of the literature. DATA SOURCES: Electronic and hand searching methods were used in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, and SCOPUS. Search terms included opioid, opiate, postoperative pain, drug administration, prescribing pattern, prescription, inappropriate prescribing, self-medication, patient-controlled analgesia, opioid-naïve patients, and prolonged opioid use. REVIEW/ANALYSIS METHODS: Data were synthesized by identifying themes reflecting the results of the review. A quality assessment of the articles was also conducted. RESULTS: Fourteen articles were included and two main themes emerged: (1) Surgery places opioid naïve patients at risk for prolonged opioid use and (2) Certain patient characteristics may be predictive of prolonged postoperative opioid use. CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged postoperative opioid use is related to factors in addition to prescribing practices. Researchers consistently found that patients who are already on opioids, benzodiazepines, or addicted to alcohol; who have mental health disorders, depressive symptoms, or a self-perceived risk of addiction; and patients with multiple co-morbidities are at greater risk of prolonged use; demographics were inconsistent. NURSING IMPLICATIONS: Studies are needed to determine the predicting characteristics of prolonged postoperative opioid use, the type of surgeries that place patients at most risk, and the effect postoperative exposure to opioids has on prolonged use. This information can be used to develop and implement protocols to prevent misuse among high-risk patients.

The underreporting of phase III chemo-therapeutic clinical trial data of older patients with cancer: A systematic review.

PURPOSE: Inspired by the American Society of Clinical Oncology's recommendations to strengthen the evidence base for older adults with cancer, the purpose of this systematic review is to identify the reporting of treatment efficacy and adverse events specific to older adults with cancer in Phase III chemo-therapeutic clinical trials. This review also investigates the frequency with which these data points were reported in the literature to identify gaps in reporting and opportunities to expand the knowledge base on clinical outcomes for older adults with cancer. METHODS: Chemo-therapeutic clinical trial data published from July 1, 2016 to June 30, 2017 was reviewed. Manuscripts (n = 929) were identified based on keyword searches of EMBASE and PubMed. After removal of duplicates (n = 116) and articles that did not meet this study's inclusion criteria (n = 654), 159 articles were identified for review. RESULTS: Reviewed papers were published in 36 different scientific journals and included twenty-five different cancer types. Of the 159 articles, 117 (73.6%) reported age-specific medians and 75 (47.2%) included stratifications of data by age. Treatment efficacy was reported in 96.2% of the articles with 39.9% reporting effectiveness of treatment by age. Reporting of adverse events was included in 84.9% of the articles with only 8.9% reporting these events stratified by age. CONCLUSION: Results suggest inadequate reporting of treatment efficacy and adverse events as well as basic descriptive statistics about the age distribution of study subjects. Conscious efforts are needed to address these deficiencies at every level of planning and conducting clinical trials as wells as reporting outcomes stratified by age. Ultimately, standardized reporting could lead to improved treatment decisions and outcomes for older adults with cancer.