Protein disulfide isomerase family member 4 promotes triple-negative breast cancer tumorigenesis and radiotherapy resistance through JNK pathway.

BACKGROUND: Despite radiotherapy ability to significantly improve treatment outcomes and survival in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients, acquired resistance to radiotherapy poses a serious clinical challenge. Protein disulfide isomerase exists in endoplasmic reticulum and plays an important role in promoting protein folding and post-translational modification. However, little is known about the role of protein disulfide isomerase family member 4 (PDIA4) in TNBC, especially in the context of radiotherapy resistance. METHODS: We detected the presence of PDIA4 in TNBC tissues and paracancerous tissues, then examined the proliferation and apoptosis of TNBC cells with/without radiotherapy. As part of the validation process, xenograft tumor mouse model was used. Mass spectrometry and western blot analysis were used to identify PDIA4-mediated molecular signaling pathway. RESULTS: Based on paired clinical specimens of TNBC patients, we found that PDIA4 expression was significantly higher in tumor tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues. In vitro, PDIA4 knockdown not only increased apoptosis of tumor cells with/without radiotherapy, but also decreased the ability of proliferation. In contrast, overexpression of PDIA4 induced the opposite effects on apoptosis and proliferation. According to Co-IP/MS results, PDIA4 prevented Tax1 binding protein 1 (TAX1BP1) degradation by binding to TAX1BP1, which inhibited c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. Moreover, PDIA4 knockdown suppressed tumor growth xenograft model in vivo, which was accompanied by an increase in apoptosis and promoted tumor growth inhibition after radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that PDIA4 is an oncoprotein that promotes TNBC progression, and targeted therapy may represent a new and effective anti-tumor strategy, especially for patients with radiotherapy resistance.

First Report of Green Mould on Leaf of Phaseolus vulgaris Caused by Cladosporium tenuissimum in Liaoning, China.

Phaseolus vulgaris Linn. is a widely cultivated vegetable throughout the world. From spring 2019 to 2022, green mould symptoms were observed on leaves of P. vulgaris in the greenhouse in Liaoning, China, with disease incidence of 8-75% (plants) and 6-23% (leaves). Symptoms appeared as chlorotic lesions covered with dark green mould. The infections started at the apex or margin of the leaves and then spread inward with a characteristic "V" shape. Lesions exhibited curly morphology. 15 leaf samples with typical symptoms were collected from 5 different greenhouses. A total of 75 (5 replicates of each sample) leaf tissues (0.5 cm × 0.5 cm) were selected from the boundary between diseased and healthy parts. These samples were surface sterilized in 0.5% NaClO formin, rinsed 3 times in sterile distilled water and subsequently incubated at 28℃ on potato dextrose agar (PDA) supplemented with streptomycin (50 µg/ml). Numerous morphologically uniform colonies had been purified, with no other fungi observed. Afterwards, the strains were subcultured on malt extract agar (MEA). Colonies on MEA reached 70 to 80 mm diam after 14 days, smoke-grey to pale olivaceous-grey, woolly, sometimes radially wrinkled. The mycelia were pale olivaceous-grey, with hyphae measuring 1-5 µm wide (n = 20). The conidiophores were solitary or in groups of 2 to 5, and measured 50-280(-350) × 2.5-4 µm (n = 20), with 2-7 septa. The conidiogenous cells exhibited a cylindrical-oblong morphology and measured 10-44 × 5 µm (n = 20), with 0-2 septa, and the loci frequently thickened. The conidia were catenate in densely branched chains, ellipsoid to obovoid, smooth, and measured 2.5-5 × 2-3 µm (n = 50), with 0-4 septa. The morphological characteristics were similar to Cladosporium tenuissimum (Zhang 2003). The representative isolate KZ-19 was selected for molecular identification. The rDNA-ITS, translation elongation factor 1-α and actin genes were amplified, sequenced, and the resulting sequence data were submitted to GenBank (ITS: OQ931048; EF-1α: OQ954495; ACT: OQ954496). The BLAST results exhibited a 99 to 100% similarity with the sequences of C. tenuissimum type strain CBS 125995(ITS: HM148197; EF-1α: HM148442; ACT: HM148687). Furthermore, a multi-locus phylogenetic tree was constructed using the PhyloSuite (v 1. 2. 2) software, which revealed that the strains were most closely related to C. tenuissimum (Zhang et al. 2020). Based on both morphological and molecular characteristics, KZ-19 was finally identified as C. tenuissimum (Bensch 2012). Pathogenicity testing was performed on healthy 1-month-old P. vulgaris plants by inoculating the spore suspension (1×106 conidia/ml) of KZ-19 onto leaf surfaces, while control plants were simulated inoculated with sterile water, and five pots were used for each treatment. The test was performed under field conditions of 16-28°C (temperature) and 24-56% (relative humidity). Chlorotic lesions became evident within 2 days of inoculation, followed by the appearance of green mold on leaves after 7 days. No symptoms were observed in the control group. To fulfill Koch's postulates, the pathogen was re-isolated from three inoculated leaves. The morphological identification of re-isolated pathogens was similar to that of originally isolated pathogens. No infection was observed in non-inoculated control. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of C. tenuissimum causing green mould on P. vulgaris. As a ubiquitous saprobic hyphomycete, C. tenuissimum has been implicated in leaf mold in Punica granatum and Trifolium repens, larch bud blight, and strawberry blossom blight in previous years (He et al. 1987; Zhang et al. 2003; Zheng et al. 2010; Nam et al. 2015), presenting a potential threat to numerous crops. Therefore, an investigation of its distribution and pathogenic potential is essential in addition to the development of effective disease management strategies.

8-Phenylquinoline-Based Tetradentate 6/6/6 Platinum(II) Complexes for Near-Infrared Emitters.

A series of novel tetradentate 6/6/6 Pt(II) complexes containing an 8-phenylquinoline-benzo[d]imidazole-carbazole ligand was designed; the Pt(II) complexes could be synthesized by metalizing the corresponding ligand with K2PtCl4 in high isolated yields of 60-90%. Experimental and theoretical studies suggested that the ligand modification of the quinoline moieties of the Pt(II) complexes could tune their electrochemical, photophysical, and excited-state properties. Notably, all the Pt(II) complexes exhibited highly electrochemical stabilities with reversible redox processes except the quasi-reversible reduction of PtYL3. The large π-conjugation of the ligand together with increased metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (3MLCT) characters in T1 states enabled the Pt(II) complexes to show broad Gaussian-type NIR emission spectra with high photoluminescence quantum efficiencies of 1.2-1.5% and short τ of 0.8-1.5 µs in dichloromethane at room temperature. This work should provide a valuable reference for the design and development of monomer NIR emitters.

MEX3A promotes development and progression of breast cancer through regulation of PIK3CA.

Breast cancer has been identified as the most common malignant tumors among women and the morbidity of breast cancer is still increasing rapidly. MEX3A possesses important functions in the regulation of mRNAs and may be involved in a variety of human diseases including cancer, whose relationship with breast cancer is still not clear. In this study, MEX3A was identified as a potential promotor in breast cancer, whose expression was strongly higher in breast cancer tissues than normal tissues. The in vitro experiments showed that MEX3A is capable of promoting the development of breast cancer through stimulating cell proliferation, inhibiting cell apoptosis, arresting cell cycle and promoting cell migration. The functions of MEX3A were also verified in vivo. Furthermore, a combination of genechip analysis and Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) identified PIK3CA as a potential downstream target of MEX3A, knockdown of which executes similar inhibitory effects on breast cancer and could alleviate MEX3A-induced progression of breast cancer. In conclusion, our study unveiled, as the first time, MEX3A as a tumor promotor for breast cancer, whose function was carried out probably through the regulation of PIK3CA.

Effects of Different Continuous Cropping Years on Bacterial Community and Diversity of Cucumber Rhizosphere Soil in Solar-Greenhouse.

The rhizosphere soils from 1, 3, 5, and 7 years of cucumber continuous cropping in solar-greenhouse were used as the research objects. The region of bacterial 16S rRNA was analyzed by Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology. The effect of continuous cropping years on the microbial community structure and diversity in cucumber soil in the greenhouse was investigated. The physical and chemical properties of soil and the activities of urease and catalase were determined. The results showed that cucumber crop succession for different years affected the community composition of the bacteria at the phylum level, and the abundance of Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes, Patescibacteria and Firmicutes gradually increased, while Actinobacteria in the soil significantly decreased. Among the top 15 significantly different genera, with the extension of successive years, the relative abundance of most genera in bacteria decreased after a small increase in year 3. The diversity results indicated that soil samples from continuous cropping for 7 years had the lowest community diversity. PICRUSt analysis showed a decreasing trend in soil bacterial function as the cucumber crop succession age increased. In environmental factor clustering analysis, the soil bacterial community was significantly correlated with pH, available nitrogen (AN), soil urease (SUR) and available phosphorus (AP), and the effect on the bacterial community was expressed as SUR > AP > AN > pH.

Ecological experiential learning and tourists' pro-environmental behavior intentions: The mediating roles of awe and nature connection.

Due to the important role of tourists' behavior plays in marine protected areas (MPAs) and the increasing popularity of ecological experiential learning (EEL) journeys, this study aims to investigate whether and how EEL impact tourists' pro-environmental behavior (PEB) intentions through both emotional and cognitive pathways. To achieve this, four nature education trips with EEL content were organized, and PEB intentions of 228 tourists to MPAs were analyzed using surveys. The findings revealed that the low-effort PEB intentions of individuals under 24 years old were significantly lower compared to those of older tourists. Furthermore, EEL was positively associated with both low and high effort PEB intentions. The sense of awe acted as a mediator between EEL and low-effort PEB intentions, whereas nature connection was found to mediate the relationship between EEL and both low and high-effort PEB intentions. This study contributes to the growing body of research on the drivers of tourists PEB and provides a theoretical framework for promoting PEB intentions in MPAs.''''.

Optimizing the Buried Interface in Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells to Achieve Over 24% Efficiency and Long-Term Stability.

The buried interface of the perovskite layer has a profound influence on its film morphology, defect formation, and aging resistance from the outset, therefore, significantly affects the film quality and device performance of derived perovskite solar cells. Especially for FAPbI3 , although it has excellent optoelectronic properties, the spontaneous transition from the black perovskite phase to nonperovskite phase tends to start from the buried interface at the early stage of film formation then further propagate to degrade the whole perovskite. In this work, by introducing ─NH3 + rich proline hydrochloride (PF) with a conjugated rigid structure as a versatile medium for buried interface, it not only provides a solid α-phase FAPbI3 template, but also prevents the phase transition induced degradation. PF also acts as an effective interfacial stress reliever to enhance both efficiency and stability of flexible solar cells. Consequently, a champion efficiency of 24.61% (certified 23.51%) can be achieved, which is the highest efficiency among all reported values for flexible perovskite solar cells. Besides, devices demonstrate excellent shelf-life/light soaking stability (advanced level of ISOS stability protocols) and mechanical stability.

INSM1 promotes breast carcinogenesis by regulating C-MYC.

Insulinoma-associated protein-1 (INSM1), which is highly expressed in various neuroendocrine tumors, functions as a zinc finger transcription factor capable of regulating the biological behavior of tumor cells. However, its specific role in breast cancer remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the role and mechanism of INSM1 in breast cancer. A total of 158 cohorts were recruited to examine the expression of INSM1 in breast cancer tissues and their corresponding adjacent normal tissues using immunohistochemistry. Follow-up data, along with clinical and pathological information, were collected to analyze the correlation between INSM1 expression and survival outcomes in breast cancer patients. Additionally, we investigated the impact of INSM1 on breast cancer cell proliferation, migration, and aggregation. To further explore the regulatory effect of INSM1 knockdown on breast cancer tumor growth, we utilized a xenograft mouse model. The results revealed that INSM1 was significantly overexpressed in breast cancer patients and correlated with prognosis. Knockdown of INSM1 notably impaired the malignant biological effects of breast cancer cells and inhibited the growth of xenograft tumors in nude mice. Importantly, our data also suggests an interaction between INSM1 and S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2), which in turn regulates C-MYC, thereby affecting the p-ERK pathway. Our study provides the first evidence demonstrating the contribution of INSM1 to tumor formation and growth in breast cancer. Furthermore, we found that INSM1 positively regulates C-MYC and the p-ERK pathway by interacting with SKP2 during breast cancer development. Collectively, these findings highlight INSM1 as a promising target for breast cancer treatment.

Study on the Relationship Between Differentially Expressed Proteins in Breast Cancer and Lymph Node Metastasis.

INTRODUCTION: Lymph node metastasis is a cause of poor prognosis in breast cancer. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics aims to map the protein landscapes of biological samples and profile tumors more comprehensively. Here, proteomics was employed to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) that were associated with lymph node metastasis. METHODS: Tandem mass tag (TMT) quantitative proteomic approaches were applied for extensive profiling of conditioned medium of MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cell lines and serums of patients who did or did not have lymph node metastasis, and DEPs were analyzed by bioinformatics. Furthermore, potential secreted or membrane proteins MUC5AC, ITGB4, CTGF, EphA2, S100A4, PRDX2, and PRDX6 were selected for verification in 114 tissue microarray samples of breast cancer using the immunohistochemical method. The relevant data was analyzed and processed by independent sample t test, chi-square test, or Fisher's exact test using SPSS 22.0 software. RESULTS: In the conditioned medium of MDA-MB-231 cell lines, 154 proteins were upregulated, while 136 were downregulated compared to those of MCF7. In the serum of patients with breast cancer and lymph node metastasis, 17 proteins were upregulated, and 5 proteins were downregulated compared to those without lymph node metastasis. Furthermore, according to tissue verification, CTGF, EphA2, S100A4, and PRDX2 were associated with breast cancer lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSION: Our study provides a new perspective for the understanding of the role of DEPs (especially CTGF, EphA2, S100A4, and PRDX2) in the development and metastasis of breast cancer. They could become potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Encapsulation of EGCG by Zein-Gum Arabic Complex Nanoparticles and In Vitro Simulated Digestion of Complex Nanoparticles.

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has many excellent qualities such as its antitumor, antiradiation and anti-oxidation properties, but its application is limited because its oral bioavailability is low and stability is poor. In this paper, zein and gum arabic (GA) were used as wall materials to prepare Zein-GA complex nanoparticles for encapsulating and protecting the EGCG. The particle size of Zein-GA-EGCG complex nanoparticles ranged from 128.03-221.23 nm, and the EGCG encapsulation efficiency reached a maximum of 75.23% when the mass ratio of zein to GA was 1:1. The FTIR and XRD results illustrated that the components of the Zein-GA-EGCG complex nanoparticles interacted by electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions. The EGCG release rate of Zein-GA-EGCG nanoparticles (16.42%) was lower than that of Zein-EGCG (25.52%) during gastric digestion, and a large amount of EGCG was released during intestinal digestion, suggesting that the Zein-GA-EGCG nanoparticles could achieve the sustained release of EGCG during in vitro digestion. Hence, using Zein-GA complexes to encapsulate EGCG effectively increased the encapsulation efficiency of EGCG and realized the purpose of sustained release during simulated gastrointestinal digestion.

MEG3 LncRNA from Exosomes Released from Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Enhances Cisplatin Chemoresistance in SCLC via a MiR-15a-5p/CCNE1 Axis.

PURPOSE: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) may act as oncogenes in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Exosomes containing lncRNAs released from cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) accelerate tumorigenesis and confer chemoresistance. This study aimed to explore the action mechanism of the CAF-derived lncRNA maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) on cisplatin (DDP) chemoresistance and cell processes in SCLC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Quantitative real-time PCR was conducted to determine the expression levels of MEG3, miR-15a-5p, and CCNE1. Cell viability and metastasis were measured by 3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2-h-tetrazolium bromide and invasion assays, respectively. A xenograft tumor model was developed to confirm the effect of MEG3 overexpression on SCLC progression in vivo. Relationships between miR-15a-5p and MEG3/CCNE1 were predicted using StarBase software and validated by dual luciferase reporter assay. Western blotting was used to determine protein levels. A co-culture model was established to explore the effects of exosomes on MEG3 expression in SCLC cell lines. RESULTS: MEG3 was overexpressed in SCLC tissues and cells. MEG3 silencing significantly repressed cell viability and metastasis in SCLC. High expression of MEG3 was observed in CAF-derived conditioned medium (CM) and exosomes, and promoted chemoresistance and cancer progression. Additionally, MEG3 was found to serve as a sponge of miR-15a-5p to mediate CCNE1 expression. Overexpression of miR-15a-5p and knockout of CCNE1 reversed the effects of MEG3 overexpression on cell viability and metastasis. CONCLUSION: MEG3 lncRNA released from CAF-derived exosomes promotes DDP chemoresistance via regulation of a miR-15a-5p/CCNE1 axis. These findings may provide insight into SCLC therapy.

Accurate quantification of 3'-terminal 2'-O-methylated small RNAs by utilizing oxidative deep sequencing and stem-loop RT-qPCR.

The continuing discoveries of novel classes of RNA modifications in various organisms have raised the need for improving sensitive, convenient, and reliable methods for quantifying RNA modifications. In particular, a subset of small RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs) and Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), are modified at their 3'-terminal nucleotides via 2'-O-methylation. However, quantifying the levels of these small RNAs is difficult because 2'-O-methylation at the RNA 3'-terminus inhibits the activity of polyadenylate polymerase and T4 RNA ligase. These two enzymes are indispensable for RNA labeling or ligation in conventional miRNA quantification assays. In this study, we profiled 3'-terminal 2'-O-methyl plant miRNAs in the livers of rice-fed mice by oxidative deep sequencing and detected increasing amounts of plant miRNAs with prolonged oxidation treatment. We further compared the efficiency of stem-loop and poly(A)-tailed RT-qPCR in quantifying plant miRNAs in animal tissues and identified stem-loop RT-qPCR as the only suitable approach. Likewise, stem-loop RT-qPCR was superior to poly(A)-tailed RT-qPCR in quantifying 3'-terminal 2'-O-methyl piRNAs in human seminal plasma. In summary, this study established a standard procedure for quantifying the levels of 3'-terminal 2'-O-methyl miRNAs in plants and piRNAs. Accurate measurement of the 3'-terminal 2'-O-methylation of small RNAs has profound implications for understanding their pathophysiologic roles in biological systems.

Breast cancer cell-derived microRNA-155 suppresses tumor progression via enhancing immune cell recruitment and antitumor function.

Evidence suggests that increased microRNA-155 (miR-155) expression in immune cells enhances antitumor immune responses. However, given the reported association of miR-155 with tumorigenesis in various cancers, a debate is provoked on whether miR-155 is oncogenic or tumor suppressive. We aimed to interrogate the impact of tumor miR-155 expression, particularly that of cancer cell-derived miR-155, on antitumor immunity in breast cancer. We performed bioinformatic analysis of human breast cancer databases, murine experiments, and human specimen examination. We revealed that higher tumor miR-155 levels correlate with a favorable antitumor immune profile and better patient outcomes. Murine experiments demonstrated that miR-155 overexpression in breast cancer cells enhanced T cell influx, delayed tumor growth, and sensitized the tumors to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Mechanistically, miR-155 overexpression in breast cancer cells upregulated their CXCL9/10/11 production, which was mediated by SOCS1 inhibition and increased phosphorylated STAT1 (p-STAT1)/p-STAT3 ratios. We further found that serum miR-155 levels in breast cancer patients correlated with tumor miR-155 levels and tumor immune status. Our findings suggest that high serum and tumor miR-155 levels may be a favorable prognostic marker for breast cancer patients and that therapeutic elevation of miR-155 in breast tumors may improve the efficacy of ICB therapy via remodeling the antitumor immune landscape.

Exploring the Mystery of the Sweetness of Baijiu by Sensory Evaluation, Compositional Analysis and Multivariate Data Analysis.

Sweetness is an important Baijiu quality marker, but there is limited research on it. In this study, the main contributors to Baijiu sweetness were identified by "sensomics" combined with "flavoromics". A total of 43 volatile compounds (mostly esters) were found that appeared to contribute to Baijiu sweetness, through sensory-guided fractionation and compositional analysis. Correlation analysis between the volatile composition and perceived sweetness of 18 Baijiu samples with different sweet intensities identified 14 potential contributors. Additional testing verified that combining the 14 compounds reproduced Baijiu sweetness exactly, and omission testing identified ethyl hexanoate, hexyl hexanoate and ethyl 3-methylbutanoate as the major contributors to Baijiu sweetness. These findings not only broadened our understanding of Baijiu sweetness, but also highlighted the major contribution of volatile compounds to sweetness perception, knowledge which may facilitate future flavor modification of a wide variety of foods and beverages.

Non-linear responses of net ecosystem productivity to gradient warming in a paddy field in Northeast China.

Global warming has a known impact on ecosystems but there is a lack of understanding about its impact on ecosystem processes. Net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and its components play a key part in the global carbon cycle. Analysing the impact of global warming on NEP will improve our understanding of how warming affects ecosystems. In our study, conducted in 2018, five warming treatments were manipulated (0 W, 500 W, 1000 W, 1500 W, and 3000 W) using three repetitions of far infrared open warming over a paddy field in Northeast China. NEP and its two related components, gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER), were measured using the static chamber-infrared gas analyser method to explore the effects of different warming magnitudes on NEP. Results showed that measurement dates, warming treatments, and their interactions significantly affected NEP, ER, and GPP. Warming significantly increased NEP and its components but they showed a non-linear response to different warming magnitudes. The maximum increases in NEP and its components occurred at 1500 W warming. NEP is closely related to its components and the non-linear response of NEP may have primarily resulted from that of GPP. Gradient warming non-linearly increased GPP in the paddy field studied in Northeast China, resulting in the non-linear response of NEP. This study provides a basis for predicting the responses of carbon cycles in future climate events.

The Relationship Between White Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Overweight/Obesity in Chinese Female Breast Cancer: A Retrospective Study.

INTRODUCTION: This study aims to investigate the relationship between breast white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation and being overweight or obese, menopausal status, and metabolic syndrome-related indicators in breast cancer patients as well as the association between adipocyte size and the severity of WAT inflammation and body mass index (BMI). METHODS: The crown-like structures (CLS-B) formed by macrophages surrounding dying or dead adipocytes can be used to identify breast WAT inflammation. In this study, breast WAT and fasting blood from 136 Chinese women with breast cancer were collected for analysis. Cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68) immunohistochemical staining was performed to identify CLS-B, and the adipocyte size was measured by hematoxylin and eosin staining. RESULTS: The results showed that breast WAT inflammation usually occurs in overweight/obese breast cancer patients, and the severity of inflammation is positively correlated with adipocyte hypertrophy. We did not observe a direct association between WAT inflammation and menopausal status. In addition, the presence of WAT inflammation is associated with abnormalities in circulating factors associated with metabolic syndrome such as higher serum lipid, glucose, and C-reactive protein levels. CONCLUSION: Overweight/obese breast cancer patients may be more prone to breast WAT inflammation and may be associated with abnormalities in circulatory markers associated with metabolic syndrome.

Integrated analysis of long noncoding RNA interactions reveals the potential role in progression of human papillary thyroid cancer.

Recent scientific evidence has suggested that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important part in tumorigenesis as an important member of competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs). Hundreds of RNA sequence data and relevant clinic information are freely accessible in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets. However, the role of cancer-related lncRNAs in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is not fully understood yet. In this study, we identified 461 RNA sequencing data from TCGA. Subsequently, 45 lncRNAs, 21 miRNAs, and 78 mRNAs were chosen to construct a ceRNA network of PTC. Then, we analyzed the correlation between these 45 PTC-specific lncRNAs and clinic features and patient outcome. Thirty-seven of these lncRNAs were found to be closely related to age, race, gender, lymph node metastasis, TNM staging system, and patient outcome. Additionally, three of them were linked to PTC patient overall survival. Eventually, we selected eight lncRNAs randomly and performed quantificational real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in 28 newly diagnosed patients with PTC to verify the reliability of the above results. The results of qRT-PCR are totally in agreement with the bioinformatics analysis. Additionally, it was found that HAND2-AS1 was negatively related to tumor size (P < 0.05). The results were consistent with the bioinformatics analysis in TCGA. Taken together, we identified the differentially expressed lncRNAs and constructed a PTC ceRNA network. The study provides a new perspective and supplement for our understanding of lncRNAs in PTC development and reveals potential diagnostic and prognostic markers in PTC.

Effects of shade treatments on photosynthetic characteristics, chloroplast ultrastructure, and physiology of Anoectochilus roxburghii.

Anoectochilus roxburghii was grown under different shade treatments-50%, 30%, 20%, and 5% of natural irradiance-to evaluate its photosynthetic characteristics, chloroplast ultrastructure, and physiology. The highest net photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance were observed under 30% irradiance, followed in descending order by 20%, 5%, and 50% treatments. As irradiance decreased from 50% to 30%, electron transport rate and photochemical quenching increased, while non-photochemical quenching indexes declined. Reductions in irradiance significantly increased Chl a and Chl b contents and decreased Chl a/b ratios. Chloroplast ultrastructure generally displayed the best development in leaves subjected to 30% irradiance. Under 50% irradiance, leaf protein content remained relatively stable during the first 20 days of treatment, and then increased rapidly. The highest peroxidase and superoxide dismutase levels, and the lowest catalase activities, were observed in plants subjected to the 50% irradiance treatment. Soluble sugar and malondialdehyde contents were positively correlated with irradiance levels. Modulation of chloroplast development, accomplished by increasing the number of thylakoids and grana containing photosynthetic pigments, is an important shade tolerance mechanism in A. roxburghii.