Effect of Cabbage Wraps on the Reduction of Post-Traumatic Knee Exudates in Men.

OBJECTIVES: The study investigates measurable effects of cabbage leaf wraps on post-traumatic knee injury exudate absorption in men. DESIGN: Case-control experiment on the same group of patients (before and after treatment). SETTINGS/LOCATION: One academic center and two hospitals. SUBJECTS: The study was carried out on a group of patients with different degrees of injury severity in the acute stage of the knee injury who were divided into three groups based on the width of suprapatellar recess gap (3-5 mm in group 1, 6-10 mm in group 2, and 11 mm or more in group 3) as assessed by ultrasonography. INTERVENTIONS: Each group of patients was divided into two subgroups, one of which comprised patients whose knees were treated with wraps containing cabbage leaves with ice (cases) and the others comprised patients treated with wraps without cabbage leaves, with cooling dressing only (controls). RESULTS: Significant progression in knee fluid uptake was observed in the acute stage of the knee injuries treated with cabbage wraps compared with control groups (p < 0.05). It was shown that the time, type of wraps, and a degree of severity of post-traumatic exudative knee inflammation affect the process of knee recovery (Friedman test for repeated measures p < 0.05). The most significant results were observed within first 24 h after the injury. Further decrease in the width of the recess gap after 5 days was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Application of cabbage wraps with ice to the knee in men may promote a reduction of swelling (by accelerating absorption of knee exudates) if applied during the acute stage of the knee injury.

Efficacy of HCV treatment in Poland at the turn of the interferon era - the EpiTer study.

THE AIM OF THE STUDY: Was to analyze the efficacy achieved with regimens available for chronic hepatitis C (CHC) in Poland between 2013 and 2016. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data were collected from 29 centers and included 6786 patients with available sustained virologic response (SVR) data between 1 January 2013 and 31 March 2016. RESULTS: The sustained virologic response rate for genotypes (G) 1a, 1b, 2, 3 and 4 was 62%, 56%, 92%, 67% and 56% respectively; 71% patients (n = 4832) were treated with pegylated interferon α (Peg-IFNα) and ribavirin (RBV), with SVR rates of 58%, 49%, 92%, 67% and 55% respectively. The sustained virologic response among 5646 G1 infected patients was the lowest with natural interferon α (7%, n = 70) or PegIFN (50%, n = 3779) with RBV, and improved in those receiving triple regimens of Peg-IFN + RBV combined with boceprevir (47%, n = 485), telaprevir (64%, n = 805), simeprevir (73%, n = 132) or sofosbuvir (70%, n = 23). The sustained virologic response with interferon-free regimens of sofosbuvir and RBV (n = 7), sofosbuvir and simeprevir (n = 53), and ledipasvir and sofosbuvir (n = 64) achieved 86%, 89% and 94% respectively. The highest SVR of 98% was observed with ombitasvir/paritaprevir combined with dasabuvir (n = 227). Patients infected with G3 (n = 896) and G4 (n = 220) received mostly Peg-IFN + RBV with SVR of 67% and 56% respectively. Interferon-free regimens were administered in 18 G3/G4 patients and all achieved an SVR. Sofosbuvir combined with Peg-IFN and RBV was administered to 33 patients with an SVR rate of 94%, and a similar rate was achieved among 13 G2 patients treated with interferon and RBV. CONCLUSIONS: We observed significant differences in efficacy of HCV regimens available in Poland at the turn of the interferon era. The data will be useful as a comparison for therapeutic options expected in the next few years.

Prevalence of HCV genotypes in Poland - the EpiTer study.

THE AIM OF THE STUDY: Was to assess current prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in Poland, including their geographic distribution and changes in a given period of time. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data were collected with questionnaires from 29 Polish centers and included data of patients diagnosed with HCV infection between 1 January 2013 and 31 March 2016. RESULTS: In total, data of 9800 patients were reported. The highest prevalence was estimated for genotype 1b (81.7%), followed by 3 (11.3%), 4 (3.5%), 1a (3.2%) and 2 (0.2%). Genotype 5 or 6 was reported in 6 patients only (0.1%). The highest prevalence of genotype 1 was observed in central (lódzkie, mazowieckie, swietokrzyskie), eastern (lubelskie) and southern (malopolskie, slaskie) Poland. The highest rate for genotype 3 was observed in south-western (dolnoslaskie, lubuskie) and eastern (podlaskie, warminsko-mazurskie and podkarpackie) Poland. Compared to historical data, we observed an increasing tendency of G1 prevalence from 72.0% in 2003 to 87.5% in 2016, which was accompanied by a decrease of G3 (17.9% vs. 9.1%) and G4 (9.0% vs. 3.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Almost 85% of patients with HCV in Poland are infected with genotype 1 (almost exclusively subgenotype 1b), and its prevalence shows an increasing tendency, accompanied by a decrease of genotypes 3 and 4.