Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Prostate Treated with Frozen-Section Supported Robot-Assisted Nerve-Sparing Radical Prostatectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) of the prostate are extremely rare. We report on a 60-year-old man who was diagnosed with prostatic SFT through transurethral resection (TUR) of the prostate, and we provide a narrative literature review to put the case into perspective. We looked into multiple databases for articles published before June 2022. CASE REPORT: A 60-year-old man without comorbidities presented with acute urinary retention and significant macrohematuria. Due to recurrent bladder tamponades and relevant blood loss despite irrigation, an emergency endoscopic transurethral evaluation was initiated. Intraoperatively, diffuse venous hemorrhage from prostatic vessels around the bladder neck was detected, as well as significant hemorrhage from a grossly enlarged and tumor-suspicious prostate middle lobe. Within the framework of extensive bipolar coagulation, parts of the suspicious middle lobe were removed via TUR. The final histopathology report showed incompletely resected SFT of the prostate. Due to the extremely rare SFT diagnosis, the case was discussed in an interdisciplinary tumor board and further diagnostic workup, including thoracoabdominal computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvis, was performed, which revealed no secondary tumors or signs of metastasis. According to the tumor board recommendation, robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) with bilateral nerve sparing was performed, supported by intraoperative frozen section. The final histopathology confirmed the SFT that had developed from the transition zone. The SFT was resected with negative frozen section result and negative surgical margins (R0). No intra- and perioperative complications occurred, and in the short-term follow-up, the patient presented in excellent general status with full continence. From 1997 to June 2022, we identified a total of 12 publications reporting on treatment for prostatic SFT (11 case reports and 2 patient series), with none performing bilateral nerve sparing, frozen section, or robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. No common survival endpoints were accessible. CONCLUSION: This case demonstrates the exceedingly rare case of SFT of the prostate, which has been described in the literature in only 23 men worldwide. Here, we were the first to demonstrate the feasibility of bilateral nerve-sparing RARP supported by frozen section. A systematic review was not possible due to the lack of common endpoints.

Prognostic factors in patients with small renal masses: a comparison between <2 vs. 2.1-4 cm renal cell carcinomas.

BACKGROUND: Few data factually support the prognostic distinction between renal cell carcinomas (RCC) < 2 vs. 2.1-4 cm, in terms of cancer-specific mortality (CSM). We investigated CSM rates over time in <2 vs. 2.1-4 cm RCC, according to patient and tumor characteristics. METHODS: Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database, we focused on patients with T1aN0M0 RCC who underwent either radical or partial nephrectomy between 2000 and 2015. Temporal trends, Kaplan-Meier plots and multivariable Cox-regression analyses assessed CSM. RESULTS: Of 43,147 T1aN0M0 patients, 12,238 (28.4%) harbored RCC < 2 cm and 30,909 (71.6%) 2.1-4 cm RCC. The distribution of histological subtypes according to 2 cm cut-off was as follows: a). clear-cell G1/G2: 64.5 vs. 61.8%; b). papillary G1/G2 15.9 vs. 11.1%; c). clear-cell G3/G4: 9.9 vs. 16.1%; d). papillary G3/G4 4.9 vs. 5.4%; and e). chromophobe 4.9 vs. 5.2%. Five-year CSM rates were invariably lower in RCC < 2 cm than in 2.1-4 cm, for all histological subtypes and grade groups (a-e), even after additional multivariable adjustment for age and residual tumor size differences. 5-year CSM rates improved in more contemporary years, in both tumor size groups (< 2 vs. 2.1-4 cm), but to a greater extent in 2.1-4 cm renal masses. CONCLUSION: Our results validate the presence of prognostically more favorable CSM outcomes in RCC < 2 cm vs. 2.1-4 cm, across all histological subtypes and grades. Moreover, temporal improvements were also recorded in both <2 and 2.1-4 cm RCC groups, with more pronounced improvements in patients with 2.1-4 cm renal masses. However, prospective randomized trials are needed to further confirm our results.

Sex- and Age-Related Differences in the Distribution of Metastases in Patients With Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The distribution of metastatic sites in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is not well-known. Consequently, the effects of sex and age on the location of metastases is also unknown. This study sought to investigate age- and sex-related differences in the distribution of metastases in patients with UTUC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Within the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database (2000-2015), we identified 1,340 patients with metastatic UTUC. Sites of metastasis were assessed according to age (≤63, 64-72, 73-79, and ≥80 years) and sex. Comparison was performed with trend and chi-square tests. RESULTS: Of 1,340 patients with metastatic UTUC, 790 (59.0%) were men (median age, 71 years) and 550 (41.0%) were women (median age, 74 years). The lung was the most common site of metastases in men and women (28.2% and 26.4%, respectively), followed by bone in men (22.3% vs 18.0% of women) and liver in women (24.4% vs 20.5% of men). Increasing age was associated with decreasing rates of brain metastasis in men (from 6.5% to 2.9%; P=.03) and women (from 5.9% to 0.7%; P=.01). Moreover, increasing age in women, but not in men, was associated with decreasing rates of lung (from 33.3% to 24.3%; P=.02), lymph node (from 28.9% to 15.8%; P=.01), and bone metastases (from 22.2% to 10.5%; P=.02). Finally, rates of metastases in multiple organs did not vary with age or sex (65.2% in men vs 66.5% in women). CONCLUSIONS: Lung, bone, and liver metastases are the most common metastatic sites in both sexes. However, the distribution of metastases varies according to sex and age. These observations apply to everyday clinical practice and may be used, for example, to advocate for universal bone imaging in patients with UTUC. Moreover, our findings may also be used for design considerations of randomized trials.

Differences between rural and urban prostate cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: We hypothesized that the residency status (rural area [RA] vs urban clusters [UC] vs urban areas [UA]) affects stage and cancer-specific mortality (CSM) in contemporary newly diagnosed prostate cancer (PCa) patients of all stages, regardless of treatment. METHODS: Newly diagnosed PCa patients with available residency status were abstracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2004-2016). Propensity-score (PS) matching, cumulative incidence plots, multivariate competing-risks regression (CRR) models were used. RESULTS: Of 531,468 PCa patients of all stages, 6653 (1.3%) resided in RA, 50,932 (9.6%) in UC and 473,883 (89.2%) in UA. No statistically significant or clinically meaningful differences in stage at presentation or CSM were recorded. Conversely, 10-year other cause-mortality (OCM) rates were 27.2% vs 23.7% vs 18.9% (p < 0.001) in RA vs UC vs UA patients, respectively. In CRR models, RA (subhazard ratio [SHR] 1.38; p < 0.001) and UC (SHR 1.18; p < 0.001) were independent predictors for higher OCM relative to UA. These differences remained statistically significant in fully PS-adjusted multivariate CRR models. CONCLUSION: RA, and to a lesser extent UC, PCa patients are at higher risk of OCM than UA patients. Higher OCM may indicate shorter life expectancy and should be considered in treatment decision making.

Sex- and age-related differences in the distribution of bladder cancer metastases.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to investigate age- and sex-related differences in the distribution of metastases in patients with metastatic bladder cancer. METHODS: Within the National Inpatient Sample database (2008-2015), we identified 7040 patients with metastatic bladder cancer. Trend test and Chi-square test analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between age and site of metastases, according to sex. RESULTS: Of 7040 patients with metastatic bladder cancer, 5226 (74.2%) were men and 1814 (25.8%) were women. Thoracic, abdominal, bone and brain metastases were present in 19.5 vs. 23.0%, 43.6 vs. 46.9%, 23.9 vs. 18.7% and 2.4 vs. 2.9% of men vs. women, respectively. Bone was the most common metastatic site in men (23.9%) vs. lung in women (22.4%). Increasing age was associated with decreasing rates of abdominal (from 44.9 to 40.2%) and brain (from 3.2 to 1.4%) metastases in men vs. decreasing rates of bone (from 21.0 to 13.3%) and brain (from 5.1 to 2.0%) metastases in women (all P < 0.05). Finally, rates of metastases in multiple organs also decreased with age, in both men and women. CONCLUSIONS: The distribution of metastases in bladder cancer varies according to sex. Moreover, differences exist according to patient age and these differences are also sex-specific. In consequence, patient age and sex should be considered in the interpretation of imaging, especially when findings are indeterminate.

The impact of sex and age on distribution of metastases in patients with renal cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Our objective was to investigate age and sex-related discrepancies on distribution of metastases in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). METHODS: Within the National Inpatient Sample database (2008-2015) we identified 9607 patients with metastatic RCC. Trend test and Chi-square test analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between age and site of metastases, according to sex. RESULTS: Of 9607 patients with metastatic RCC, 6344 (65.9%) were men and 3263 (34.1%) were women. Thoracic, abdominal, bone and brain metastases were present in 51.1 vs. 52.8%, 42.6 vs. 44.3%, 29.9 vs. 29.2% and 8.6 vs. 8.8% of men vs. women, respectively. Increasing age was associated with decreasing rates of thoracic (from 55.5 to 48.5%) and brain (from 8.6 to 5.8%) metastases in men and with decreasing rates of abdominal (from 48.3 to 39.6%), bone (from 32.6 to 24.9%) and brain (from 8.8 to 5.4%) metastases in women. (all p < 0.05). Rates of concomitant metastatic sites also decreased with increasing age, from 57.1 to 50.8% in men and from 54.1 to 50.2% in women. CONCLUSIONS: Important age and sex-related differences exist in the distribution of RCC metastases. The distribution of metastases is marginally different between sexes. Specifically, more advanced age is associated with lower rates of thoracic and brain metastases in men and with lower rates of abdominal, bone and brain metastases in women. Age and sex should be take into consideration into the staging management strategy, as well as into the follow-up strategy of patients with metastatic RCC.

Radical prostatectomy improves survival in selected metastatic prostate cancer patients: A North American population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To test whether radical prostatectomy might result in better survival than external beam radiation therapy in metastatic prostate cancer patients. METHODS: Newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer patients with M1a/b substages, treated with radical prostatectomy or external beam radiation therapy were abstracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database (2004-2016). Temporal trend analyses, propensity score matching, cumulative incidence plots, multivariate competing risks regression models and landmark analyses were used. RESULTS: Of 4280 patients, 954 (22.3%) were treated with radical prostatectomy. After propensity score matching, 5-year cancer-specific mortality was 47.0 versus 53.0% in radical prostatectomy versus external beam radiation therapy patients (P = 0.003). In propensity score matched competing risks regression models, radical prostatectomy was associated with lower cancer-specific mortality versus external beam radiation therapy (hazard ratio 0.79, 95% confidence interval 0.79-0.90; P = 0.001). Finally, landmark analyses rejected the bias favoring radical prostatectomy. Finally, in subgroup analyses, we relied on selection criteria that most closely resembled the STAMPEDE criteria and a similar hazard ratio of 0.8 (P < 0.001) was recorded. CONCLUSION: In metastatic prostate cancer, radical prostatectomy results in lower cancer-specific mortality relative to external beam radiation therapy. Even after adjustment for age at diagnosis, prostate-specific antigen and biopsy Gleason grade grouping, lower cancer-specific mortality rates are recorded in radical prostatectomy patients than in external beam radiation therapy patients. As a result, radical prostatectomy should be considered as a treatment option in selected metastatic prostate cancer patients. However, further validation will be provided by ongoing clinical trials.

The Impact of Race and Age on Distribution of Metastases in Patients with Prostate Cancer.

PURPOSE: We investigated the effect of race and age on the distribution of prostate cancer metastases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Records for patients with metastatic prostate cancer were abstracted from the National Inpatient Sample database (2008-2015). RESULTS: Of 6,963 patients with metastatic prostate cancer 3,881 (72.2%) were Caucasian and 1,494 (27.8%) were African American. Bone metastases were the most common site of metastases in Caucasian and African American patients (83.9% and 87.0%, respectively), followed by distant lymph node metastases in Caucasian (13.9% of Caucasian vs 13.2% of African American), liver metastases in African American (13.8% of African American vs 13.3% of Caucasian) and lung metastases in Caucasian and African American patients (9.3% and 13.1%, respectively). No clinically meaningful differences were recorded in age and race analyses, except for lymph node metastases (61.1% to 23.4% in Caucasian vs 39.0% to 25.1% in African American patients), which decreased with age. Specific single organ metastatic sites, outside of bone and lymph nodes, were low in both racial groups (2.1% or less). The rate of brain metastases was also rare in both racial groups at 1.4% or less, regardless of other metastatic locations. Thoracic metastases, in the absence of bone and abdominal metastases, were present in 1.9% of Caucasian and African American patients. CONCLUSIONS: The most important finding according to age and race resided in rates of lymph node metastases. Conversely, all other racial and age related differences were subtle. Nonetheless, they are important in the context of planning and/or design of clinical trials. Finally, brain (1.4%) and thoracic (1.9%) metastases affect few patients and routine brain and chest imaging may not be warranted.

Prostate Cancer Grade and Stage Misclassification in Active Surveillance Candidates: Black Versus White Patients.

BACKGROUND: Misclassification rates defined as upgrading, upstaging, and upgrading and/or upstaging have not been tested in contemporary Black patients relative to White patients who fulfilled criteria for very-low-risk, low-risk, or favorable intermediate-risk prostate cancer. This study aimed to address this void. METHODS: Within the SEER database (2010-2015), we focused on patients with very low, low, and favorable intermediate risk for prostate cancer who underwent radical prostatectomy and had available stage and grade information. Descriptive analyses, temporal trend analyses, and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used. RESULTS: Overall, 4,704 patients with very low risk (701 Black vs 4,003 White), 17,785 with low risk (2,696 Black vs 15,089 White), and 11,040 with favorable intermediate risk (1,693 Black vs 9,347 White) were identified. Rates of upgrading and/or upstaging in Black versus White patients were respectively 42.1% versus 37.7% (absolute Δ = +4.4%; P<.001) in those with very low risk, 48.6% versus 46.0% (absolute Δ = +2.6%; P<.001) in those with low risk, and 33.8% versus 35.3% (absolute Δ = -1.5%; P=.05) in those with favorable intermediate risk. CONCLUSIONS: Rates of misclassification were particularly elevated in patients with very low risk and low risk, regardless of race, and ranged from 33.8% to 48.6%. Recalibration of very-low-, low-, and, to a lesser extent, favorable intermediate-risk active surveillance criteria may be required. Finally, our data indicate that Black patients may be given the same consideration as White patients when active surveillance is an option. However, further validations should ideally follow.

Preoperative frailty predicts adverse short-term postoperative outcomes in patients treated with radical nephroureterectomy.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the effect of frailty on short-term postoperative outcomes and total hospital charges (THCs) in patients with non-metastatic upper urinary tract carcinoma, treated with radical nephroureterectomy (RNU). METHODS: Within the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database we identified 11 258 RNU patients (2000-2015). We used the Johns Hopkins frailty-indicator to stratify patients according to frailty status. Time trends and multivariable logistic, Poisson and linear regression models were applied. RESULTS: Overall, 1801 (16.0%) patients were frail, 4664 (41.4%) were older than 75 years and 1530 (13.6%) had Charlson comorbidity index ≥2. Rates of frail patients increased over time, from 7.3% to 24.9% (P < .001). Frail patients exhibited higher rates (all P < .05) of overall complications (62.6% vs 50.9%), in-hospital mortality (1.6% vs 1.0%), non-home-based discharge (22.7% vs 12.1%), longer length of stay (LOS) (6 vs 1 day) and higher THCs ($49 539 vs $39 644). Moreover, frailty independently predicted (all P < .05) overall complications (OR, 1.46), in-hospital mortality (OR, 1.52), non-home-based discharge (OR, 1.36), longer LOS (RR, 1.30) and higher THCs (RR, +$11 806). CONCLUSION: Preoperative frailty is important in RNU patients. One of four RNU patients is frail. Moreover, frailty predicts short-term postoperative complications, as well as longer LOS and higher THCs after RNU.

Improving the Stratification of Patients With Intermediate-risk Prostate Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Intermediate-risk prostate cancer (IR PCa) phenotypes may vary from favorable to unfavorable. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) criteria help distinguish between those groups. We studied and attempted to improve this stratification. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 4048 (NCCN favorable: 2015 [49.8%] vs. unfavorable 2033 [50.2%]) patients with IR PCa treated with radical prostatectomy were abstracted from an institutional database (2000-2018). Multivariable logistic regression models predicting upstaging and/or upgrading (Gleason Grade Group [GGG] IV-V and/or ≥ pT3 or pN1) in IR PCa were developed, validated, and directly compared with the NCCN IR PCa stratification. RESULTS: All 4048 patients were randomly divided between development (n = 2024; 50.0%) and validation cohorts (n = 2024; 50.0%). The development cohort was used to fit basic (age, prostate-specific antigen, clinical T stage, biopsy GGG, and percentage of positive cores [all P < .001]) and extended models (age, prostate-specific antigen, clinical T stage, biopsy GGG, prostate volume, and percentage of tumor within all biopsy cores [all P < .001]). In the validation cohort, the basic and the extended models were, respectively, 71.4% and 74.7% accurate in predicting upstaging and/or upgrading versus 66.8% for the NCCN IR PCa stratification. Both models outperformed NCCN IR PCa stratification in calibration and decision curve analyses (DCA). Use of NCCN IR PCa stratification would have misclassified 20.1% of patients with ≥ pT3 or pN1 and/or GGG IV to V versus 18.3% and 16.4% who were misclassified using the basic or the extended model, respectively. CONCLUSION: Both newly developed and validated models better discriminate upstaging and/or upgrading risk than the NCCN IR PCa stratification.

Oncological outcomes of pathologically organ-confined, lymph node-positive prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of lymph-node involvement on oncological outcomes in patients with pathologically organ-confined prostate cancer (pT2 CaP) after radical prostatectomy (RP). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 9,631 pT2 CaP patients who underwent RP at a single institution between 1998 and 2018. Kaplan-Meier plots and Cox regression models (CRMs) assessed biochemical recurrence (BCR)-free survival and metastasis-free survival (MFS) according to N-stage. In subgroup analyses of N1 patients, Kaplan-Meier plots and CRMs were stratified according to adjuvant treatment. RESULTS: Of 9,631 pT2 staged patients, 241 (2.5%) harbored lymph-node metastases after RP (pN1). The median follow-up was 60.8 months. No pT2 N1-staged patient died due to CaP. The 5-year BCR-free survival rates were 54.7 vs. 88.4% in pT2 N1 vs. pT2 N0 patients, respectively (P < 0.001). The 5-year MFS rates were 92.5 vs. 98.9% in pT2 N1 vs. pT2 N0 patients, respectively (P < 0.001). Within pT2 N1 patients, presence of ≥3 positive lymph nodes was an independent risk factor for BCR (hazard ratio [HR] 3.4, P < 0.001) and for metastatic progression (HR 1.7, P = 0.04). Finally, 3-year BCR-free survival was improved in pT2 N1 patients treated with adjuvant radiation therapy (87.1% vs. 63.7% for patients who received other treatment options [P < 0.001]). CONCLUSION: Patients with pathologically organ-confined but lymph node-positive CaP exhibited favorable oncological outcomes after RP. Presence of ≥3 positive LNs predicted higher rates of BCR and metastatic progression. In consequence, in pT2 N1 patients treated with RP with ≥3 positive LNs, adjuvant treatment may be considered.9.

External beam radiation therapy improves survival in low-volume metastatic prostate cancer patients: a North American population-based study.

BACKGROUND: We hypothesized that the survival benefit of external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) recorded in European low-volume metastatic prostate cancer (mPCA) patients, will apply to similar North American patients. METHODS: Newly diagnosed mPCa patients with M1a/b substages, treated with EBRT or no EBRT were abstracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2004-2016). Kaplan-Meier plots and Cox-regression models targeted overall mortality (OM) and cancer specific-mortality (CSM) according to EBRT administration. M1 substages and PSA stratified analyses were performed. Internal validation relied on 2000 bootstrap resamples. RESULTS: Of 15,494 patients, 1156 (7.5%) were M1a vs 14,338 (92.5%) were M1b. PSA at diagnosis ≤10.0 ng/ml was recorded in 1463 (9.4%) patients. In all 15,494 patients, EBRT did not affect OM (hazard ratio [HR] 1.0; p = 0.5). However, in M1a patients and M1b patients with PSA ≤ 10.0 ng/ml EBRT was associated with lower OM (HR 0.73, CI 0.62-0.86; p < 0.001) but not in M1b patients with PSA > 10.0 ng/ml. The PSA cut-off of ≤ 10.0 ng/ml represented the most statistically significant cut-off for OM prediction in M1b patients. Moreover, internal validation with 2000 bootstrap resamples confirmed these findings. Finally, all results were virtually the same, when CSM represented the endpoint of interest. CONCLUSIONS: We validated the OM reduction associated with EBRT in M1a and M1b patients with PSA ≤ 10.0 ng/ml but not in M1b patients with PSA > 10.0 ng/ml. In consequence, it appears that a smaller subset of North American mPCa patients benefit of EBRT than originally reported in European patients. Further North American validation studies are essential.

Clinical impact of whole-body 68Ga-PSMA I&T PET/CT: lesion frequency and added benefit in lower extremities.

AIM: Few small-scaled studies performed systematic analysis of the benefits of extending prostate specific membrane antigen positron-emission tomography/ computed tomography (68Ga-PSMA I&T PET/CT) to the lower extremities in prostate cancer (PCa) patients. We hypothesized that 68Ga-PSMA I&T PET/CT positive lesions are rare in lower extremities of prostate cancer (PCa) patients, the clinical implication is negligible and may therefore be omitted. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 1,068 PCa patients who received 68Ga-PSMA I&T PET/CT in a single institution (2016-2018). Of those, 285 (26.7%) were newly diagnosed, 529 (49.5%) had biochemical recurrence (BCR) and 254 (23.8%) were castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients. RESULTS: Of 1,068 68Ga-PSMA I&T PET/CTs, positive lesions in the lower extremities were identified in 6.9% patients (n=74). Positive lesions in the lower extremities were most common in CRPC patients (19.7%; n=50), followed by newly diagnosed (3.2%; n=9) and BCR (2.8%; n=15) PCa patients. Only 3 patients presented with exclusive lesions in the lower extremities, respectively 0.8% (n=2) in CRPC and 0.4% (n=1) in newly diagnosed PCa. Both CRPC (94.1%, n=47) and BCR (80.0%, n=12) patients with PSMA-positive lesions predominantly received systemic therapy. CONCLUSION: Identification of lower extremities lesions with PSMA PET/CT is uncommon and exclusive lesions are rare. PSMA PET/CT findings of the lower extremities did not change therapy management. Thus, scanning of the lower extremities can be omitted in standard protocols.

Partial nephrectomy in frail patients: Benefits of robot-assisted surgery.

BACKGROUND: To compare the effect of robot-assisted (RAPN) vs. open (OPN) partial nephrectomy on short-term postoperative outcomes and total hospital charges in frail patients with non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). METHODS: Within the National Inpatient Sample database we identified 2745 RCC patients treated with either RAPN or OPN between 2008 and 2015, who met the Johns Hopkins Adjusted Clinical Groups frailty-defining indicator criteria. We examined the rates of RAPN vs. OPN over time. Moreover, we compared the effect of RAPN vs. OPN on short-term postoperative outcomes and total hospital charges. Time trends and multivariable logistic, Poisson and linear regression models were applied. RESULTS: Overall, 1109 (40.4%) frail patients were treated with RAPN. Rates of RAPN increased over time, from 16.3% to 54.7% (p < 0.001). Frail RAPN patients exhibited lower rates (all p < 0.001) of overall complications (35.3 vs. 48.3%), major complications (12.4 vs. 20.4%), blood transfusions (8.0 vs. 13.5%), non-home-based discharge (9.6 vs. 15.2%), shorter length of stay (3 vs. 4 days), but higher total hospital charges ($50,060 vs. $45,699). Moreover, RAPN independently predicted (all p < 0.001) lower risk of overall complications (OR: 0.58), major complications (OR: 0.55), blood transfusions (OR: 0.60) and non-home-based discharge (OR: 0.51), as well as shorter LOS (RR: 0.77) but also higher total hospital charges (RR: +$7682), relative to OPN. CONCLUSIONS: In frail patients, RAPN is associated with lower rates of short-term postoperative complications, blood transfusions and non-home-based discharge, as well as with shorter LOS than OPN. However, RAPN use also results in higher total hospital charges.

The effect of sex on disease stage and survival after radical cystectomy: a population-based analysis.

BACKGROUND: The increased awareness regarding the sex gap in bladder cancer (BCa) care over the last decade may have resulted in more timely-wise referral patterns and treatment of female patients with BCa. Thus, we tested the association of sex with disease stage at presentation, as well as with cancer-specific mortality (CSM) after radical cystectomy (RC) in a contemporary cohort of patients with nonmetastatic urothelial bladder cancer (UCUB). METHODS: Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2004-2016), we identified 14,086 patients (10,879 men and 3,207 women) treated with RC for non-metastatic UCUB. Temporal trend, interaction analyses, logistic regression, cumulative incidence, and competing-risks regression analyses were used. RESULTS: Overall, 10,879 (77.2%) men and 3,207 (22.8%) women underwent RC between 2004 and 2016. Female gender was an independent predictor of non-organ-confined (NOC) UCUB at RC in multivariable analyses (odds ratio: 1.23; 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.10-1.38; P < 0.001). While NOC rates in men decreased over time (from 54.8% to 45.7%; P < 0.01), NOC rates in women remained stationary (from 60.6% to 57.3%; P = 0.15) and the excess NOC rate between men and women increased from + 5.8% in 2004 to +11.6% in 2016. Moreover, in multivariable analyses adjusted for other covariates, female gender was an independent predictor of higher CSM after RC in NOC UCUB (HR: 1.14; 95%CI 1.04-1.24; P < 0.01), but not in localized UCUB (P = 0.06). CONCLUSION: It is worrisome that, while in men the rate of NOC is decreasing, NOC rates in females have not improved over time. Moreover, it is also worrisome that, despite adjustment for both pathological tumor and patient characteristics, female sex remains an adverse prognostic factor for CSM. Reassessment of referral, diagnostic, and treatment patterns aimed at eliminating these sex discrepancies appears warranted.

External beam radiation therapy improves survival in elderly metastatic prostate cancer patients with low PSA.

BACKGROUND: It is unknown, whether metastatic prostate cancer (CaP) patients with intermediate life expectancy (5-10 years) should be considered for external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) to the prostate. We addressed this void. METHODS: Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2004-2016), we identified 835 M1a or M1b CaP substaged patients with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) < 20 ng/ml and with intermediate life expectancy (LE) 5 to 10 years, treated with EBRT or no EBRT. Inverse probability of treatment-weighting (IPTW), Kaplan-Meier plots and Cox-regression models (CRMs) were used. RESULTS: Overall, 179 (21.4%) patients received EBRT and 656 (78.6%) did not. EBRT rates increased from 13.9 to 23.8% (2004-2016; P= 0.04). After IPTW-adjustment, median OS was 45 vs. 35 months, in EBRT vs. no EBRT patients (P < 0.001). In IPTW-adjusted Cox-regression models, EBRT independently predicted lower overall mortality (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.7, CI 0.61-0.89; P= 0.001). After stratification according to M1 substages, EBRT was associated with lower overall mortality in M1a (HR: 0.2, CI 0.05-0.91; P= 0.03) and M1b (HR: 0.7, CI 0.55-0.88; P = 0.003) substages. CONCLUSION: EBRT was associated with lower mortality in metastatic CaP patients with low PSA and intermediate LE (5-10 years). In consequence, greater consideration for EBRT should be given in those patients. However, it is important to consider study limitations until clinical trials confirm the proposed benefit.

Comparison of Mexican-American vs Caucasian prostate cancer active surveillance candidates.

BACKGROUND: We compared upgrading and upstaging rates in low risk and favorable intermediate risk prostate cancer (CaP) patients according to racial and/or ethnic group: Mexican-Americans and Caucasians. METHODS: Within Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database (2010-2015), we identified low risk and favorable intermediate risk CaP patients according to National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines. Descriptives and logistic regression models were used. Furthermore, a subgroup analysis was performed to test the association between Mexican-American vs. Caucasian racial and/or ethnic groups and upgrading either to Gleason-Grade Group (GGG II) or to GGG III, IV or V, in low risk or favorable intermediate risk CaP patients, respectively. RESULTS: We identified 673 (2.6%) Mexican-American and 24,959 (97.4%) Caucasian CaP patients. Of those, 14,789 were low risk (434 [2.9%] Mexican-Americans vs. 14,355 [97.1%] Caucasians) and 10,834 were favorable intermediate risk (239 [2.2%] Mexican-Americans vs. 10,604 [97.8%] Caucasians). In low risk CaP patients, Mexican-American vs. Caucasian racial and/or ethnic group did not result in either upgrading or upstaging differences. However, in favorable intermediate risk CaP patients, upgrading rate was higher in Mexican-Americans than in Caucasians (31.4 vs. 25.5%, OR 1.33, P = 0.044), but no difference was recorded for upstaging. When comparisons focused on upgrading to GGG III, IV or V, higher rate was recorded in Mexican-American relative to Caucasian favorable intermediate risk CaP patients (20.4 vs. 15.4%, OR 1.41, P = 0.034). CONCLUSION: Low risk Mexican-American CaP patients do not differ from low risk Caucasian CaP patients. However, favorable intermediate risk Mexican-American CaP patients exhibit higher rates of upgrading than their Caucasian counterparts. This information should be considered at treatment decision making.

[Salvage lymph node dissection for nodal recurrent prostate cancer]. / Salvage-Lymphadenektomie des lymphogenen Prostatakarzinomrezidivs.

Recent advances in functional imaging, such as prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography (PSMA PET/CT), provide earlier detection of nodal recurrent prostate cancer. Current studies on metastasis-directed therapy in patients with node-only recurrence suggest a positive influence on the prognosis in selected patients. Nevertheless, most studies are retrospective and, due to a lack of high-level evidence, salvage lymph node dissection (SLND) is not recommended by current guidelines.The aim of this work is to provide a critical summary of the current data on SLND in patients with nodal recurrent prostate cancer with a focus on imaging procedures, extent of SLND and oncological outcome.European guidelines recommend the use of choline or PSMA PET/CT imaging if prostate cancer recurrence is suspected. PSMA PET/CT is superior to choline PET/CT in sensitivity and specificity and should be the preferred approach. Nevertheless, if SLND is performed, common practice is bilateral SLND - even if only unilateral lymph node involvement is detected by PSMA PET/CT. However, unilateral SLND can also be considered. A randomised prospective trial (ProSTone) is being initiated for clarification.PSMA radioguided surgery seems to be a new promising surgical approach. It facilitates the intraoperative detection of lymph node metastases. However, long-term data are still awaited.All in all, SLND achieves a respectable biochemical response rate in carefully selected patients. Nevertheless, prospective studies are necessary in the future in order to define the clinical usefulness more precisely.