[Specificity of the chromatin changes in viral infections]. / Spetsifichnost' izmenenii khromatina pri nekotorykh virusnykh infektsiiakh.

Nine microdensitometric signs (MDMS) of chromatin in cell cultures have been investigated after injecting with 11 viruses of three taxonomic groups. The technics of numeric comparison of systems demonstrated a high specificity of chromatin alterations in relation to the taxonomic position of viruses. The cultures of different groups differ in their MDMS. The group-to-group relations in respect to MDMS are expressed by even more numerous differencies. A test value is suggested to appreciate the specificity in groups of alterations measured upon the great number of signs.

[Accelerated measurement of the volume of condensed chromatin from electron microscopic photographs]. / Uskorennoe izmerenie ob"ema kondensirovannogo khromatina po élektronnomikroskopicheskim snimkam.

The fraction of condensed chromatin (C. C., %) in cell nuclei images was determined by the aid of the "random step grid". 100 random points were thrown on every electron microscopic images. The number of points in C. C. images was counted. Lymphocyte nuclei in spleen and lymph nodes of normal cows have a higher content of C. C. (61 +/- 1.6%) Than those of cows suffering from lympholeucosis in haematological (49 +/- 21%) and in tumor (44 +/- 1.1%) stages. The counting procedure takes about 2 hours for 90 images. The random step grid can be easily available in every day practice.

[Study of the hypothalamus of neonatally castrated rats by the karyometric method]. / Issledovanie gipotalamusa neonatal'no kastrirovannykh krys medotom kariometrii

The sensitivity of different hypothalamic regions to the effect of androgens has been studied during the period of the brain sex differentiation. The castration of animals during the first week of life was shown to result in the marked increase of size of the neuron nuclei in the preoptic, suprachiasmatic, arcuate and ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus; the size of neuron nuclei in the dorsomedial nucleus suffered no changes. The dynamics of size of the cell nuclei was followed in different hypothalamic regions with respect to the time of castration.

[Seasonal differences in the pathomorphological reactions of monkeys to poliomyelitis vaccine]. / Sezonnye razlichiia patomorfologicheskikh reaktsii obez'ian na vaktsinu protiv poliomielita.

Weak pathomorphological reactions in a group of animals are assessed by 3 scores of severity which depend on the total number of animals in the group, number of animals with pathomorphological reactions, number of body areas involved in these reactions, and the intensity of reaction expressed by crosses. Conditionally, these scores of severity characterize virulence, pathogenicity, and local pathogenicity of virus. All the 3 scores of severity for the 3 virus types were found to be highest in the winter-spring period (average for 18 years).

[Chronic rabies infection in mice intracerebrally infected with street virus]. / Khronicheskaia rabicheskaia infektsiia u myshei, zarazhennykh v mozg ulichnym virusom.

Experimental white mice inoculated intracerebrally with street virus developed the clinical form of chronic rabies infection. The duration of clinical manifestations in the animals with the chronic course of the disease was 55 days. In all the cases the disease was fatal. Virological, immunofluorescent and electron microscopic examinations of the brains of these mice have shown that in the chronic form of rabies, in contrast to the acute form, (a) the infectious virus titre is by 4-5 orders lower; (b) the number of fluorescent antigen corpuscules is significantly higher; (c) there is a considerable accumulation of virus "matrices" (aggregates of viral nucleocapsids) in which single virus particles and numerous tubular forms can be detected. No virions of rabies forming on intracellular membranes were found.

[Quantitative comparison of the ultrastructures of the blood capillaries and muscle fibers in all stages of obliterating endarteritis]. / Kolichestvennoe sravnenie ul'trastruktur krovesnosnykh kapilliarov i myshechnykh volokon na vsekh stadiiakh obliteriruiushchego éndarteriita.

The time course of quantitative changes in the ultrastructure of capillaries and muscle fibrers was studied by the totality of morphological signs in 33 patients with obliterating endarteritis of the lower extremities. As the disease develops, the area of luminal surface and the volume of basal membrane of the capillaries and mitochondria of muscle fibers increase progressively; the volume and number of micropinocytotic vesicles, the volume of myofibrills and the ratio of myofibrill to the mitochondria volume decrease. In early stages of the disease the size of capillary lumen decreases and subsequently increases along with a decrease in the volume of endothelial cells. An increase in the number of mitochondria in a unit of area of muscle fiber at early stages with subsequent decrease was noted. All the values of observed changes are statistically significant. None of the examined features of the structure can be considered pathognomonic separately, but the totality of the quantitative alterations gives a whole picture of the progressive disease.

[Use of cell cultures in the pharmacological experiment]. / Ispol'zovanie kletochnykh kul'tur v farmakologicheskom éksperimente.

A statistical method is proposed which makes it possible to evaluate quantitatively the significance and reliability of the effects of pharmacological agents during their study on cell cultures using a little scope of material samples. The method substantially reduces the expenditures of the researcher's time and labour.

Morphometric method for evaluating the neurovirulence of live poliomyelitis vaccine.

A method for measuring morphological changes caused by residual neurovirulence in live poliomyelitis vaccine is described. The entire area of 16 standard parts of the central nervous system is measured directly under the microscope using a morphometric eyepiece grid. The method can be used to supplement the conventional system of scoring morphological lesions.

[Method of visually classifying synapses from a multiplicity of attributes]. / Sposob vizual'noi klassifikatsii sinapsov po mnozhestvu priznakov.

Seven electron microscopic signs of synapses were recognized and classified visually. Altogether 2250 synapses of the stratum radiatum of the hippocamp of 15 white rats were examined on a statistical basis. Five rats (750 synapses) showed a significant decrease in the magnitudes of two signs of the synapses (the active zone length and the mean sectional area of the terminal) after the elaboration of the conditioned reflex. The concentration of synaptic vesicles adjucent to the active zone rose as compared to that seen in a passive control group (5 rats, 750 synapses). An active control group (5 rats) demonstrated a significant increase in the postsynaptic membrane thickness and sectional area of the terminal occupied by synaptic vesicles. The concentration of vesicles neighboring the active zone was noticeably lowered.

[Quantitative histochemical determination of acetylcholinesterase activity in layers of the rat hippocampus]. / Kolichestvennoe gistokhimicheskoe opredelenie aktivnosti atsetilkholinésterazy v sloiakh gippokampa krys.

A technique has been suggested for quantitative determination of the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in each layer of rat hippocamp histochemical preparations. The data obtained have been used for making up the maps of layer distribution of AChE activity. The maps have been prepared of AChe activity distribution for the field CA1, CA2 and CA3 of the hippocamp of rats decapitated in summer and autumn. The map for the field CA1 was compared with those made up with the aid of other quantitative histochemistry techniques. The maps for the field CA2 have been compared in rats decapitated in spring, summer and autumn. AChE activity has been found to be greater in spring than in summer or in autumn, with the relations between the layers being unchanged throughout all the seasons.

[Reaction of lymphocytes of the endometrium to the intrauterine administration of antigens]. / Reaktsiia limfotsitov éndometriia na vnutrimatochnoe vvedenie antigenov.

In the mucosal membrane of the uterine horns in Wistar white rats mainly small and middle lymphocytes (predominantly T-cells) and rather small amount of plasmocytes and macrophages are presented. After intrauterine administration of bacteria and viruses (BCG vaccine, influenza inactivated liquid vaccine of A type) the local immune reaction develops according to the cellular type with maximum at the first week, before the total immune response, with its peak occurring on the 14th day of the experiment.

[Effect of noise-induced stress on the quantitative characteristics of rat brain synapses]. / Vliianie shumovogo stressa na kolichestvennuiu kharakteristiku sinapsov kory golovnogo mozga krys.

Rats were exposed to white noise for 1, 2 and 3 weeks. Electron microscopy was used to examine brain sections. The number of synaptic junctions was calculated in the auditory and motor areas of the brain cortex. It has been shown that there was a significantly incremental increase in the number of synaptic junctions in all the layers of the auditory and motor areas of the brain cortex 1, 2 and 3 weeks after exposure to noise.

[Visual estimation of the glycogen content of liver cells with simultaneous statistical control]. / Vizual'naia otsenka soderzhaniia glikogena v kletkakh pecheni s tekushchim statisticheskim kontrolem.

Estimation is performed in stipulated units per every "probe" out of several hundreds, which are selected in randomly taken fields of observations by means of a special ocular grid. After discrete marks have been converted into continuous ones (by means of averaging per every 25 probes) confidential intervals and reliability of the mean mark are calculated.