Geometrically stabilized skyrmionic vortex in FeGe tetrahedral nanoparticles.

The concept of topology has dramatically expanded the research landscape of magnetism, leading to the discovery of numerous magnetic textures with intriguing topological properties. A magnetic skyrmion is an emergent topological magnetic texture with a string-like structure in three dimensions and a disk-like structure in one and two dimensions. Skyrmions in zero dimensions have remained elusive due to challenges from many competing orders. Here, by combining electron holography and micromagnetic simulations, we uncover the real-space magnetic configurations of a skyrmionic vortex structure confined in a B20-type FeGe tetrahedral nanoparticle. An isolated skyrmionic vortex forms at the ground state and this texture shows excellent robustness against temperature without applying a magnetic field. Our findings shed light on zero-dimensional geometrical confinement as a route to engineer and manipulate individual skyrmionic metastructures.

Selective Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of Cubic FeGe Nanowires That Support Stabilized Magnetic Skyrmions.

Magnetic skyrmions are topologically stable vortex-like spin structures that are promising for next generation information storage applications. Materials that host magnetic skyrmions, such as MnSi and FeGe with the noncentrosymmetric cubic B20 crystal structure, have been shown to stabilize skyrmions upon nanostructuring. Here, we report a chemical vapor deposition method to selectively grow nanowires (NWs) of cubic FeGe out of three possible FeGe polymorphs for the first time using finely ground particles of cubic FeGe as seeds. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirm that these micron-length NWs with ∼100 nm to 1 µm diameters have the cubic B20 crystal structure. Although Fe13Ge8 NWs are also formed, the two types of NWs can be readily differentiated by their faceting. Lorentz TEM imaging of the cubic FeGe NWs reveals a skyrmion lattice phase under small applied magnetic fields (∼0.1 T) at 233 K, a skyrmion chain state at lower temperatures (95 K) and under high magnetic fields (∼0.4 T), and a larger skyrmion stability window than bulk FeGe. This synthetic approach to cubic FeGe NWs that support stabilized skyrmions opens a route toward the exploration of new skyrmion physics and devices based on similar nanostructures.

Single-Crystal Thin Films of Cesium Lead Bromide Perovskite Epitaxially Grown on Metal Oxide Perovskite (SrTiO3).

High-quality metal halide perovskite single crystals have low defect densities and excellent photophysical properties, yet thin films are the most sought after material geometry for optoelectronic devices. Perovskite single-crystal thin films (SCTFs) would be highly desirable for high-performance devices, but their growth remains challenging, particularly for inorganic metal halide perovskites. Herein, we report the facile vapor-phase epitaxial growth of cesium lead bromide perovskite (CsPbBr3) continuous SCTFs with controllable micrometer thickness, as well as nanoplate arrays, on traditional oxide perovskite SrTiO3(100) substrates. Heteroepitaxial single-crystal growth is enabled by the serendipitous incommensurate lattice match between these two perovskites, and overcoming the limitation of island-forming Volmer-Weber crystal growth is critical for growing large-area continuous thin films. Time-resolved photoluminescence, transient reflection spectroscopy, and electrical transport measurements show that the CsPbBr3 epitaxial thin film has a slow charge carrier recombination rate, low surface recombination velocity (104 cm s-1), and low defect density of 1012 cm-3, which are comparable to those of CsPbBr3 single crystals. This work suggests a general approach using oxide perovskites as substrates for heteroepitaxial growth of halide perovskites. The high-quality halide perovskite SCTFs epitaxially integrated with multifunctional oxide perovskites could open up opportunities for a variety of high-performance optoelectronics devices.

Low-Temperature Molten-Salt Production of Silicon Nanowires by the Electrochemical Reduction of CaSiO3.

Silicon is an extremely important technological material, but its current industrial production by the carbothermic reduction of SiO2 is energy intensive and generates CO2 emissions. Herein, we developed a more sustainable method to produce silicon nanowires (Si NWs) in bulk quantities through the direct electrochemical reduction of CaSiO3 , an abundant and inexpensive Si source soluble in molten salts, at a low temperature of 650 °C by using low-melting-point ternary molten salts CaCl2 -MgCl2 -NaCl, which still retains high CaSiO3 solubility, and a supporting electrolyte of CaO, which facilitates the transport of O2- anions, drastically improves the reaction kinetics, and enables the electrolysis at low temperatures. The Si nanowire product can be used as high-capacity Li-ion battery anode materials with excellent cycling performance. This environmentally friendly strategy for the practical production of Si at lower temperatures can be applied to other molten salt systems and is also promising for waste glass and coal ash recycling.

Lorentz electron ptychography for imaging magnetic textures beyond the diffraction limit.

Nanoscale spin textures, especially magnetic skyrmions, have attracted intense interest as candidate high-density and power-efficient information carriers for spintronic devices1,2. Facilitating a deeper understanding of sub-hundred-nanometre to atomic-scale spin textures requires more advanced magnetic imaging techniques3-5. Here we demonstrate a Lorentz electron ptychography method that can enable high-resolution, high-sensitivity magnetic field imaging for widely available electron microscopes. The resolution of Lorentz electron ptychography is not limited by the usual diffraction limit of lens optics, but instead is determined by the maximum scattering angle at which a statistically meaningful dose can still be recorded-this can be an improvement of up to 2-6 times depending on the allowable dose. Using FeGe as the model system, we realize a more accurate magnetic field measurement of skyrmions with an improved spatial resolution and sensitivity by also correcting the probe-damping effect from the imaging optics via Lorentz electron ptychography. This allows us to directly resolve subtle internal structures of magnetic skyrmions near the skyrmion cores, boundaries and dislocations in an FeGe single crystal. Our study establishes a quantitative, high-resolution magnetic microscopy technique that can reveal nanoscale spin textures, especially magnetization discontinuities and topological defects in nanomagnets6. The technique's high-dose efficiency should also make it well suited for the exploration of magnetic textures in electron radiation-sensitive materials such as organic or molecular magnets7.

Electron Holography and Magnetotransport Measurements Reveal Stabilized Magnetic Skyrmions in Fe1-xCoxSi Nanowires.

Magnetic skyrmions are topological spin textures that have shown promise for future nonvolatile memory devices. Herein, we report on the stability of magnetic skyrmions in alloyed cubic B20 Fe1-xCoxSi nanowires (NWs) determined using off-axis electron holography and magnetotransport measurements. This study presents the real space observation of one-dimensional skyrmion lattice in a NW of Fe1-xCoxSi which shows that the skyrmion phase in a Fe0.75Co0.25Si NW exists at lower applied magnetic fields (200 Oe) with a reduced domain size (28 ± 2 nm) in comparison to bulk and thin film samples. Magnetotransport measurements were used to observe the helimagnetic transition temperature dependence on the cobalt concentration in the Fe1-xCoxSi NWs. Field-dependent magnetoresistance measurements of Fe1-xCoxSi NWs under applied magnetic field parallel to the NW axis and their second derivative plots reveal the critical fields for the magnetic state transition at different temperatures. A representative magnetic phase diagram constructed with the results from transport measurements of a Fe0.81Co0.19Si NW clearly shows expanded stability region for magnetic skyrmions in the Fe1-xCoxSi NWs.

Skyrmion Lattice Topological Hall Effect near Room Temperature.

Magnetic skyrmions are stable nanosized spin structures that can be displaced at low electrical current densities. Because of these properties, they have been proposed as building blocks of future electronic devices with unprecedentedly high information density and low energy consumption. The electrical detection of an ordered skyrmion lattice via the Topological Hall Effect (THE) in a bulk crystal, has so far been demonstrated only at cryogenic temperatures in the MnSi family of compounds. Here, we report the observation of a skyrmion lattice Topological Hall Effect near room temperature (276 K) in a mesoscopic lamella carved from a bulk crystal of FeGe. This region coincides with the skyrmion lattice location revealed by neutron scattering. We provide clear evidence of a re-entrant helicoid magnetic phase adjacent to the skyrmion phase, and discuss the large THE amplitude (5 nΩ.cm) in view of the ordinary Hall Effect.

Current-driven dynamics of skyrmions stabilized in MnSi nanowires revealed by topological Hall effect.

Skyrmions hold promise for next-generation magnetic storage as their nanoscale dimensions may enable high information storage density and their low threshold for current-driven motion may enable ultra-low energy consumption. Skyrmion-hosting nanowires not only serve as a natural platform for magnetic racetrack memory devices but also stabilize skyrmions. Here we use the topological Hall effect (THE) to study phase stability and current-driven dynamics of skyrmions in MnSi nanowires. THE is observed in an extended magnetic field-temperature window (15-30 K), suggesting stabilization of skyrmions in nanowires compared with the bulk. Furthermore, we show in nanowires that under the high current density of 10(8)-10(9) A m(-2), the THE decreases with increasing current densities, which demonstrates the current-driven motion of skyrmions generating the emergent electric field in the extended skyrmion phase region. These results open up the exploration of skyrmions in nanowires for fundamental physics and magnetic storage technologies.

Electrical probing of field-driven cascading quantized transitions of skyrmion cluster states in MnSi nanowires.

Magnetic skyrmions are topologically stable whirlpool-like spin textures that offer great promise as information carriers for future spintronic devices. To enable such applications, particular attention has been focused on the properties of skyrmions in highly confined geometries such as one-dimensional nanowires. Hitherto, it is still experimentally unclear what happens when the width of the nanowire is comparable to that of a single skyrmion. Here, we achieve this by measuring the magnetoresistance in ultra-narrow MnSi nanowires. We observe quantized jumps in magnetoresistance versus magnetic field curves. By tracking the size dependence of the jump number, we infer that skyrmions are assembled into cluster states with a tunable number of skyrmions, in agreement with the Monte Carlo simulations. Our results enable an electric reading of the number of skyrmions in the cluster states, thus laying a solid foundation to realize skyrmion-based memory devices.