[A light stimulation device and optical control experiment method for carp robots].

In order to solve the problems that the injury, hemorrhage, infection and edema of the brain tissue caused by brain electrodes implantation for aquatic animal robots, a light stimulation device and an optical control experiment method for carp robots are proposed in this paper. According to the shape of the carp skull, the device is a structure of Chinese character "" cut by a printed circuit board which can provide three groups of A, B and C bridge platforms for the light stimulation source. The two ends of a bridge in every group are welded with a jumper board, and the light emitting diodes (LED) are inserted into the jumper boards as the light stimulation source, and all negative poles of the jumper boards are connected to the console by the wire. A LED light can be replaced by another LED light according to the need of the wavelength of the LED light, and various combinations of the light stimulation modes can be also selected. This device was mounted on the carp robot's head, the carp robot was placed in a water maze, and the optical control experiment method was observed to control the forward movement and steering movement of the carp robots ( n = 10) under the dark light condition. The results showed that the success rates of the three groups of red light control experiments were 53%-87%, and the success rates of the three groups of blue light control experiments were 50%-80%. This study shows that the apparatus and the method are feasible.

Early diagnosis and treatment of trauma in knee joints accompanied with popliteal vascular injury.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to investigate the early diagnosis and treatment of trauma in the knee joints accompanied with popliteal vascular injury. METHODS: Fifteen cases of patients with trauma in knee joints accompanied with popliteal vascular injury. These patients included 8 males and 6 females between the ages of 27 and 62, the average age being 39.2. Data of clinical symptoms and signs; blood oxygen saturation, color Doppler examination; vascular intervention by DSA angiography; and surgical operations were analyzed to clearly identify their role in early diagnosis and treatment. RESULTS: In the patient group for this study there were: 1 death case; 4 stage I amputation cases; 4 stage II amputation cases due to failure to salvage limbs; and 6 cases with patients who had successful limb salvage. The six cases of limb survival patients were followed up for 12 to 60 months, with an average follow up time of 28.3 months. The excellent rate of joint function of these patients with successful limb salvage was 83.3%. CONCLUSIONS: For patients with injured limbs, unclear dorsalis pedis artery palpation, decreased skin temperature, and decreased oxygen saturation of the toes, clinical manifestations combined with proper auxiliary inspection (such as color Doppler and blood vessel angiography of interventional DSA) enabled early diagnose of peripheral trauma in the knee joint accompanied with popliteal vascular injury.

[Early diagnosis and treatment for trauma around the knee with popliteal vascular injury].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the early diagnosis and treatment for trauma around the knee with popliteal vascular injury. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was employed to analyze the clinical data from 15 patients (9 males and 6 females were with a mean age of 39.2 years old,ranging from 26 to 62 years old) with fracture or dislocation around the knee with popliteal vascular injury from January 2007 to January 2013. Combined with clinical symptoms and signs, oxygen saturation monitors, color ultrasound, DSA angiography and interventional surgery were used to determine the vascular injury. The knee fracture and dislocation were fixed with hybrid external fixation and plate-screw fixation, respectively. Then, the blood circulation was reconstructed by thrombectomy, repair and autologous vein graft for individual injured vascular. The average total operation time, average hospitalization days, predictive salvage index (PSI), average blood transfusion amount, average medical expenses and infection cases were recorded to determine the effect of early diagnosis and treatment. RESULTS: There was one patient with death, 8 patients with amputation, and 6 patients with successful repair surgery for popliteal artery, anterior tibial and posterior tibial arteries. These six patients with surviving limbs were followed up for an average of 28.3 months (ranged, 12 to 60 months). Among the 6 successful patients, the joint function of 4 patients was good and excellent. CONCLUSION: The trauma around the knee with popliteal vascular injury is characterized by complex and serious injury, easy misdiagnosis and loss diagnosis, poor prognosis and high risk of amputation. The early diagnosis of trauma around the knee with popliteal vascular injury should depend on the mechanism of trauma, local anatomical characteristics of injury site, clinical presentations and appropriate auxiliary examinations. The appropriate indications for limb salvage and amputation should be used to achieve more effective clinical results.

MDCT and MRI for the diagnosis of complex fractures of the tibial plateau: A case control study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical value of multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis and treatment of complex fractures of the tibial plateau. A total of 71 patients with complex fractures of the tibial plateau (estimated Schatzker classifications III, V and VI) were included in this study. The X-ray, MDCT and MRI data obtained from the patients were analyzed. MDCT was the most sensitive method in the diagnosis of tibial articular surface collapse, cruciate ligament tibial avulsion fracture, degree of fracture comminution and degree of fracture displacement (P<0.01). MRI was the most sensitive method in the diagnosis of injuries of the cruciate and collateral ligaments, menisci and cartilage peeling of the articular surfaces (P<0.01). MDCT and MRI were demonstrated to be more sensitive than X-rays for the diagnosis of insidious damage around the knee.

An efficacy analysis of surgical timing and procedures for high-energy complex tibial plateau fractures.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the most effective treatment for application to high-energy complex plateau fractures. METHODS: 125 patients with closed high-energy complex tibial plateau fractures who had been surgically treated between 2003 and 2010 were reviewed retrospectively. Five procedure methods were studied (e.g. four open reduction and internal fixations, and close reduction via a minimal incision with hybrid external fixation) in five surgical timings, with a control group. The incidence of wound complications after operative treatment in the five surgical timings and the clinical effects of the five surgical procedure options were evaluated statistically. A postoperative follow-up ranging 26-110 months (mean, 36.5 months) was performed. RESULTS: Among the various groups, the respective overall wound complication incidences were 20.0%, 41.6%, 33.3%, 2.5%, and 16.7% within 4 hours, 4 hours to 3 days, 3-5 days, 5-8 days, and more than 8 days after injury. Failed fixation was clearly observed in Group 1 (23.1%, 6/26) and Group 5 (21.7%, 5/23) (P < 0.05). Significant differences were also found among Group 2 (92.6%), Group 3 (93.3%), and Group 5 (69.6%), in terms of the good and excellent rate of joint function according to the Rasmussen score (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The optimal surgical timing is within 4 hours after trauma, for which no obvious swelling was observed in the limbs. This is followed by surgical timing within 5-8 days, after which trauma showed only subsided limb swelling. Dual plating provides the best stabilization option, as it allows early joint mobilization, cartilage regeneration, and joint remodeling, thus decreasing the risk of joint stiffness. Hybrid external fixation may provide relative stability to maintain fracture alignment without the need for massive soft tissue dissection, and also minimizes blood loss and potential soft tissue complications.

[Case-control study on operative treatment for complex tibial plateau fracture].

OBJECTIVE: To explore optimal choice of surgical treatment and operative approach for closed complex tibial plateau fractures and its influencing factors. METHODS: From January 2003 to January 2011, 95 patients with closed complex tibial plateau fractures were estimated Schatzker V and Vl, and treated with three different surgical methods. The methods included single plate through anterolateral incision (Group A, 22 cases), double plates through inside and outside incisions (Group B, 36 cases), and double plates through antero-midline incisions (Group C, 37 cases). There were 56 males and 39 females, ranged the age from 19 to 57 years (averaged, 36.3 years), 50 cases in left, 45 cases in right. According to Schatzker classification, 51 cases were type V, 44 cases were VI. The data of operation time, intraoperative blood loss, complications (infectious of wound, necrosis, bad incision, collapse fracture, loosen of internal fixation, fracture failure)and recovery of function of lower limb joint were collected. RESULTS: There were no significant difference among three groups in operation time (P > 0.05); blood loss in group A was obvious better than other groups (P < 0.05); collapse of joint surface and failure rate of internal fixation in group A was higher than other groups (P > 0.05); Merchant score after 1 year were higher in group B, C than group A. For lower limb function, 10 cases got excellent results, 5 good, 4 fair and 3 poor in group A; 21 cases got excellent results, 11 good, 3 fair and 1 poor in group B; 23 cases got excellent results, 11 good,2 fair and 1 poor in group C. CONCLUSION: The blood loss in group A was least, but fracture exposure and joint surface was not satisfactory, and stable fixation could not be achieved, the long-term result was not good. For fractures with double condyles and dislocated involved, double plates through inside and outside incisions or double plates through antero-midline incisions was suggested,which benefit good reduction of joint surface, stable fixation, and erlier exercise.