Rapid biosynthesis and characterization of metallic gold nanoparticles by olea europea and their potential application in photoelectrocatalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol.

In recent years, photoelectrocatalysis of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) has received considerable attention due to their potential to improve catalytic efficiency. Herein, ultra-small Au NPs were successfully synthesized in a single pot using olea europea leaf extract as a green reducing agent for the degradation of 4-nitrophenol. The TEM images showed uniform distribution and spherical shape of Au NPs with an average diameter of 5 nm. Taking advantage of the ability of Au nanoparticles to absorb visible and near-infrared light, 4-nitrophenol can be successfully reduced in the presence of NaBH4. Additionally, the electrochemical activity of the fabricated Au photocathode was investigated by linear sweep voltammetry in the dark and at VIS-NIR light irradiation. This showed an increased photocurrent density of 27 mA cm-2 with an onset potential of -0.71 V. This indicates that the Au photocathode is highly active at VIS-NIR light. Interestingly, the Au photocathode showed a higher current density of 37 mA cm-2 with an onset potential of -0.6 V in the presence of 4-nitrophenol during VIS-NIR irradiation, indicating that 4-nitrophenol was efficiently reduced by the photocathode. The Au photocathode completely reduced 4-nitrophenol in the wastewater within 35 min. Recyclability studies showed that the Au NPs photocathode exhibited higher stability over multiple cycles, confirming the ability of the electrode to treat wastewater over a longer period of time. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the photoelectrochemical (PEC) process in reducing organic compounds in wastewater.

Association between asthma and influenza vaccine uptake among US adolescents: a retrospective survey study.

OBJECTIVE: Despite longstanding recommendations for children with asthma to receive the influenza vaccine, vaccine uptake in this population remains low. We used the nationally representative National Immunization Survey-Teen to analyze the impact of asthma on adolescent influenza vaccination rates. METHODS: Adolescents ages 13-17 years with provider-reported data on vaccine coverage were included in the analysis. The primary outcome was being up-to-date on influenza vaccination, defined as receiving the seasonal influenza vaccine in at least one of the past 3 years, and was analyzed using logistic regression. Asthma was defined by parent report of whether the adolescent has ever been told by a health professional that he or she has asthma. Data were collected in 2016-2017 and analyzed in 2020. RESULTS: Of 36,655 adolescents in the analytic sample (mean age 15 years, 49% female), 55% were up-to-date on influenza vaccination, and 21% had been diagnosed with asthma. On bivariate analysis, vaccination was more common among adolescents who had been diagnosed with asthma compared to those who were not (60% vs. 53%, P < 0.001). On multivariable analysis, asthma diagnosis was associated with greater likelihood of being up-to-date on seasonal influenza vaccination (adjusted odds ratio: 1.29; 95% confidence interval: 1.22, 1.36; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Seasonal influenza vaccination rates remain low among adolescents. Despite concerns about vaccine effectiveness in children with asthma, this diagnosis was associated with increased likelihood of influenza vaccination, possibly in relation to increased health care use (and exposure to vaccine encouragement) among adolescents with asthma.

Gender Differences in Research Productivity of Academic Physicians Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Objective: The gendered impact of the COVID-19 on scientific productivity has been primarily studied in nonclinical academic fields. We investigated the gendered effect of the pandemic on diverse measures of research participation among physician faculty, who experienced an increase in clinical duties concomitant with pandemic-era challenges to research. Materials and Methods: Physician faculty employed in both 2019 (prepandemic) and 2021 (pandemic era) were identified at one U.S. medical school. Annual outcomes included scientific publications, Institutional Review Board (IRB)-approved protocols, and extramural funding submissions (funding data were unavailable for 2019). Mixed-effects Poisson regression models compared the pandemic impact by gender. Results: The study included 105 women and 116 men, contributing to 122 publications, 214 IRB protocols, and 99 extramural funding applications. Controlling for potential confounders such as faculty rank and track (tenure vs. nontenure), women's publication count increased by 140% during the pandemic (95% confidence interval [CI]: +40% to +310%, p = 0.001) but was unchanged among men (95% CI: -30% to +50%; p > 0.999). The number of IRB protocols decreased from 2019 to 2021, but to a greater extent among men than women. In 2021, there was no gender difference in the number of extramural funding submissions. Conclusions: Among physician faculty at our medical school, women achieved parity with men on multiple measures of scholarly activity, and women's research productivity outpaced that of men in the same faculty track and rank. Targeted initiatives to support research among women faculty, junior investigators, and clinical investigators may have helped avert exacerbation of prepandemic gender disparities in research participation.

Specialty follow -up care after hospital discharge of patients with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children associated with COVID-19 from a rural tertiary-care hospital.

BACKGROUND: The clinical features of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) have been well documented, but there is limited data regarding the short term and longitudinal outcomes of children living in rural areas. We report the demographic and clinical features, as well as the multi-specialty follow-up of patients with MIS-C served by a large tertiary care rural health system. METHODS: Patients that met the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) case definition of MIS-C admitted between March 1, 2020, and March 31, 2021, were included in this case series. Manual chart review was used to report demographic characteristics, clinical, laboratory and radiologic features during acute hospitalization and multispecialty follow-up, and adherence to follow-up 6-10 weeks after hospital discharge. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients with MIS-C were admitted at our center during the review period. Ninety percent of the cohort required intensive care during hospitalization. Of 19 patients with measured ejection fractions, 52 % had some degree of left ventricular dysfunction on admission; nine patients had electrocardiogram changes on admission. The majority of patients had elevated inflammatory markers during hospitalization. Most patients had resolution of symptoms, improvement in inflammatory markers, and normal cardiac function at the time of discharge. Follow-up with pediatric cardiology, hematology-oncology and infectious disease was indicated for most patients at discharge. Of these, 100 % of patients kept initial follow-up appointments with pediatric cardiology and infectious disease, while 94 % kept initial follow-up appointments with pediatric hematology-oncology. CONCLUSION: Though most patients were critically ill during hospitalization, the majority had resolution of cardiac abnormalities and inflammatory markers at discharge and timely follow-up with multiple subspecialists after admission with MIS-C.

Influence of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine series initiation and completion on influenza vaccination among adolescents.

Background: Influenza vaccine participation in adolescents is low. Barriers to the influenza vaccine may be shared with the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. Methods: We studied adolescents aged 13-17 years who participated in the National Immunization Survey-Teen between 2011 and 2017 (N = 129,200). Data were analyzed to determine whether MMR vaccination status was associated with being up-to-date on the influenza vaccination. Results: A total of 49% adolescents received at least one dose of the influenza vaccine within the past 3 years, and 92% completed the MMR series. In multivariable analysis, not initiating or not completing the MMR series was associated with lower odds of being up-to-date on influenza vaccination. Conclusions: Adolescents who do not initiate or complete the MMR vaccine series have lower odds of being up-to-date on their influenza vaccination. Lower influenzavaccine participation is associated with lower socioeconomic status, lack of insurance, increased time since last child visit, and higher maternal education.

Solithromycin in Children and Adolescents With Community-acquired Bacterial Pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: Solithromycin is a new macrolide-ketolide antibiotic with potential effectiveness in pediatric community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP). Our objective was to evaluate its safety and effectiveness in children with CABP. METHODS: This phase 2/3, randomized, open-label, active-control, multicenter study randomly assigned solithromycin (capsules, suspension or intravenous) or an appropriate comparator antibiotic in a 3:1 ratio (planned n = 400) to children 2 months to 17 years of age with CABP. Primary safety endpoints included treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) and AE-related drug discontinuations. Secondary effectiveness endpoints included clinical improvement following treatment without additional antimicrobial therapy. RESULTS: Unrelated to safety, the sponsor stopped the trial prior to completion. Before discontinuation, 97 participants were randomly assigned to solithromycin (n = 73) or comparator (n = 24). There were 24 participants (34%, 95% CI, 23%-47%) with a treatment-emergent AE in the solithromycin group and 7 (29%, 95% CI, 13%-51%) in the comparator group. Infusion site pain and elevated liver enzymes were the most common related AEs with solithromycin. Study drug was discontinued due to AEs in 3 subjects (4.3%) in the solithromycin group and 1 (4.2%) in the comparator group. Forty participants (65%, 95% CI, 51%-76%) in the solithromycin group achieved clinical improvement on the last day of treatment versus 17 (81%, 95% CI, 58%-95%) in the comparator group. The proportion achieving clinical cure was 60% (95% CI, 47%-72%) and 68% (95% CI, 43%-87%) for the solithromycin and comparator groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous and oral solithromycin were generally well-tolerated and associated with clinical improvement in the majority of participants treated for CABP.

The influence of local political trends on childhood vaccine completion in North Carolina.

BACKGROUND: In North Carolina (NC), a political swing state that permits both medical and religious exemptions to school vaccination, rapid changes in the electorate have coincided with a vigorous political debate over vaccine laws and an increase in the number of exemptions claimed from vaccine requirements. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine whether county-level changes in political affiliation, determined from publicly available voting records, were associated with changes in the rate of vaccine exemptions reported at kindergarten entry in NC. METHODS: We analyzed data from the 2009-2010 to the 2016-2017 school years for each of 100 NC counties. We used NC State Board of Elections and Ethics Enforcement data to track voter registration trends at the county level, comparing the percent of voters registered as Republican, Democrat, or other (mostly unaffiliated). Vaccination exemption rates were obtained via the NC DHHS and represented a percentage of the cohort entering kindergarten in that year. RESULTS: Statewide, the rate of religious vaccine exemptions increased from 0.68% in 2009-2010 to 1.10% in 2016-2017. On multivariable analysis including 800 county-years, a 1% increase in voters with neither Republican nor Democratic affiliation was associated with 0.04% increase in the county's vaccine exemption rate. CONCLUSIONS: In NC, the increase in vaccine exemption rates was primarily associated with an increasing share of voters affiliating with neither major party. This finding suggests mistrust in social institutions, including both government and medicine, extends beyond the platforms of traditional political parties.

Prevalence of hicAB, lav, traA, and hifBC among Haemophilus influenzae middle ear and throat strains.

Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is an important cause of illness among children. To further understand the role of laterally transferred genes in NTHi colonization and otitis media, the prevalence of hicAB, lav, tnaA, and hifBC was determined among 44 middle ear and 35 throat NTHi isolates by dot-blot hybridization.

Assessment of biomarkers of cardiovascular risk among HIV type 1-infected adolescents: role of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule as an early indicator of endothelial inflammation.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) biomarkers were examined in a cohort of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected adolescents who participated in Adolescent Trials Network study 083 utilizing samples from the Reaching for Excellence in Adolescent Care cohort, a longitudinal study of youth infected through adult risk behavior. Nonfasting blood samples from 97 HIV-infected and 81 HIV-uninfected adolescents infected by adult risk behaviors were analyzed for total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), triglycerides, apolipoprotein A-I, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), myeloperoxidase, and neopterin at baseline and 18 months later. Results were analyzed using ANOVA, Wilcoxon signed-rank, and paired t tests. Among infected subjects 67 received antiretroviral therapy and 30 were treatment naive. The HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected subjects were similar in gender, ethnicity, and cardiovascular risk factors such as smoking and obesity. In all groups lipid parameters were within accepted guidelines for cardiovascular risk. Among HIV-infected youth on antiretroviral therapy (ART), HDL and apoprotein A-I were significantly lower when compared to uninfected youth. hsCRP was not elevated and thus not predictive for risk in any group. sVCAM-1 levels were significantly elevated in both HIV-infected groups: 1,435 ng/ml and 1,492 ng/ml in untreated and treated subjects, respectively, and 1,064 ng/ml in the uninfected group (p<0.0001). Across all groups neopterin correlated with sVCAM at 18 months (Spearman correlation coefficient 0.58, p<0.0001). Only 9% of ART-treated subjects fully suppressed virus. Lipid profiles and hsCRP, traditional markers of cardiovascular disease, are not abnormal among HIV-infected youth but elevated sVCAM may be an early marker of atherosclerosis.