Trans-anal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS) versus trans-anal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM): a comparative case-control matched-pairs analysis.

AIM: Since its introduction, transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) has become the treatment of choice for rectal benign lesions not amenable to flexible endoscopic excision and for early rectal cancer. Disposable soft devices as the Trans-anal Minimally Invasive Surgery (TAMIS) are a valid alternative to non-disposable rigid trans-anal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) platforms. The aim of the present study is to compare TEM and TAMIS in terms of incidence of R1 resection and lesion fragmentation which were combined in a composite outcome called quality resection. Perioperative complication and operative time were also investigated. METHODS: A total of 132 patients were eligible for this study of whom 63 (47.7%) underwent TAMIS and 69 (52.3%) underwent TEM. Patients were extracted for from a prospective maintained database and groups resulted homogenous after matching using propensity score in terms of size of the lesion, height from the anal verge, position within the rectal lumen, preoperative histology, neoadjuvant treatment. A multivariate logistic and linear regression analysis was carried out using those variables that have significant independent relationship with the quality of surgical resection and operative time. RESULTS: The incidence of R0 resection and lesion fragmentation was similar between groups. No differences were found in terms of perioperative complication. TAMIS was associated with less setup time and less operative time compared with TEM. Variables influencing quality resection at the multivariate analysis were larger lesion (> 5 cm) and ≥ T2 stage. Variables influencing operative time were surgical procedure (TEM vs TAMIS), height from the anal verge and size of the lesion. CONCLUSION: The present study shows that TEM and TAMIS are equally effective in terms of quality of local excision and perioperative complication. TAMIS resulted less operative time consuming compared to TEM.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Application and Outcomes: Analysis in the "Lazio Network" Database.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate how the COVID-19 pandemic influenced ERAS program application in colorectal surgery across hospitals in the Lazio region (central district in Italy) participating in the "Lazio Network" project. METHODS: A multi-institutional database was constructed. All patients included in this study underwent elective colorectal surgery for both malignant and benign disease between January 2019 and December 2020. Emergency procedures were excluded. The population was divided into 2 groups: a pre-COVID-19 group (PG) of patients operated on between February and December 2019 and a COVID-19 group (CG) of patients operated on between February and December 2020, during the first 2 waves of the pandemic in Italy. RESULTS: The groups included 622 patients in the PG and 615 in the CG treated in 8 hospitals of the network. The mean number of items applied was higher in the PG (65.6% vs. 56.6%, p < 0.001) in terms of preoperative items (64.2% vs. 50.7%, p < 0.001), intraoperative items (65.0% vs. 53.3%, p < 0.001), and postoperative items (68.8% vs. 63.2%, p < 0.001). Postoperative recovery was faster in the PG, with a shorter time to first flatus, first stool, autonomous mobilization and discharge (6.82 days vs. 7.43 days, p = 0.021). Postoperative complications, mortality and reoperations were similar among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic had a negative impact on the application of ERAS in the centers of the "Lazio Network" study group, with a reduction in adherence to the ERAS protocol in terms of preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative items. In addition, in the CG, the patients had worse postoperative outcomes with respect to recovery and discharge.

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) program in octogenarian patients: a propensity score matching analysis on the "Lazio Network" database.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and compliance with the enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol in octogenarian patients undergoing colorectal surgery in 12 Italian high-volume centers. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted in a consecutive series of patients who underwent elective colorectal surgery between 2016 and 2018. Patients were grouped by age (≥ 80 years vs < 80 years), propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was performed, and the groups were compared regarding clinical outcomes and the mean number of ERAS items applied. RESULTS: Out of 1646 patients identified, 310 were octogenarians. PSM identified 2 cohorts of 125 patients for the comparison of postoperative outcomes and ERAS compliance. The 2 groups were homogeneous regarding the clinical variables and mean number of ERAS items applied (11.3 vs 11.9, p-ns); however, the application of intraoperative items was greater in nonelderly patients (p 0.004). The functional recovery was similar between the two groups, as were the rates of postoperative severe complications and 30-day mortality rate. Elderly patients had more overall complications. Furthermore, the mean hospital stay was higher in the elderly group (p 0.027). Multivariable analyses documented that postoperative stay was inversely correlated with the number of ERAS items applied (p < 0.0001), whereas age ≥ 80 years significantly correlated with the overall complication rate (p 0.0419). CONCLUSION: The ERAS protocol is safe in octogenarian patients, with similar levels of compliance and surgical outcomes. However, octogenarian patients have a higher rate of overall complications and a longer hospital stay than do younger patients.

Impact of implementation of the ERAS program in colorectal surgery: a multi-center study based on the "Lazio Network" collective database.

BACKGROUND: ERAS implementation improved outcomes in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. The process of incorporating this pathway in clinical practice may be challenging. This observational study investigated the impact of systematic ERAS implementation on surgical outcomes in patients undergoing colorectal resections in a regional network of 10 institutions. METHODS: Implementation of ERAS pathway was designed using regular audits and a common protocol. All patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery between 2016 and 2017 were considered eligible. A collective database including 18 ERAS items, clinical and surgical data, and outcomes was designed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed for the following outcomes: morbidity, anastomotic leak, reinterventions, hospital stay, and readmissions. RESULTS: A total of 827 patients were included, and a mean of 11.3 ERAS items applied/patient was reported. Logistic regression indicated that an increased number of ERAS items applied reduced overall and severe morbidity (OR 0.86 and 0.87, respectively 95%CI 0.8197-0.9202 and 95%CI 0.7821-0.9603), hospitalization (OR 0.53 95%CI 0.4917-0.5845) and reinterventions (OR 0.84 95%CI 0.7536-0.9518) in the entire series. The same results were obtained for a prolonged hospitalization differentiating right-sided (OR 0.48 95%CI 0.4036-0.5801), left-sided (OR 0.48 95%CI 0.3984-0.5815), and rectal resections (OR 0.46 95%CI 0.3753-0.5851). An inverse correlation was found between the application of ERAS items and morbidity in right-sided and rectal procedures (OR 0.89 and 0.84, respectively 95%CI 0.7976-0.9773 and 95%CI 0.7418-0.9634). CONCLUSIONS: Systematic implementation of the ERAS pathway using multi-institutional audits can increase protocol adherence and improve surgical outcomes in patients undergoing colorectal surgery.

Laparoscopic colon and rectal resections with intracorporeal anastomosis and trans-vaginal specimen extraction for colorectal cancer. A case series and systematic literature review.

PURPOSE: Intracorporeal anastomosis associated to trans-vaginal specimen extraction decreases the extent of colon mobilisation and the number and size of abdominal incisions, improving the benefits of minimally invasive surgery in female patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of this procedure for colorectal cancer. METHODS: Between 2009 and 2013, 13 female patients underwent laparoscopic colon and rectal resection for colorectal cancer with intracorporeal anastomosis and trans-vaginal specimen extraction: 2 right colectomies, 1 transverse colon resection, 4 left colectomies and 6 anterior resections were performed. A MEDLINE search of publications on the presented procedure for colon neoplasms was carried out. RESULTS: There were no intraoperative complications and no conversions. Postoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) score in the pelvis, abdomen and shoulder was moderate. In the postoperative period, we observed two colorectal anastomotic strictures, successfully treated with pneumatic endoscopic dilation. Median length of the specimen was 18.5 cm, with a median tumour size of 5.5 cm in diameter. Median number of retrieved lymph nodes was 12. All circumferential resection margins were negative. During a mean follow-up of 31 months (range, 6-62), there was neither evidence of recurrent disease nor disorders related to the genitourinary system. The aesthetic outcome was considered satisfactory in all patients. Nine studies were identified in the systematic review. CONCLUSIONS: Our case series, according to the results of the literature, showed that intracorporeal anastomosis associated to trans-vaginal specimen extraction is feasible and safe in selected female patients.

Long-term outcome of local excision after preoperative chemoradiation for ypT0 rectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Local excision, as an alternative to radical resection for patients with pathological complete response (ypT0) after preoperative chemoradiation, is under investigation. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the long-term clinical outcome of a selected group of patients with ypT0 rectal cancer who underwent local excision with transanal endoscopic microsurgery as a definitive treatment. PATIENTS: Between 1993 and 2013, 43 patients with rectal adenocarcinoma underwent complete full-thickness local excision with a transanal endoscopic microsurgery procedure after a regimen of chemoradiation. In all patients, rectal wall penetration was preoperatively assessed by endorectal ultrasound and/or magnetic resonance. Chemoradiation and transanal endoscopic microsurgery were indicated in patients refusing radical procedures or patients unfit for major abdominal procedures. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patient characteristics, operative record, pathology report, and tumor recurrence were analyzed at a median follow-up of 81 months. The potential prognostic factors for recurrence, screened in univariate analysis, were analyzed by multivariate analysis by using the Cox regression model. RESULTS: Thirteen patients (30.2%), without residual tumor in the surgical specimen (ypT0), were treated with transanal endoscopic microsurgery only. In this ypT0 group, 2 patients (15.4%) had postoperative complications: 1 bleeding and 1 suture dehiscence. Postoperative mortality was nil. No local and distal recurrences were observed, and no tumor-related mortality occurred. In 30 patients (69.8%), partial tumor chemoradiation response or the absence of tumor chemoradiation response was observed. In this group, recurrence occurred in 17 patients (56.7%). LIMITATIONS: The study was limited by its retrospective nature, different protocols of chemoradiation and preoperative staging over time, and the small sample size. CONCLUSIONS: Local excision with transanal endoscopic microsurgery can be considered a definitive therapeutic option in patients with rectal cancer treated with preoperative chemoradiation, when no residual tumor is found in the specimen. In this selected group, local excision offers excellent results in terms of survival and recurrence rates. In the presence of residual tumor, transanal endoscopic microsurgery should be considered as a large excisional biopsy (see Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/DCR/A157).

Management and outcome of local recurrence following transanal endoscopic microsurgery for rectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Transanal endoscopic microsurgery is a faster and safer alternative to traditional surgical treatment of adenomas and low-risk (T1) rectal tumors. However, although overall survival appears similar, transanal endoscopic microsurgery has been shown to have higher recurrence rates. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the management of patients with local recurrence after transanal endoscopic microsurgery and to evaluate their long-term outcome. DESIGN: This study was a retrospective review of medical records. SETTING: Patients were treated at a large tertiary-care hospital in Rome, Italy, between 1990 and 2011. PATIENTS: Of 298 patients who underwent local excision with transanal endoscopic microsurgery, 144 patients with rectal adenocarcinoma were included in the study. INTERVENTION: Local excision was performed with transanal endoscopic microsurgery. In all cases complete full-thickness excision was attempted. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patient characteristics, operative record, pathology report, and tumor recurrence were analyzed. Survival was calculated using the Kaplan-Meyer method and groups were compared with the log-rank test. RESULTS: Tumors were classified as pT1 in 86 patients (59.7%), pT2 in 38 (26.4%), and pT3 in 20 (13.9%). Median follow-up was 85 (range, 3-234) months. Median time to recurrence was 11.5 (range, 1-62) months; 44 patients had local or distal recurrence or both. The rate of local recurrence for patients with pT1 tumors was 11.6% (10/86). A total of 27 patients (18.8%) with local recurrence were eligible for salvage surgery: 17 had radical salvage resection, 9 had transanal re-excision, and 1 refused surgery. Overall 5-year survival was 83% in all 144 patients, and 92% in patients with pT1 tumors. The overall 5-year survival rate was higher in patients who had the radical salvage procedure than in those who had transanal re-excision (69% vs 43%; p = 0.05). LIMITATIONS: The study was limited by its retrospective nature, lack of technology at the beginning of the study, and the mixed nature of the study group. CONCLUSIONS: The outcome after transanal excision for rectal cancer depends on close surveillance for early detection of recurrence. In patients able to undergo surgery, endoluminal or pelvic recurrence should be treated with an immediate radical salvage operation. Overall long-term survival after local excision with transanal endoscopic microsurgery followed by radical salvage surgery in cases of local recurrence is comparable to overall survival after initial radical surgery.

Drain after elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A randomized multicentre controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Routine drainage after laparoscopic cholecystectomy is still debatable. The present study was designed to assess the role of drains in laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed for nonacutely inflamed gallbladder. METHODS: After laparoscopic gallbladder removal, 53 patients were randomized to have a suction drain positioned in the subhepatic space and 53 patients to have a sham drain. The primary outcome measure was the presence of subhepatic fluid collection at abdominal ultrasonography, performed 24 h after surgery. Secondary outcome measures were postoperative abdominal and shoulder tip pain, use of analgesics, nausea, vomiting, and morbidity. RESULTS: Subhepatic fluid collection was not found in 45 patients (84.9 %) in group A and in 46 patients (86.8 %) in group B (difference 1.9 (95 % confidence interval -11.37 to 15.17; P = 0.998). No significant difference in visual analogue scale scores with respect to abdominal and shoulder pain, use of parenteral ketorolac, nausea, and vomiting were found in either group. Two (1.9 %) significant hemorrhagic events occurred postoperatively. Wound infection was observed in three patients (5.7 %) in group A and two patients (3.8 %) in group B (difference 1.9 (95 % CI -6.19 to 9.99; P = 0.997). CONCLUSIONS: The present study was unable to prove that the drain was useful in elective, uncomplicated LC.

Functional results after mesorectal excision for rectal cancer: comparative study among surgical approaches.

BACKGROUND: We analyzed the evolution of genitourinary dysfunctions in patients undergoing surgical treatment for rectal cancer, and compared open surgery, laparoscopy, robotic and TaTME. METHODS: Functional outcomes were evaluate using standardized questionnaires, compiled at the start of treatment, after the end of Radiotherapy, at 1 and 6 months after surgery. RESULTS: In 72 patients 37.5% had low, 27.8% middle, and 34.7% high rectal cancers. Open technique was performed in 25% of cases, while 29.2% underwent laparoscopy, 20.8% TaTME and 25% robotic. We noted a deterioration in urogenital function: surgical technique can influence the result both in urinary and male sexual function but not ejaculation. Robotics and laparoscopy bring better outcomes than open surgery and TaTME. Female sexuality worsening seems not influenced by the technique. In general age, stage, complications, and anastomotic leakage appear to be predictive factors for functional dysfunctions. As reported in literature rectal cancer treatment leads to urogenital worsening: this seems to be progressive in male sexuality only, while female one and urinary function show a slight improvement in the first months, although a full recovery possibility is discussed. Is also reported how robotic and laparoscopy have a lower functional impact. TaTME has gained consensus thank to the excellent oncological and function outcomes, but in our study leads to worse results. CONCLUSIONS: Mini-invasive techniques guarantee the same oncological result than more invasive ones, but with better functional outcomes and tolerability; robotic surgery seems to be slight superior to laparoscopy, but with longer operative time.

[Cavernous haemangioma of the lung: a case report and review of the literature]. / Emangioma cavernoso del polmone: caso clinico e revisione della letteratura.

Cavernous haemangioma is a rare benign vascular tumour rarely seen in the lung. A 73-year-old male complaining of haemoptysis and dyspnoea, with a solitary nodule of the left lower pulmonary lobe, underwent left lower wedge resection. Pathology showed a 3 cm cavernous haemangioma. One year later symptoms recurred and CT showed a second nodule in the left upper lobe. Upper left lobectomy was performed, confirming the diagnosis of cavernous haemangioma. There are less than 25 case reports of this type of tumour in the literature. Radiological findings usually show a single pulmonary nodule. The preoperative diagnosis is quite difficult because pulmonary biopsy is often non-diagnostic. Standard treatment is complete surgical resection. For asymptomatic patients a brief period of observation is suggested.

[Local excision of giant rectal polypoid neoplasms]. / Escissione locale delle neoplasie polipoidi giganti del retto.

Local excision is the best therapeutic option for giant adenomas of the rectum. Parks technique for lower rectal lesions and the T.E.M. technique for lesions localised in the middle and upper rectum offer exceptionally good exposure, allowing radical excision in the case of early low-risk T1 adenocarcinomas (well or moderately differentiated [G1/2] without lymphovascular invasion [L0]). From July 1987 to March 2006, 224 patients were treated by local excision for rectal lesions in our department. In 48 patients (21.4%) a large sessile benign lesion was diagnosed preoperatively. In 3 patients with a preoperative diagnosis of severe dysplasia (Tis) final pathology showed adenoma and for this reason they were included in our study group. A total of 51 patients with giant preoperative benign lesions were treated by local excision (Parks technique, T.E.M. or both). Twenty-five (49%) patients had a definitive diagnosis of adenocarcinoma: in situ (pTis) in 22 patients (88%), pT1 in 2 patients (8%) and pT2 in 1 patient (4%). In 26 patients (51%) the diagnosis was adenoma. The overall local recurrence rate was 9.8% (5/51); the recurrence rate was 7.6% (2/26) for adenomas and 12% (3/25) for carcinomas. The median hospital stay was 7 days (range 3-39). There was no operative mortality. Giant sessile polypoid lesions localized in the middle and upper rectum are best treated with T.E.M., while Parks technique is a good option in lower rectal tumours. These techniques, if correctly indicated and well performed, offer great advantages in terms of safety and radicality. In our experience the operative mortality was nil and the morbidity and recurrence rates were low.

[Implementation of transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) in Italy: a multicentre investigation]. / Applicazione della TEM in Italia: indagine multicentrica.

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM), which was first introduced several years ago, allows the excision of rectal tumours not susceptible to a more traditional endoscopic approach or as an alternative to highly invasive or debilitating procedures. We surveyed the effective implementation of TEM in Italy, the indications adopted by each surgical department and the technical results achieved. We contacted 34 surgical departments and analysed the answers given by 17 centres (those actually using the technique = 50%). Most of these are situated in Northern Italy. A total of 1208 procedures were declared (84% of them performed in 6 centres). The most frequent declared indications were adenomas and T1 and T2 carcinomas (741 cases). The contraindications have to do with the staging, localisation and size of the neoplasms. The mean operative time reported by most of the centres ranged from 60 to 90 minutes. The most frequent complication in 13 departments was haemorrhage. The conclusions reported by some of the surgeons contacted are useful. The implementation of TEM is confined to only a few centres with a large number of treated cases. Overall analysis of the data raised many questions needing to be answered, especially with regard to the proper use of a surgical technique that is difficult but not impossible to implement.

[Endoscopic-laparoscopic treatment of neoplastic occlusion of the left colon]. / Il trattamento endoscopico laparoscopico dell'occluslone neoplastica del colon sinistro.

About a third of patients with colorectal carcinoma have acute colonic obstruction requiring emergency surgery. The surgical options are: intraoperative lavage and resection of the colonic segment involved with primary anastomosis; subtotal colectomy with primary anastomosis; colostomy followed by resection; and resection of the colonic segment involved with an end colostomy (Hartman's procedure) requiring a second operation to reconstruct the colon. These procedures present risks and are associated with a poor quality of life. Endoscopic colonic stent insertion effectively decompresses the obstructed colon allowing bowel preparation and elective resection. In this article we present 2 cases successfully treated with the use of stents followed by a laparoscopic resection. We also describe technical details concerning the endoscopy and laparoscopy procedure, discuss the advantages of this treatment and present a review of the literature. One patient underwent a left hemicolectomy; while the other was treated with splenic flexure resection. No complications occurred after surgery. Histological staging revealed a pT3 pNO pMx G2 and a pT4 pN1 pM1 G2 adenocarcinoma, respectively. This initial experience shows that endoscopic colonic stent insertion can effectively resolve the neoplastic obstruction, allowing safe elective surgery. The use of stents does not prevent a laparoscopic approach.

Clinical Outcome Following Hemorrhoid Surgery: a Narrative Review.

Surgical therapy guaranties satisfactory results, which are significantly better than those obtained with conservative therapies, especially for Grade III and IV hemorrhoids. In this review, we present and discuss the results of the most diffuse surgical techniques for hemorrhoids. Traditional surgery for hemorrhoids aims to remove the hemorrhoids, with closure (Fergusson's technique) or without closure (Milligan-Morgan procedure) of the ensuing defect. This traditional approach is effective, but causes a significant postoperative pain because of wide external wounds in the innervated perianal skin. Stapled hemorrhoidopexy, proposed by Longo, has gained a vast acceptance because of less postoperative pain and faster return to normal activities. In the recent literature, a significant incidence of recurrence after stapled hemorrhoidopexy was reported, when compared with conventional hemorrhoidectomy. Double stapler hemorrhoidopexy may be an alternative to simple stapled hemorrhoidopexy to reduce the recurrence in advanced hemorrhoidal prolapse. Transanal hemorrhoidal deartertialization was showed to be as effective as stapled hemorrhoidopexy in terms of treatment success, complications, and incidence recurrence. However, further high-quality trials are recommended to assess the efficacy and safety of this technique.

Drain After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy for Acute Calculous Cholecystitis. A Pilot Randomized Study.

Drainage after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) for acute calculous cholecystitis (ACC) is used without evidence of its efficacy. The present pilot study was designed to address this issue. After laparoscopic gallbladder removal, 15 patients were randomized to have a drain positioned in the subhepatic space (group A) and 15 patients to have a sham drain (group B). The primary outcome measure was the presence of subhepatic fluid collection at abdominal ultrasonography, performed 24 h after surgery. Secondary outcome measures included postoperative abdominal and shoulder tip pain, use of analgesics, and morbidity. Abdominal ultrasonography did not show any subhepatic fluid collection in eight patients (53.3 %) in group A and in five patients (33.3 %) in group B (P = 0.462). If present, median (range) subhepatic collection was 50 mL (20-100 mL) in group A and 80 mL (30-120 mL) in group B (P = 0.573). No significant differences in the severity of abdominal and shoulder pain and use of parenteral ketorolac were found in either group. Two biliary leaks and one subhepatic fluid collection occurred postoperatively. The present study was unable to prove that the drain was useful in LC for ACC, performed in a selected group of patients.

Local excision of rectal cancer with transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM).

BACKGROUND: Local excision for T1 rectal cancers with Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery (TEM) is an accepted standard of care. However for T2/T3 rectal cancers, the high local failure indicates that this is not a valid option. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1990 and 2000, 83 patients with rectal adenocarcinoma underwent complete full thickness local excision. The mean diameter of the tumor was 3.4+/-1.7 cm, 60% were located more than 5 cm from the anal verge; 43% of patients received radiation therapy (26 pre- and 10 postoperatively). RESULTS: Postoperative complications occurred in 15 patients (18%); there were no postoperative deaths. Mean follow-up was 37 months (range 18-118). The pathological stage was: Tis 9, T1 39, T2 23, T3 12. The overall local recurrence rate was 0% for Tis, 13% for T1, 17% for T2 and 50% for T3. Recurrence was managed surgically in 65% and nonsurgically in 35% because of advanced disease or poor general condition. Overall 5-year survival rates were 100%, 92%, 75% and 69% for Tis, T1, T2 and T3, respectively. CONCLUSION: Local excision with TEM is effective for early (Tis, T1) rectal cancers. Patients with T2 tumors can be treated with preoperative chemoradiation and subsequently local resection. Patients with T3 should not be treated with local excision unless they are unable to tolerate more extensive surgery.

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy: a worthwhile procedure performed in a general surgery department.

A laparoscopic procedure is considered the treatment of choice for adrenalectomy. We report the experience of a nonreferring unit for adrenal pathology; we have evaluated its safety and feasibility in a series of 40 patients. From 1994 to 2001, forty consecutive patients underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy, 37 with transperitoneal and 3 with retroperitoneal approach. The mean operative time was 129 +/- 51.7 minutes (range 60-300): 107 +/- 29 minutes (range 60-100) for the right-sided transperitoneal adrenalectomy and 144 +/- 62 minutes (range 90-300) for the left-sided transperitoneal adrenalectomy. The mean intraoperative blood loss was 90 mL (range 40-200). The procedure laparoscopic was converted to open in one case for the presence of a voluminous angiolipoma arising from the retroperitoneal fat strictly adherent to the adrenal gland. The postoperative morbidity rate was 5.1 per cent. Pain medication was required for a mean period of 1.6 +/- 0.6 days (range 1-3). The patients were able to resume solid food after an average time of 1.8 +/- 0.7 days (range 1-4). Postoperative hospital stay was 3 +/- 1.4 days (range 2-8). We believe that laparoscopic adrenalectomy is safe and effective in removing benign functioning or nonfunctioning adrenal masses and also in a general surgery department.

Minimally invasive surgical treatment of esophageal achalasia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A minimally invasive approach is considered the treatment of choice for esophageal achalasia. We report the evolution of our experience from thoracoscopic Heller myotomy (THM) to laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM). Our objective is to define the efficacy and safety of these 2 approaches. METHODS: Between March 1993 and December 2001, 36 patients underwent minimally invasive surgery for achalasia. Sixteen patients underwent THM without an antireflux procedure, and 20 patients underwent LHM with partial anterior fundoplication (n = 13) or closure of the angle of His (n = 7). RESULTS: Mean operative time and mean hospital stay were significantly shorter for LHM compared with that of THM (148.3 +/- 38.7 vs 222 +/- 46.1 min, respectively; P = 0.0001) and (2.06 +/- 0.65 days vs 5.06 +/- 0.85 days, respectively; P = 0.0001). Six of 16 patients (37.5%) in the THM group experienced persistent or recurrent dysphagia compared with 1 of 20 patients (5%) in the LHM group (P = 0.01). Heartburn developed in 5 patients (31.2%) after THM and in 1 patient (5%) after LHM (P = 0.06). Regurgitation developed in 4 patients (25%) after THM and in 2 patients (10%) after LHM (P = 0.2). Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) basal pressure decreased significantly from 30.1 +/- 5.07 to 15.3 +/- 2.1 after THM and from 31.8 +/- 6.2 to 10.4 +/- 1.7 after LHM (P = 0.0001). Mean esophageal diameter was significantly reduced after LHM compared with that after THM (from 53.9 +/- 5.9 mm to 27.2 +/- 3.3 mm vs 50.8 +/- 7.6 mm to 37.2 +/- 6.9 mm respectively: P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: In our experience, LHM is associated with better short-term results and is superior to THM in relieving dysphagia. LHM with partial anterior fundoplication should be considered the treatment of choice for achalasia.

[Local excision of rectal tumors]. / Escissione locale dei tumori del retto.

Local excision is a suitable approach for treating sessile adenomas and early adenocarcinomas of the rectum. The indication for transmural rectal carcinomas (T2 and T3) is a matter of debate and no randomized studies have been reported to date. The early and long-term results of a consecutive series of 160 patients who underwent local excision in our departments are reported. Sixty-three patients (39%) had adenoma and 97 patients (61%) carcinoma. Forty-seven patients with carcinoma (48%) received adjuvant therapy. Postoperative complications occurred in 25 patients (15%). The complication rates were 13% (8/63) for adenomas and 18% (17/97) for carcinomas. Only 1 patient died during the postoperative period as a result of unrelated causes. The overall local recurrence rates were 3% and 24%, respectively. Among the adenocarcinomas recurrence was related to staging, tumour clearance at the resection margins and use of chemo- and radiotherapy. No recurrences were reported among the T2 patients submitted to neoadjuvant treatment. A difference versus radical surgery was observed for T3 patients only. Local excision and transanal endoscopic microsurgery in particular is worthwhile in adenomas and T1 carcinomas of the rectum. Patients with T2 tumors should be treated with preoperative chemo- and radiotherapy. Patients with T3 tumors should be treated with transanal endoscopic microsurgery for palliative purposes only.