The Dual Roles of the Golgi Transport 1 (GOT1B): RNA Localization to the Cortical Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Export of Proglutelin and α-Globulin from the Cortical ER to the Golgi.

The rice glup2 lines are characterized by their abnormally high levels of endosperm 57 kDa proglutelins and of the luminal chaperone binding protein (BiP), features characteristic of a defect within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). To elucidate the underlying genetic basis, the glup2 locus was identified by map based cloning. DNA sequencing of the genomes of three glup2 alleles and wild type demonstrated that the underlying genetic basis was mutations in the Golgi transport 1 (GOT1B) coding sequence. This conclusion was further validated by restoration of normal proglutelin levels in a glup2 line complemented by a GOT1B gene. Microscopic analyses indicated the presence of proglutelin-α-globulin-containing intracisternal granules surrounded by prolamine inclusions within the ER lumen. As assessed by in situ reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of developing endosperm sections, prolamine and α-globulin RNAs were found to be mis-targeted from their usual sites on the protein body ER to the cisternal ER, the normal sites of proglutelin synthesis. Our results indicate that GLUP2/GOT1B has a dual role during rice endosperm development. It is required for localization of prolamine and α-globulin RNAs to the protein body ER and for efficient export of proglutelin and α-globulin proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus.

A guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rab5 proteins is essential for intracellular transport of the proglutelin from the Golgi apparatus to the protein storage vacuole in rice endosperm.

Rice (Oryza sativa) glutelins are synthesized on the endoplasmic reticulum as a precursor, which are then transported via the Golgi to protein storage vacuoles (PSVs), where they are proteolytically processed into acidic and basic subunits. The glutelin precursor mutant6 (glup6) accumulates abnormally large amounts of proglutelin. Map-base cloning studies showed that glup6 was a loss-of-function mutant of guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), which activates Rab GTPase, a key regulator of membrane trafficking. Immunofluorescence studies showed that the transport of proglutelins and α-globulins to PSV was disrupted in glup6 endosperm. Secreted granules of glutelin and α-globulin were readily observed in young glup6 endosperm, followed by the formation of large dilated paramural bodies (PMBs) containing both proteins as the endosperm matures. The PMBs also contained membrane biomarkers for the Golgi and prevacuolar compartment as well as the cell wall component, ß-glucan. Direct evidence was gathered showing that GLUP6/GEF activated in vitro GLUP4/Rab5 as well as several Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) Rab5 isoforms to the GTP-bound form. Therefore, loss-of-function mutations in GEF or Rab5 disrupt the normal transport of proglutelin from the Golgi to PSVs, resulting in the initial extracellular secretion of these proteins followed, in turn, by the formation of PMBs. Overall, our results indicate that GLUP6/GEF is the activator of Rab5 GTPase and that the cycling of GTP- and GDP-bound forms of this regulatory protein is essential for the intracellular transport of proglutelin and α-globulin from the Golgi to PSVs and in the maintenance of the general structural organization of the endomembrane system in rice seeds.

RNA targeting to a specific ER sub-domain is required for efficient transport and packaging of α-globulins to the protein storage vacuole in developing rice endosperm.

Studies focusing on the targeting of RNAs that encode rice storage proteins, prolamines and glutelins to specific sub-domains of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), as well as mis-localization studies of other storage protein RNAs, indicate a close relationship between the ER site of RNA translation and the final site of protein deposition in the endomembrane system in developing rice endosperm. In addition to prolamine and glutelin, rice accumulates smaller amounts of α-globulins, which are deposited together with glutelin in the protein storage vacuole (PSV). In situ RT-PCR analysis revealed that α-globulin RNAs are not distributed to the cisternal ER as expected for a PSV-localized protein, but instead are targeted to the protein body-ER (PB-ER) by a regulated process requiring cis-sorting sequences. Sequence alignments with putative maize δ-zein cis-localization elements identified several candidate regulatory sequences that may be responsible for PB-ER targeting. Immunocytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of α-globulin on the periphery of the prolamine protein bodies and packaging in Golgi-associated dense vesicles, as well as deposition and storage within peripheral regions of the PSV. Mis-targeting of α-globulin RNAs to the cisternal ER dramatically alters the spatial arrangement of α-globulin and glutelin within the PSV, with the accompanying presence of numerous small α-globulin particles in the cytoplasm. These results indicate that α-globulin RNA targeting to the PB-ER sub-domain is essential for efficient transport of α-globulins to the PSV and its spatial arrangement in the PSV. Such RNA localization prevents potential deleterious protein-protein interactions, in addition to performing a role in protein targeting.

The small GTPase Rab5a is essential for intracellular transport of proglutelin from the Golgi apparatus to the protein storage vacuole and endosomal membrane organization in developing rice endosperm.

Rice (Oryza sativa) glutelins are synthesized on the endoplasmic reticulum as larger precursors, which are then transported via the Golgi to the protein storage vacuole (PSV), where they are processed into acidic and basic subunits. Three independent glutelin precursor mutant4 (glup4) rice lines, which accumulated elevated levels of proglutelin over the wild type, were identified as loss-of-function mutants of Rab5a, the small GTPase involved in vesicular membrane transport. In addition to the plasma membrane, Rab5a colocalizes with glutelins on the Golgi apparatus, Golgi-derived dense vesicles, and the PSV, suggesting that Rab5a participates in the transport of the proglutelin from the Golgi to the PSV. This spatial distribution pattern was dramatically altered in the glup4 mutants. Numerous smaller protein bodies containing glutelin and α-globulin were evident, and the proteins were secreted extracellularly. Moreover, all three independent glup4 allelic lines displayed the novel appearance of a large dilated, structurally complex paramural body containing proglutelins, α-globulins, membrane biomarkers for the Golgi apparatus, prevacuolar compartment, PSV, and the endoplasmic reticulum luminal chaperones BiP and protein disulfide isomerase as well as ß-glucan. These results indicate that the formation of the paramural bodies in glup4 endosperm was due to a significant disruption of endocytosis and membrane vesicular transport by Rab5a loss of function. Overall, Rab5a is required not only for the intracellular transport of proglutelins from the Golgi to the PSV in rice endosperm but also in the maintenance of the general structural organization of the endomembrane system in developing rice seeds.

Identification of cis-localization elements of the maize 10-kDa delta-zein and their use in targeting RNAs to specific cortical endoplasmic reticulum subdomains.

The RNAs for the storage proteins of rice (Oryza sativa), prolamines and glutelins, which are stored as inclusions in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and storage vacuoles, respectively, are targeted by specific cis-localization elements to distinct subdomains of the cortical ER. Glutelin RNA has one or more cis-localization elements (zip codes) at the 3' end of the RNA, whereas prolamine has two cis-elements; one located in the 5' end of the coding sequence and a second residing in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR). We had earlier demonstrated that the RNAs for the maize zeins ('prolamine' class) are localized to the spherical protein body ER (PB-ER) in developing maize endosperm. As the PB-ER localization of the 10-kDa delta-zein RNA is maintained in developing rice seeds, we determined the number and proximate location of their cis-localization elements by expressing GFP fusions containing various zein RNA sequences in transgenic rice and analyzing their spatial distribution on the cortical ER by in situ RT-PCR and confocal microscopy. Four putative cis-localization elements were identified; three in the coding sequences and one in the 3'-UTR. Two of these zip codes are required for restricted localization to the PB-ER. Using RNA targeting determinants we show, by mis-targeting the storage protein RNAs from their normal destination on the cortical ER, that the coded proteins are redirected from their normal site of deposition. Targeting of RNA to distinct cortical ER subdomains may be the underlying basis for the variable use of the ER lumen or storage vacuole as the final storage deposition site of storage proteins among flowering plant species.

Protein disulfide isomerase like 1-1 participates in the maturation of proglutelin within the endoplasmic reticulum in rice endosperm.

The rice esp2 mutation was previously characterized by the abnormal accumulation of elevated levels of proglutelin and the absence of an endosperm-specific protein disulfide isomerase like (PDIL1-1). Here we show that Esp2 is the structural gene for PDIL1-1 and that this lumenal chaperone is asymmetrically distributed within the cortical endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and largely restricted to the cisternal ER. Temporal studies indicate that PDIL1-1 is essential for the maturation of proglutelin only when its rate of synthesis significantly exceeds its export from the ER, a condition resulting in its build up in the ER lumen and the induction of ER quality control processes which lower glutelin levels as well as those of the other storage proteins. As proglutelin is initially synthesized on the cisternal ER, its deposition within prolamine protein bodies in esp2 suggests that PDIL1-1 helps retain proglutelin in the cisternal ER lumen until it attains competence for ER export and, thereby, indirectly preventing heterotypic interactions with prolamine polypeptides.

Identification of cis-localization elements that target glutelin RNAs to a specific subdomain of the cortical endoplasmic reticulum in rice endosperm cells.

Rice glutelin RNAs are localized to the cisternal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by a regulated RNA transport process requiring specific cis-localization elements. We set out to identify these glutelin sequences by their dominant character of being able to re-direct the normal protein body ER localization of a maize 10 kDa delta-zein RNA to the cisternal ER. In situ RNA localization analysis showed that the glutelin RNA contains multiple cis-localization elements; two located at the 5' and 3' ends of the coding sequences and a third located within the 3'-untranslated region. These three regions contain two conserved sequences, suggesting that these RNA recognition signals may be sequence based.

Asymmetric localization of seed storage protein RNAs to distinct subdomains of the endoplasmic reticulum in developing maize endosperm cells.

Plant storage proteins are synthesized and stored in different compartments of the plant endomembrane system. Developing maize seeds synthesize and accumulate prolamin (zein) and 11S globulin (legumin-1) type proteins, which are sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen and storage vacuoles, respectively. Immunofluorescence studies showed that the lumenal chaperone BiP was not randomly distributed within the ER in developing maize endosperm but concentrated within the zein-containing protein bodies. Analysis of the spatial distribution of RNAs in maize endosperm sections by in situ RT-PCR showed that, contrary to the conclusions made in an earlier study [Kim et al. (2002) Plant Cell 14: 655-672], the zein and legumin-1 RNAs are not symmetrically distributed on the ER but, instead, targeted to specific ER subdomains. RNAs coding for 22 kDa alpha-zein, 15 kDa beta-zein, 27 kDa gamma-zein and 10 kDa delta-zein were localized to ER-bounded zein protein bodies, whereas 51 kDa legumin-1 RNAs were distributed on adjacent cisternal ER proximal to the zein protein bodies. These results indicate that the maize storage protein RNAs are targeted to specific ER subdomains in developing maize endosperm and that RNA localization may be a prevalent mechanism to sort proteins within plant cells.