Bosea rubneri sp. nov. Isolated from Organically Grown Allium cepa.

Strain ZW T0_25T was isolated from an onion sample (Allium cepa var. Hytech F1) within a storage trial and proofed to be a novel, aerobic, Gram-stain negative, rod-shaped bacterial strain. Analyses of the 16S rRNA gene sequence and of the whole draft genome sequences, i.e., digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH), Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) and Average Amino Acid Identity (AAI) showed that this strain represents a new species of the genus Bosea. The genome size of strain ZW T0_25T is 6.19 Mbp, and the GC content is 66.9%. As whole cell sugars, rhamnose, ribose and glucose were identified. Ubiquinone Q-10 is the major respiratory quinone with 97.8%. Polar lipids in strain ZW T0_25T are composed of one phosphatidylethanolamine, one phosphatidylglycerol, one aminophospholipid, two aminolipids, one glycolipid and two phospholipids whereas the fatty acid profile predominantly consists of C18:1 w7c (63.3%), C16:1 w7c (19.5%) and C16:0 (7.1%). Phenotypic traits were tested in the wet lab as well as predicted in silico from genome data. Therefore, according to this polyphasic approach, the new name Bosea rubneri sp. nov. with the type strain ZW T0_25T (= DSM 116094 T = LMG 33093 T) is proposed.

Rathayibacter rubneri sp. nov. isolated from Allium cepa var. Rijnsburger, an onion landrace.

The novel, aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped bacterial strain, ZW T2_19T, was isolated from an onion sample (Allium cepa var. Rijnsburger). Analyses of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that ZW T2_19T represented a member of the genus Rathayibacter but may represent a novel species of this genus. Analyses of the whole draft genome sequences, i.e. digital DNA-DNA hybridisation (dDDH) and average nucleotide identity (ANI) of ZW T2_19T and all type strains of species of the genus Rathayibacter confirmed that ZW T2_19T represents a novel species of the genus Rathayibacter. The genome size of ZW T2_19T is 4.01 Mbp and the DNA G+C content is 71.8 mol%. Glucose, mannose, rhamnose and ribose were detected as whole-cell sugars of ZW T2_19T. The major respiratory quinone of ZW T2_19T is menaquinone MK-10, at 78.9 %. The detected peptidoglycan type in ZW T2_19T is a variant of type B2γ with {Gly} [l-diaminobutyric acid (l-DAB)/l-homoserine (l-Hse)] d-Glu-l-DAB. Polar lipids in ZW T2_19T consisted of one diphosphatidylglycerol, one phosphatidylglycerol, seven glycolipids, one phospholipid and one lipid. The fatty acid profile of ZW T2_19T predominantly consisted of anteiso-C15 : 0 (53 %), iso-C16 : 0 (21 %) and anteiso-C17 : 0 (18 %). In addition, API 20NE, API 50CH, API Coryne, API ZYM, antibiotic susceptibility, haemolysis and growth at different temperatures and with different supplements was investigated. On the basis of the results obtained using this polyphasic approach, including molecular, phenotypic and biochemical analyses, we propose the novel species Rathayibacter rubneri with the type and only strain ZW T2_19T (= DSM 114294T = LMG 32700T).

Genome analysis reveals that the correct name of type strain Adlercreutzia caecicola DSM 22242T is Parvibacter caecicola Clavel et al. 2013.

The strain Adlercreutzia caecicola DSM 22242T (=CCUG 57646T=NR06T) was taxonomically described in 2013 and named as Parvibacter caecicola Clavel et al. 2013. In 2018, the name of the strain DSM 22242T was changed to Adlercreutzia caecicola (Clavel et al. 2013) Nouioui et al. 2018 due to taxonomic investigations of the closely related genera Adlercreutzia, Asaccharobacter and Enterorhabdus within the phylum Actinobacteria. However, the first whole draft genome of strain DSM 22242T was published by our group in 2019. Therefore, the genome was not available within the study of Nouioui et al. (2018). The results of the polyphasic approach within this study, including phenotypic and biochemical analyses and genome-based taxonomic investigations [genome-wide average nucleotide identity (gANI), alignment fraction (AF), average amino acid identity (AAI), percentage of orthologous conserved proteins (POCP) and genome blast distance phylogeny (GBDP) tree], indicated that the proposed change of the name Parvibacter caecicola to Adlercreutzia caecicola was not correct. Therefore, it is proposed that the correct name of Adlercreutzia caecicola (Clavel et al. 2013) Nouioui et al. 2018 strain DSM 22242T is Parvibacter caecicola Clavel et al. 2013.

Adlercreutzia rubneri sp. nov., a resveratrol-metabolizing bacterium isolated from human faeces and emended description of the genus Adlercreutzia.

The novel, anaerobic, Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterial strain, ResAG-91T, was isolated from a faecal sample of a male human volunteer. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain ResAG-91T showed high similarity to the type strains of Adlercreutzia equolifaciens subsp. equolifaciens and Adlercreutzia equolifaciens subsp. celatus. Analysis of the whole draft genome sequences, i.e. digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) and average nucleotide identity (ANI), of strain ResAG-91T and the type strains of Adlercreutzia species revealed that strain ResAG-91T represents a novel species of the genus Adlercreutzia. The genome size of strain ResAG-91T is 2.8 Mbp and the G+C content is 63.3 mol%. The major respiratory quinone of strain ResAG-91T was MMK-5 (methylmenaquinone). Major cellular fatty acids were C15 : 0 anteiso, C14 : 0 iso and C14 : 0 2-OH. Galactose and ribose were detected as major whole cell sugars. Furthermore, the peptidoglycan type of strain ResAG-91T was A1γ with meso-diaminopimelic acid. The polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified lipid, three unidentified phospholipids and five unidentified glycolipids. Strain ResAG-91T was able to metabolize the stilbene resveratrol into dihydroresveratrol. On the basis of this polyphasic approach, including phenotypical, molecular (16S rRNA gene and whole genome sequencing) and biochemical (fatty acids, quinones, polar lipids, peptidoglycan, whole cell sugars, Rapid ID32A and API20A) analyses, we propose the novel species Adlercreutzia rubneri sp. nov. with the type and only strain ResAG-91T (=DSM 111416T=JCM 34176T=LMG 31897T).

Microbiological findings in early and late implant loss: an observational clinical case-controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Implants are a predictable and well-established treatment method in dentistry. Nevertheless, looking at possible failures of dental implants, early and late loss have to be distinguished. The intent of the study was to report microbiological findings on the surface of implants with severe peri-implantitis, which had to be explanted. METHODS: 53 specimens of implants from 48 patients without severe general illnesses have been examined. The groups investigated were implants that had to be removed in the period of osseointegration (early loss, 13 patients with 14 implants) or after the healing period (late loss, 14 patients with 17 implants). The implant losses were compared with two control groups (implants with no bone loss directly after completed osseointegration, two to four months after implant placement (17 patients with 17 implants) and implants with no bone loss and prosthetic restoration for more than three years (5 patients with 5 implants)). Data about the bacteria located in the peri-implant sulcus was collected using amplification and high throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. RESULTS: The biofilm composition differed substantially between individuals. Both in early and late implant loss, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis were found to be abundant. Late lost implants showed higher bacterial diversity and in addition higher abundances of Treponema, Fretibacterium, Pseudoramibacter and Desulfobulbus, while microbial communities of early loss implants were very heterogeneous and showed no significantly more abundant bacterial taxa. CONCLUSIONS: Specific peri-implant pathogens were found around implants that were lost after a primarily uneventful osseointegration. P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum frequently colonized the implant in early and late losses and could therefore be characteristic for implant loss in general. In general, early lost implants showed also lower microbial diversity than late losses. However, the microbial results were not indicative of the causes of early and late losses.

Influence of salt concentration and iodized table salt on the microbiota of fermented cucumbers.

The fermentation of vegetables is a traditional preservation method, that experiences a renaissance even in domestic households. Table salt is added to the fermentation batches to favor the growth of lactic acid bacteria usually. On an industrial scale, the fermentation brine is typically prepared with non-iodized table salt. In our study, we investigated the microbiota of cucumber fermentations using culture-dependent and -independent methods. We could show that the fermentation process of cucumbers and the involved microbiota is influenced by the concentration of table salt and not by the use of iodized table salt. Therefore, we conclude that the use of iodized table salt does not negatively affect the fermentation process. We could verify that iodine permeates the cucumbers by diffusion, leading to satisfactory iodine concentrations in the final food product. The industrial use of iodized table salt in food fermentations could contribute to maintain a constant iodine supply to the general public.

Antibiotics resistance and toxin profiles of Bacillus cereus-group isolates from fresh vegetables from German retail markets.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the safety of raw vegetable products present on the German market regarding toxin-producing Bacillus cereus sensu lato (s.l.) group bacteria. RESULTS: A total of 147 B. cereus s.l. group strains isolated from cucumbers, carrots, herbs, salad leaves and ready-to-eat mixed salad leaves were analyzed. Their toxinogenic potential was assessed by multiplex PCR targeting the hemolysin BL (hbl) component D (hblD), non-hemolytic enterotoxin (nhe) component A (nheA), cytotoxin K-2 (cytK-2) and the cereulide (ces) toxin genes. In addition, a serological test was used to detect Hbl and Nhe toxins. On the basis of PCR and serological results, none of the strains were positive for the cereulide protein/genes, while 91.2, 83.0 and 37.4% were positive for the Hbl, Nhe and CytK toxins or their genes, respectively. Numerous strains produced multiple toxins. Generally, strains showed resistance against the ß-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin G and cefotaxim (100%), as well as amoxicillin/clavulanic acid combination and ampicillin (99.3%). Most strains were susceptible to ciprofloxacin (99.3%), chloramphenicol (98.6%), amikacin (98.0%), imipenem (93.9%), erythromycin (91.8%), gentamicin (88.4%), tetracycline (76.2%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole combination (52.4%). The genomes of eight selected strains were sequenced. The toxin gene profiles detected by PCR and serological test mostly agreed with those from whole-genome sequence data. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that B. cereus s.l. strains encoding toxin genes occur in products sold on the German market and that these may pose a health risk to the consumer if present at elevated levels. Furthermore, a small percentage of these strains harbor antibiotic resistance genes. The presence of these bacteria in fresh produce should, therefore, be monitored to guarantee their safety.

Gordonibacter faecihominis is a later heterotypic synonym of Gordonibacter urolithinfaciens.

In this study, the phylogenetic position of Gordonibacter faecihominis and Gordonibacter urolithinfaciens was investigated using phenotypic and molecular (rep-PCR, ARDRA, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and whole-genome sequencing) methods. Our results show that Gordonibacter faecihominis cannot be distinguished from Gordonibacter urolithinfaciens on the basis of the results of this polyphasic approach. Therefore, it is proposed that the two species Gordonibacter faecihominis and Gordonibacter urolithinfaciens belong to the same species.

Microbial Contamination of Organically and Conventionally Produced Fresh Vegetable Salads and Herbs from Retail Markets in Southwest Germany.

A total of 189 samples of fresh products (leafy salads, ready-to-eat mixed salads, and fresh herbs) bought in retail in Southwest Germany were investigated for their microbiological quality and the presence of pathogenic bacteria, including Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and presumptive Bacillus cereus. Total aerobic mesophilic plate counts (TAC) ranged from 5.5 to 9.6 log colony-forming units (CFUs) per gram. Enterobacteria and pseudomonads were the predominant microorganisms and were detected in all samples with counts between 5.0 and 9.2 log CFU/g. Strains of Escherichia coli were detected in 9 salad (7.9%) and 25 herb samples (33.3%). Significant differences in bacterial counts were found between conventionally and organically-grown products: in herbs the counts of moulds were significantly higher in organically-grown products, while E. coli was only detected in conventionally-grown products. In conventionally-grown salad samples, yeast counts were significantly higher. Salmonella Enteritidis was only detected in two conventionally- and in one organically-produced salad samples (2.6%). No coagulase-positive staphylococci were detected in fresh salads as well as in herbs. High levels of B. cereus sensu lato (≥3 log CFU/g) were detected in 19 vegetable salads (16.7%) and even in 55 samples of fresh herbs (73.3%). Listeria monocytogenes could not be detected in fresh herbs; however, three L. monocytogenes strains were isolated from two conventionally-produced salad samples and belonged to PCR serogroup IIa. Although our results indicate a high microbial load in fresh salads and herbs in Southwest Germany in 2015, the incidences of human pathogenic bacteria, that is, L. monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and coagulase-positive staphylococci strains, were low.

Rubneribacter badeniensis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Enteroscipio rubneri gen. nov., sp. nov., new members of the Eggerthellaceae isolated from human faeces.

Two novel, anaerobic, Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterial strains, ResAG-85T and ResAG-96T, were isolated from a faecal sample of a male human. 16S rRNA gene sequences analyses indicated that these strains represent a distinct lineage within the family Eggerthellaceae. Strain ResAG-85T showed 92.3 % similarity to the type strains of the genera Eggerthella and Gordonibacter. Strain ResAG-96T clustered together with Paraeggerthella hongkongensis and the newly (but not validly) published genus 'Arabia massiliensis' (94.8 % similarity). Analysis of quinones revealed that MK-5 (21 % in ResAG-85T and 95 % in ResAG-96T) and MK-7 (53 % in strain ResAG-85T) were present, which were described for the first time for members of the Eggerthellaceae. Furthermore, MK-6 was present in both strains (25 % ResAG-85T and 5 % in ResAG-96T). The polar lipids detected in ResAG-85T and ResAG-96T consisted of eight and six glycolipids, respectively. Both strains possessed three phospholipids, one phosphatidylglycerol and one diphosphatidylglycerol. Analysis of fatty acids revealed that the percentage of total branched fatty acids was relatively high in comparison to related strains with 42 and 50 % of strains ResAG-85T and ResAG-96T but comparable to the value obtained for Gordonibacter pamelaeae DSM 19378T. On the basis of this polyphasic approach including molecular (16S rRNA gene sequencing) and biochemical methods (analysis of fatty acids, quinones, polar lipids, Rapid ID 32A and API 20A), the new genera and species Rubneribacter badeniensis with ResAG-85T (=DSM 105129T=JCM 32272T) and Enteroscipio rubneri with ResAG-96T (=DSM 105130T=JCM 32273T) as the type and only strains are described.

Effects of pectin methyl-esterification on intestinal microbiota and its immunomodulatory properties in naive mice.

Pectins are dietary fibers that are attributed with several beneficial immunomodulatory effects. Depending on the degree of esterification (DE), pectins can be classified as high methoxyl pectin (HMP) or low methoxyl pectin (LMP). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pectin methyl-esterification on intestinal microbiota and its immunomodulatory properties in naive mice. Supplementation of the diet with LMP or HMP induced changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota in mice toward Bacteroides, which was mainly promoted by HMP. Metabolome analysis of stool samples from pectin-fed mice showed a different effect of the two types of pectin on the levels of short-chain fatty acids and bile acids, which was consistent with highly efficient in vivo fermentation of LMP. Analysis of serum antibody levels showed a significant increase in IgG and IgA levels by both pectins, while FACS analysis revealed a decrease of infiltrating inflammatory cells in the intestinal lamina propria by HMP. Our study revealed that the structural properties of the investigated pectins determine fermentability, effects on microbial composition, metabolite production, and modulation of immune responses. Consumption of HMP preferentially altered the gut microbiota and suppressed pro-inflammatory immune responses, suggesting a beneficial role in inflammatory diseases.

Time-dependent fermentation of different structural units of commercial pectins with intestinal bacteria.

Many of the proposed health-related properties of pectins are based on their fermentability in the large intestine, but detailed structure-related studies on pectin fermentation have not been reported so far. Here, pectin fermentation kinetics were studied with a focus on structurally different pectic polymers. Therefore, six commercial pectins from citrus, apple, and sugar beet were chemically characterized and fermented in in vitro fermentation assays with human fecal samples over different periods of time (0 h, 4 h, 24 h, 48 h). Structure elucidation of intermediate cleavage products showed differences in fermentation speed and/or fermentation rate among the pectins, but the order in which specific structural pectic elements were fermented was comparable across all pectins. Neutral side chains of rhamnogalacturonan type I were fermented first (between 0 and 4 h), followed by homogalacturonan units (between 0 and 24 h) and, at last, the rhamnogalacturonan type I backbone (between 4 and 48 h). This indicates that fermentation of different pectic structural units might take place in different sections of the colon, potentially affecting their nutritional properties. For the formation of different short-chain fatty acids, mainly acetate, propionate, and butyrate, and the influence on microbiota, there was no time-dependent correlation regarding the pectic subunits. However, an increase of members of the bacterial genera Faecalibacterium, Lachnoclostridium, and Lachnospira was observed for all pectins.

The biosynthesis of ochratoxin A by Penicillium as one mechanism for adaptation to NaCl rich foods.

Penicillium.nordicum is an ochratoxin A producing filamentous fungus, which is adapted to sodium chloride and protein rich food environments like certain cheeses or dry cured meats. Penicillium.verrucosum usually occurs on cereals but can also be isolated from brined olives. It could be shown that sodium chloride has a profound influence on the regulation of ochratoxin A biosynthesis in both Penicillium species. High amounts of ochratoxin A are produced by P. nordicum over a wide concentration range of NaCl (5-100 g/l) with a weak optimum at about 20 g/l after growth on YES medium. P. verrucosum shifts secondary metabolite biosynthesis after growth on YES medium from citrinin at low to ochratoxin at elevated NaCl concentrations. The ochratoxin A biosynthesis of P. nordicum is accompanied by an induction of the otapksPN gene, the gene of the ochratoxin A polyketide synthase. A mutant strain unable to produce ochratoxin showed a drastic growth reduction under high NaCl conditions. Determination of the dry weight and the chloride content in the mycelium of the P. nordicum wild type strain and a non-ochratoxin A producing mutant strain showed a much higher increase of both parameters in the mutant compared to the wild type. These results suggest, that the constant biosynthesis and excretion of ochratoxin A, which itself contains a chloride atom, ensures a partial chloride homeostasis in the fungal cell. This mechanism may support the adaptation of ochratoxin A producing Penicillia to NaCl rich foods.

Metabolism of glyphosate by the human fecal microbiota.

Glyphosate is the most frequently used herbicide worldwide and its application is under discussion due to health concerns. As humans may be exposed to glyphosate, the present study investigated the metabolism of glyphosate by the human fecal microbiota in vitro. Human fecal samples were collected from 15 different volunteers and fecal suspensions were prepared. The human fecal suspension samples were incubated with glyphosate under strictly anaerobic conditions and glyphosate degradation was investigated. Neither a degradation of glyphosate, nor a formation of AMPA (aminomethylphosphonic acid), the known microbial metabolite in soil, was detected. In conclusion, the microbiota of human fecal suspensions did not metabolize glyphosate under the conditions used in our study which hints at the assumption that transformation of glyphosate by the gut microbiota seems to be negligible in humans.

Metabolism of Daidzein and Genistein by Gut Bacteria of the Class Coriobacteriia.

The intake of isoflavones is presumed to be associated with health benefits in humans, but also potential adverse effects of isoflavones are controversially discussed. Isoflavones can be metabolized by gut bacteria leading to modulation of the bioactivity, such as estrogenic effects. Especially bacterial strains of the Eggerthellaceae, a well-known bacterial family of the human gut microbiota, are able to convert the isoflavone daidzein into equol. In addition, metabolization of genistein is also described for strains of the Eggerthellaceae. The aim of this study was to identify and investigate gut bacterial strains of the family Eggerthellaceae as well as the narrowly related family Coriobacteriaceae which are able to metabolize daidzein and genistein. This study provides a comprehensive, polyphasic approach comprising in silico analysis of the equol gene cluster, detection of genes associated with the daidzein, and genistein metabolism via PCR and fermentation of these isoflavones. The in silico search for protein sequences that are associated with daidzein metabolism identified sequences with high similarity values in already well-known equol-producing strains. Furthermore, protein sequences that are presumed to be associated with daidzein and genistein metabolism were detected in the two type strains 'Hugonella massiliensis' and Senegalimassilia faecalis which were not yet described to metabolize these isoflavones. An alignment of these protein sequences showed that the equol gene cluster is highly conserved. In addition, PCR amplification supported the presence of genes associated with daidzein and genistein metabolism. Furthermore, the metabolism of daidzein and genistein was investigated in fermentations of pure bacterial cultures under strictly anaerobic conditions and proofed the metabolism of daidzein and genistein by the strains 'Hugonella massiliensis' DSM 101782T and Senegalimassilia faecalis KGMB04484T.

Fermentation of African nightshade leaves with lactic acid bacterial starter cultures.

The interest in the consumption of African indigenous leafy vegetables increased in African countries, e.g. Kenya, within the last years. One example of African indigenous leafy vegetables is African nightshade (Solanum scabrum) which is nutritious, rich in proteins and micronutrients and therefore could contribute to a healthy diet. African nightshade has several agricultural advantages. However, the most important disadvantage is the fast perishability which leads to enormous post-harvest losses. In this study, we investigated the fermentation of African nightshade as a post-harvest processing method to reduce post-harvest losses. The two lactic acid bacterial starter strains Lactiplantibacillus plantarum BFE 5092 and Limosilactobacillus fermentum BFE 6620 were used to inoculate fermentations of African nightshade leaves with initial counts of 106-107 cfu/ml. Uninoculated controls were conducted for each fermentation trial. Fermentations were performed both in Kenya and in Germany. The success of the inoculated starter cultures was proven by the measurement of pH values and determination of lactic acid concentration. Lactobacilli strains dominated the microbiota of the starter inoculated samples in contrast to the non-inoculated controls. This was supported by classical culture-dependent plating on different microbiological media as well as by the culture-independent molecular biological methods denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and 16S rRNA gene high-throughput amplicon sequencing. We could demonstrate that the use of the selected starter cultures for fermentation of African nightshade leaves led to controlled and reliable fermentations with quick acidification. Thus, controlled fermentation with appropriate starter cultures is a promising method for post-harvest treatment of African nightshade leaves.

Draft Genome Sequences of 13 Isolates of Adlercreutzia equolifaciens, Eggerthella lenta, and Gordonibacter urolithinfaciens, Isolated from Human Fecal Samples in Karlsruhe, Germany.

Here, we report the annotated draft genome sequences of 13 Eggerthellaceae strains isolated from fecal samples from two healthy human volunteers in Karlsruhe, Germany, i.e., Adlercreutzia equolifaciens ResAG-91, Eggerthella lenta MRI-F 36, MRI-F 37, MRI-F 40, ResAG-49, ResAG-88, ResAG-121, and ResAG-145, and Gordonibacter urolithinfaciens ResAG-5, ResAG-26, ResAG-43, ResAG-50, and ResAG-59.

Draft Genome Sequences of Type Strains of Adlercreutzia muris and Ellagibacter urolithinifaciens, Belonging to the Family Eggerthellaceae.

Here, we report the annotated draft genome sequences of two type strains belonging to the family Eggerthellaceae within the class Coriobacteriia (phylum Actinobacteria), Adlercreutzia muris WCA-131-CoC-2 (= DSM 29508 = KCTC 15543) and Ellagibacter urolithinifaciens CEBAS 4A (= CCUG 70284 = DSM 104140).

Whole-Genome Sequencing of the Fungus Penicillium citrinum Reveals the Biosynthesis Gene Cluster for the Mycotoxin Citrinin.

Penicillium citrinum is a food-contaminating ascomycete that consistently produces large amounts of the mycotoxin citrinin. Citrinin exhibits, besides its toxicity, antibiotic effects and thus potentially forces antibiotic resistance. Within the genome sequence, we identified the biosynthesis gene cluster for citrinin, which appears to be highly conserved within the genus Penicillium.

Draft Genome Sequences of Type Strains of Gordonibacter faecihominis, Paraeggerthella hongkongensis, Parvibacter caecicola,Slackia equolifaciens, Slackia faecicanis, and Slackia isoflavoniconvertens.

Here, we report the annotated draft genome sequences of six type strains of the family Eggerthellaceae, Gordonibacter faecihominis JCM 16058, Paraeggerthella hongkongensis DSM 16106, Parvibacter caecicola DSM 22242, Slackia equolifaciens DSM 24851, Slackia faecicanis DSM 17537, and Slackia isoflavoniconvertens DSM 22006.