RESUMO
Ess2, also known as Dgcr14, is a transcriptional co-regulator of CD4+ T cells. Ess2 is located in a chromosomal region, the loss of which has been associated with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), which causes heart defects, skeletal abnormalities, and immunodeficiency. However, the specific association of Ess2 with 22q11DS remains unclear. To elucidate the role of Ess2 in T-cell development, we generated Ess2 floxed (Ess2fl/fl) and CD4+ T cell-specific Ess2 KO (Ess2ΔCD4/ΔCD4) mice using the Cre/loxP system. Interestingly, Ess2ΔCD4/ΔCD4 mice exhibited reduced naïve T-cell numbers in the spleen, while the number of thymocytes (CD4-CD8-, CD4+CD8+, CD4+CD8-, and CD4-CD8+) in the thymus remained unchanged. Furthermore, Ess2ΔCD4/ΔCD4 mice had decreased NKT cells and increased γδT cells in the thymus and spleen. A genome-wide expression analysis using RNA-seq revealed that Ess2 deletion alters the expression of many genes in CD4 single-positive thymocytes, including genes related to the immune system and Myc target genes. In addition, Ess2 enhanced the transcriptional activity of c-Myc. Some genes identified as Ess2 targets in mice show expressional correlation with ESS2 in human immune cells. Moreover, Ess2ΔCD4/ΔCD4 naïve CD4+ T cells did not maintain survival in response to IL-7. Our results suggest that Ess2 plays a critical role in post-thymic T-cell survival through the Myc and IL-7 signaling pathways.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos , Interleucina-7 , Proteínas Nucleares , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc , Transcrição Gênica , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Diferenciação Celular/genética , Sobrevivência Celular , Interleucina-7/metabolismo , Camundongos Knockout , Células T Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Timo/citologia , Timo/imunologiaRESUMO
Prostate cancer is basically hormone sensitive tumor. However, once it turns to metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer(mCRPC), it is hard to suppress tumor growth and metastasis. Despite chemotherapy and novel androgen-receptor signalling inhibitors, mCRPC remains a lethal disease with poor clinical outcomes. Immunotherapy with chimeric antigen receptor T(CAR-T)cells redirects a patient's immune cells against the tumor antigen. CAR-T cell therapy has demonstrated promise in treating patients with several haematological malignancies. On the other hand, solid tumors impose immunologic and physical barriers to the efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy. As a new strategy to mCRPC, CAR-T cells with targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen(PSMA)has been developed. Several clinical trials using anti PSMA-CAR-T cells against mCRPC are going on overseas. A few of the trials showed promising results on the safety and efficacy of this therapy in mCRPC. Herein, we review strategies of constructing CAR-T cells to mCRPC, and the latest reports of international clinical trials of anti PSMA-CAR-T therapy.
Assuntos
Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração , Receptores de Antígenos Quiméricos , Masculino , Humanos , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/terapia , Imunoterapia Adotiva/métodos , Imunoterapia , Terapia Baseada em Transplante de Células e Tecidos , Antígeno Prostático Específico , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
PURPOSE: Osteoporosis is a well-known adverse effect of androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. This study aimed to reveal the factors associated with the diagnosis of osteoporosis in prostate cancer patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy. METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 106 prostate cancer patients treated with androgen deprivation therapy. Patients with bone metastasis at the initiation of androgen deprivation therapy and those with castration-resistant prostate cancer were excluded. Bone mineral density was measured at the lumbar spine and femoral neck using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Osteoporosis was defined as bone mineral density equal to or below either -2.5 SD or 70% of the mean in young adults. The association between clinicopathological variables and bone mineral density or diagnosis of osteoporosis was investigated. RESULTS: Thirty-six (34%) patients were found to have osteoporosis. The incidence of osteoporosis increased in a stepwise manner depending on the duration of androgen deprivation therapy. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified a longer duration of androgen deprivation therapy (months, odd's ratio = 1.017, P = 0.006), lower body mass index (kg/m2, odd's ratio = 0.801, P = 0.005) and higher serum alkaline phosphatase value (U/l, odd's ratio 1.007, P = 0.014) as the factors independently associated with the diagnosis of osteoporosis. Eleven out of 50 (22%), 14 out of 35 (40%) and 11 out of 20 patients (55%) were osteoporotic in the patients with serum alkaline phosphatase values <238 U/l, 238-322 U/l and >322 U/l, respectively (P = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS: Osteoporosis is common in prostate cancer patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy; furthermore, its incidence increases depending on the duration of androgen deprivation therapy. Bone mineral density testing should be considered for all patients on androgen deprivation therapy, especially for those with a lower body mass index and higher serum alkaline phosphatase value.
Assuntos
Antagonistas de Androgênios , Neoplasias da Próstata , Fosfatase Alcalina , Antagonistas de Androgênios/efeitos adversos , Androgênios , Densidade Óssea , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Masculino , Neoplasias da Próstata/tratamento farmacológico , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Transcription and pre-mRNA splicing are complex, coupled processes that involve transcriptional co-regulators. Ess2 (also termed Dgcr14) is a nuclear protein that enhances the transcriptional activity of retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma/gamma-t (Rorγ/γt). Ess2 is also a component of the spliceosomal C complex (containing U2, U5 and U6 snRNAs). However, the domains in Ess2 that function in splicing and transcription have not been identified. To elucidate the roles of Ess2 in splicing and transcription, we performed RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays to detect Ess2-interacting snRNAs. We found that Ess2 associated with U6 snRNA as well as U1 and U4 snRNAs. Experiments using Ess2 deletion mutants showed that a C-terminus deletion mutant of Ess2 (1-399 a. a.) lost its ability to associate with snRNAs, whereas the N-terminus domain of Ess2 (1-200 a. a.) associated with Rorγ/γt, but not with snRNAs. Interestingly, experiments using anti-ROR common antibody showed that Rors also associated with U4 and U6 snRNAs. Ess2 knockdown in a T cell hybridoma (68-41â¯cells) abrogated the interaction between spliceosomes and Rors. An Ess2-dependent association was also found between an lncRNA (Rmrp) and Rors. We thus propose that Ess2 associates with both transcriptional factors and spliceosomal complexes and modulates splicing reactions coupled with transcription factors.
Assuntos
Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Membro 3 do Grupo F da Subfamília 1 de Receptores Nucleares/metabolismo , RNA Nuclear Pequeno/metabolismo , Spliceossomos/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Camundongos , Mutação , Proteínas Nucleares/análise , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Membro 3 do Grupo F da Subfamília 1 de Receptores Nucleares/genética , Domínios e Motivos de Interação entre Proteínas , Splicing de RNA , RNA Nuclear Pequeno/genética , Spliceossomos/genética , Ativação TranscricionalRESUMO
Androgens play pivotal roles in the regulation of male development and physiological processes, particularly in the male reproductive system. Most biological effects of androgens are mediated by the action of nuclear androgen receptor (AR). AR acts as a master regulator of downstream androgen-dependent signaling pathway networks. This ligand-dependent transcriptional factor modulates gene expression through the recruitment of various coregulator complexes, the induction of chromatin reorganization, and epigenetic histone modifications at target genomic loci. Dysregulation of androgen/AR signaling perturbs normal reproductive development and accounts for a wide range of pathological conditions such as androgen-insensitive syndrome, prostate cancer, and spinal bulbar muscular atrophy. In this review we summarize recent advances in understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms of AR action as well as newly recognized aspects of AR-mediated androgen signaling in both men and women. In addition, we offer a perspective on the use of animal genetic model systems aimed at eventually developing novel therapeutic AR ligands.
Assuntos
Androgênios/fisiologia , Receptores Androgênicos/fisiologia , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Doenças dos Genitais Femininos/fisiopatologia , Doenças dos Genitais Masculinos/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Saúde ReprodutivaRESUMO
Epigenetic modifications at the histone level affect gene regulation in response to extracellular signals. However, regulated epigenetic modifications at the DNA level, especially active DNA demethylation, in gene activation are not well understood. Here we report that DNA methylation/demethylation is hormonally switched to control transcription of the cytochrome p450 27B1 (CYP27B1) gene. Reflecting vitamin-D-mediated transrepression of the CYP27B1 gene by the negative vitamin D response element (nVDRE), methylation of CpG sites ((5m)CpG) is induced by vitamin D in this gene promoter. Conversely, treatment with parathyroid hormone, a hormone known to activate the CYP27B1 gene, induces active demethylation of the (5m)CpG sites in this promoter. Biochemical purification of a complex associated with the nVDRE-binding protein (VDIR, also known as TCF3) identified two DNA methyltransferases, DNMT1 and DNMT3B, for methylation of CpG sites, as well as a DNA glycosylase, MBD4 (ref. 10). Protein-kinase-C-phosphorylated MBD4 by parathyroid hormone stimulation promotes incision of methylated DNA through glycosylase activity, and a base-excision repair process seems to complete DNA demethylation in the MBD4-bound promoter. Such parathyroid-hormone-induced DNA demethylation and subsequent transcriptional derepression are impaired in Mbd4(-/-) mice. Thus, the present findings suggest that methylation switching at the DNA level contributes to the hormonal control of transcription.
Assuntos
Metilação de DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Hormônio Paratireóideo/farmacologia , Transcrição Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , 25-Hidroxivitamina D3 1-alfa-Hidroxilase/genética , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Ilhas de CpG/genética , DNA (Citosina-5-)-Metiltransferase 1 , DNA (Citosina-5-)-Metiltransferases/metabolismo , DNA Glicosilases/metabolismo , Regulação para Baixo/efeitos dos fármacos , Endodesoxirribonucleases/deficiência , Endodesoxirribonucleases/genética , Camundongos , Fosforilação , Proteína Quinase C/metabolismo , Elementos de Resposta/genética , Vitamina D/farmacologia , DNA Metiltransferase 3BRESUMO
Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease and thus, it is important to understand whether among the heterogeneous collection of cell types, androgen-deprivation insensitive cells exist prior to hormonal manipulation. We established several LNCaP subclones with distinct insensitivities to androgen deprivation from a parental LNCaP cell line. In the resulting clones, the sensitivity to androgen-deprivation negatively correlated with their PSA expression levels. In two of these clones, an androgen insensitive clone, LNCaP-cl1, and an androgen sensitive clone, LNCaP-cl5, the DNA copy number differed significantly, indicating that these clones contain genetically distinct cells. LNCaP-cl1 had higher PSA expression but lower invasiveness and tumor growth potential than LNCaP-cl5. The expression levels of two genes that are known to be regulated by miR-21, an androgen-regulated microRNA, Sprouty1 (SPRY1) and Jagged1 (JAG1) were significantly lower in LNCaP-cl1 than in LNCaP-cl5. Knocking down SPRY1 in LNCaP cells enhanced PSA expression and cell proliferation. JAG1 administration in LNCaP cells enhanced cell invasion and JAG1 knockdown in PC3 cells suppressed cell invasion and tumor formation. These results indicated that the expression differences in SPRY1 and JAG1 may contribute to the phenotypic differences between the LNCaP-cl1 and LNCaP-cl5 clones. In tissue samples, SPRY1 expression levels were significantly lower in prostate cancer patients with PSA recurrence after surgical treatment (P = 0.0076) and JAG1 expression levels were significantly higher in Gleason sum (GS) 8-9 disease than in GS 5-6 (P = 0.0121). In summary a random population of LNCaP cells comprises a heterogeneous group of cells with different androgen-deprivation sensitivities and potential for invasiveness.
Assuntos
Androgênios/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação ao Cálcio/genética , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Fosfoproteínas/genética , Antígeno Prostático Específico/genética , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Animais , Proteínas de Ligação ao Cálcio/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Variações do Número de Cópias de DNA , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Humanos , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular/metabolismo , Proteína Jagged-1 , Masculino , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Camundongos SCID , MicroRNAs/genética , Invasividade Neoplásica , Transplante de Neoplasias , Fosfoproteínas/metabolismo , Prognóstico , Neoplasias da Próstata/cirurgia , Proteínas Serrate-JaggedRESUMO
Prostate cancer development is associated with hyperactive androgen signaling. However, the molecular link between androgen receptor (AR) function and humoral factors remains elusive. A prostate cancer mouse model was generated by selectively mutating the AR threonine 877 into alanine in prostatic epithelial cells through Cre-ERT2-mediated targeted somatic mutagenesis. Such AR point mutant mice (ARpe-T877A/Y) developed hypertrophic prostates with responses to both an androgen antagonist and estrogen, although no prostatic tumor was seen. In prostate cancer model transgenic mice, the onset of prostatic tumorigenesis as well as tumor growth was significantly potentiated by introduction of the AR T877A mutation into the prostate. Genetic screening of mice identified Wnt-5a as an activator. Enhanced Wnt-5a expression was detected in the malignant prostate tumors of patients, whereas in benign prostatic hyperplasia such aberrant up-regulation was not obvious. These findings suggest that a noncanonical Wnt signal stimulates development of prostatic tumors with AR hyperfunction.
Assuntos
Androgênios/metabolismo , Neoplasias Experimentais/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismo , Receptores Androgênicos/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Proteínas Wnt/metabolismo , Substituição de Aminoácidos , Androgênios/genética , Animais , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Neoplasias Experimentais/genética , Mutação Puntual , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Receptores Androgênicos/genética , Proteínas Wnt/genéticaRESUMO
Fat-soluble ligands, including sex steroid hormones and environmental toxins, activate ligand-dependent DNA-sequence-specific transcriptional factors that transduce signals through target-gene-selective transcriptional regulation. However, the mechanisms of cellular perception of fat-soluble ligand signals through other target-selective systems remain unclear. The ubiquitin-proteasome system regulates selective protein degradation, in which the E3 ubiquitin ligases determine target specificity. Here we characterize a fat-soluble ligand-dependent ubiquitin ligase complex in human cell lines, in which dioxin receptor (AhR) is integrated as a component of a novel cullin 4B ubiquitin ligase complex, CUL4B(AhR). Complex assembly and ubiquitin ligase activity of CUL4B(AhR) in vitro and in vivo are dependent on the AhR ligand. In the CUL4B(AhR) complex, ligand-activated AhR acts as a substrate-specific adaptor component that targets sex steroid receptors for degradation. Thus, our findings uncover a function for AhR as an atypical component of the ubiquitin ligase complex and demonstrate a non-genomic signalling pathway in which fat-soluble ligands regulate target-protein-selective degradation through a ubiquitin ligase complex.
Assuntos
Proteínas Culina/metabolismo , Receptores de Hidrocarboneto Arílico/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Proteínas Culina/química , Proteínas Culina/genética , Receptor alfa de Estrogênio/metabolismo , Humanos , Ligantes , Complexos Multiproteicos/química , Complexos Multiproteicos/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , Receptores de Hidrocarboneto Arílico/genética , Especificidade por Substrato , Ativação TranscricionalRESUMO
Prostate cancer is one of the most common diseases in men worldwide. Surgery, radiation therapy, and hormonal therapy are effective treatments for early-stage prostate cancer. However, the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer has increased the mortality rate of prostate cancer. To develop novel drugs for castration-resistant prostate cancer, the molecular mechanisms of prostate cancer progression must be elucidated. Among the signaling pathways regulating prostate cancer development, recent studies have revealed the importance of noncanonical wingless-type MMTV integration site family (WNT) signaling pathways, mainly that involving WNT5A, in prostate cancer progression and metastasis; however, its role remains controversial. Moreover, chromatin remodelers such as the switch/sucrose nonfermentable (SWI/SNF) complex and chromodomain helicase DNA-binding proteins 1 also play important roles in prostate cancer progression through genome-wide gene expression changes. Here, we review the roles of noncanonical WNT signaling pathways, chromatin remodelers, and epigenetic enzymes in the development and progression of prostate cancer.
Assuntos
Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração , Via de Sinalização Wnt , Masculino , Humanos , Cromatina , Montagem e Desmontagem da CromatinaRESUMO
Molecular targeted therapy using poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors has improved survival in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, this approach is only effective in patients with specific genetic mutations, and additional drug discovery targeting epigenetic modulators is required. Here, we evaluated the involvement of the transcriptional coregulator ESS2 in prostate cancer. ESS2-knockdown PC3 cells dramatically inhibited proliferation in tumor xenografts in nude mice. Microarray analysis revealed that ESS2 regulated mRNA levels of chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 1 (CHD1)-related genes and other cancer-related genes, such as PPAR-γ, WNT5A, and TGF-ß, in prostate cancer. ESS2 knockdown reduced nuclear factor (NF)-κB/CHD1 recruitment and histone H3K36me3 levels on the promoters of target genes (TNF and CCL2). In addition, we found that the transcriptional activities of NF-κB, NFAT and SMAD2/3 were enhanced by ESS2. Tamoxifen-inducible Ess2-knockout mice showed delayed prostate development with hypoplasia and disruption of luminal cells in the ventral prostate. Overall, these findings identified ESS2 acts as a transcriptional coregulator in prostate cancer and ESS2 can be novel epigenetic therapeutic target for CRPC.
Assuntos
Próstata , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração , Masculino , Animais , Camundongos , Humanos , Próstata/patologia , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/tratamento farmacológico , Camundongos Nus , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Processos Neoplásicos , Inibidores de Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/uso terapêutico , Proliferação de CélulasRESUMO
Introduction: Mammary-type myofibroblastoma is a rare benign tumor, mainly arising along the embryonal mammary ridge. We report a rare case of mammary-type myofibroblastoma of the perineum. Case presentation: A 37-year-old Japanese man presented with a 20 mm, progressively-growing painless mass in the right perineum. Computed tomography showed a subcutaneous tumor with a strong contrast effect. Upon total resection, pathology showed a spindle-cell tumor positive for desmin but negative for CD34. Further immunohistochemistry showed loss of Rb expression, leading to differential diagnosis. We could not evaluate the exact rarity of the perineal location due to categorization in past reports. Conclusion: Due to the similarities between mammary and anogenital tissue, we suggest that tallying perineal and vulvar areas separately from the embryonic mammary ridge sites may be beneficial in gaining insight into the pathophysiology of this tumor.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Microelectrode array (MEA) systems are valuable for in vitro assessment of neurotoxicity and drug efficiency. However, several difficulties such as protracted functional maturation and high experimental costs hinder the use of MEA analysis requiring human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Neural network functional parameters are also needed for in vitro to in vivo extrapolation. METHODS: In the present study, we produced a cost effective nanofiber culture platform, the SCAD device, for long-term culture of hiPSC-derived neurons and primary peripheral neurons. The notable advantage of SCAD device is convenient application on multiple MEA systems for neuron functional analysis. RESULTS: We showed that the SCAD device could promote functional maturation of cultured hiPSC-derived neurons, and neurons responded appropriately to convulsant agents. Furthermore, we successfully analyzed parameters for in vitro to in vivo extrapolation, i.e., low-frequency components and synaptic propagation velocity of the signal, potentially reflecting neural network functions from neurons cultured on SCAD device. Finally, we measured the axonal conduction velocity of peripheral neurons. CONCLUSIONS: Neurons cultured on SCAD devices might constitute a reliable in vitro platform to investigate neuron functions, drug efficacy and toxicity, and neuropathological mechanisms by MEA.
RESUMO
Next-generation sequencing technology may clarify microbiota that are as yet poorly understood in the soil, the rhizosphere, and the phyllosphere of vineyards. To provide new information on the interaction between grapevine and microorganisms, we focused on the endophytic microbiota in grapevine. We performed endophytic microbiome analysis of the shoot xylems of four cultivars, Vitis vinifera cvs. Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Vitis sp. cv. Koshu, grown in eleven vineyards in Japan. The number of endophytic fungal species was small in the grapevine shoot xylems and could not be analyzed further, whereas a total of 7,019,600 amplicon sequences (46,642-285,003 per shoot xylem) and 1305 bacterial operational taxonomic units were obtained by analysis of the V3-V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Gammaproteobacteria was predominant in the shoot xylems at the shoot elongation stage irrespective of the cultivar, whereas Alphaproteobacteria and Oxyphotobacteria were predominant at véraison. Actinobacteria, Bacteroidia, Bacilli, and Clostridia were also detected in the shoot xylems. The endophytic bacterial microbiota in Koshu and Pinot Noir shoot xylems were similar irrespective of the grapevine-growing region. In contrast, the endophytic bacterial microbiota in Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon showed diversity and complexity among grapevine-growing regions. Alpha diversity analysis revealed that Koshu shoot xylems had a higher diversity of endophytic bacterial microbiota than Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, and Cabernet Sauvignon shoot xylems, and that grapevine shoot xylems at the shoot elongation stage had a higher diversity of endophytic bacterial microbiota than those at véraison. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) demonstrated that the profiles of the endophytic bacterial microbiota in grapevine shoot xylems at véraison were relatively uniform compared with those at the shoot elongation stage. Multidimensional scaling analysis showed that the plots of all cultivars were generally apart from each other at the shoot elongation stage and then became close to each other at véraison. The plots of all grapevine-growing regions cultivating Koshu were close to each other, whereas those of grapevine-growing regions cultivating Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon were apart from each other. The findings of this study suggest that the endophytic bacterial microbiota in grapevine shoot xylems varied depending on the cultivar and the grapevine-growing region even for the same cultivars, and that the microbiota fluctuated depending on the shoot growth stage.
Assuntos
Microbiota , Vitis , Vinho , Bactérias/genética , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Solo , Vitis/genética , XilemaRESUMO
An 85-year-old male visited our hospital with a complaint of painless swelling of the right testis. Right high orchiectomy was performed under the diagnosis of the right testicular tumor. Histopathological diagnosis was Leydig cell tumor. We reviewed 86 cases of this tumor previously reported in Japan. To our knowledge, our patient is the oldest one treated in Japan.
Assuntos
Tumor de Células de Leydig , Neoplasias Testiculares , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Humanos , Tumor de Células de Leydig/patologia , Tumor de Células de Leydig/cirurgia , Masculino , Neoplasias Testiculares/patologia , Neoplasias Testiculares/cirurgiaRESUMO
The perception of tastes is sensed by the receptors that stimulate sensory cells. We previously reported that TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels expressed in the oral cavity of mammals, are activated by the auto-oxidized product of epigallocatechin gallate (oxiEGCG), a major astringent catechin in green tea. Here, we investigated and compared the sensitivity of TRPA1 and TRPV1 from various animals to astringent polyphenols. We selected three polyphenols, oxiEGCG, tannic acid and myricetin. HEK293T cells expressing TRPA1 or TRPV1 from mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian, and fish, were analyzed for their activation by the Ca2+-imaging. We found the apparent diversity in the polyphenol-sensitivity among various animals. Mammalian TRPs showed relatively higher sensitivity to polyphenols, and especially, human TRPA1 and TRPV1 could be activated by all of three polyphenols at 20 µM. Reptile TRP channels, however, were insensitive to any polyphenols examined. Moreover, the polyphenol-sensitivity of zebrafish TRPA1 and TRPV1 was quite different from that of medaka TRP channels. Since many polyphenols are present in plants and the sensing of polyphenols using TRP channels in the oral cavity might cause astringent taste, the observed diversity of the polyphenol-sensitivity of TRP channels might be involved in the divergence in the food habit of various animals.
Assuntos
Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Polifenóis/farmacologia , Canal de Cátion TRPA1/biossíntese , Canais de Cátion TRPV/biossíntese , Ambystoma mexicanum , Anfíbios , Animais , Cálcio/metabolismo , Catequina/análogos & derivados , Catequina/farmacologia , Galinhas , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Camundongos , Oryzias , Polifenóis/química , Ratos , Serpentes , Taninos/farmacologia , Peixe-Zebra , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/biossínteseRESUMO
(Objectives) This study aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics and the mortality risk factors of 15 patients with Fournier gangrene in the past decade at Teikyo University Hospital. (Materials and methods) We retrospectively assessed 15 patients with Fournier gangrene between May 2009 and April 2019. We compared the demographic characteristics along with several clinical variables including Fournier Gangrene Severity Index of the survivors and nonsurvivors. We also assessed the risk factors associated with mortality. (Results) All patients were men with a median age of 67 years. Among the 15 patients, 9 had diabetes mellitus (60%). Furthermore, 14 patients (93%) underwent surgical debridement, 5 (33%) required orchiectomy, 3 (20%) were treated with cystostomy for urinary diversion, and 3 (20%) needed temporary colostomy for fecal diversion. Three patients died of the disease with a mortality rate of 20%. The nonsurvivors were significantly older (p = 0.043) and had a smaller body mass index (p = 0.038) than the survivors. The scores of clinical risk models, such as the Fournier Gangrene Severity Index, were higher in nonsurvivors than in survivors, with no statistical significance presumably due to the small sample size. (Conclusions) The mortality rate for Fournier gangrene during the past decade at our institution was 20%. Fournier gangrene was a potentially fatal disease even in the 2010s.