Defective T-cell response to COVID-19 vaccination in acute myeloid leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndromes.

Limited data exist on COVID-19 vaccination efficacy in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplasia with excess blasts (AML/MDS-EB2). We report results from a prospective study, PACE (Patients with AML and COVID-19 Epidemiology). 93 patients provided samples post-vaccine 2 or 3 (PV2, PV3). Antibodies against SARS-COV-2 spike antigen were detectable in all samples. Neutralization of the omicron variant was poorer than ancestral variants but improved PV3. In contrast, adequate T-cell reactivity to SARS-COV-2 spike protein was seen in only 16/47 (34%) patients PV2 and 23/52 (44%) PV3. Using regression models, disease response (not in CR/Cri), and increasing age predicted poor T cell response.

Histopathological Study on the Proposed Pathogenesis of Intratarsal Keratinous Cysts.

PURPOSE: Intratarsal keratinous cysts (IKCs) are a recently described entity that is frequently misdiagnosed clinically as chalazia and mislabeled in the literature as "intratarsal epidermal inclusion cysts" or "epidermoid cysts." It is important to accurately diagnose IKCs and distinguish them from chalazia because IKCs require a complete surgical excision and can exhibit multiple recurrences following curettage. The authors performed a retrospective case series to further elucidate the pathogenesis of IKCs and to determine the diagnostically optimal panel of stains for diagnosis. METHODS: A study group of 8 specimens of IKCs and control specimens of epidermal inclusion cysts were obtained from their pathology laboratories. The authors compared the histological and immunohistochemical profile of IKCs and epidermal inclusion cysts by staining sections from each specimen with hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, Masson trichrome, cytokeratin 5, cytokeratin 17, carcinoembryonic antigen, and epithelial membrane antigen. The immunoreactivity data were then analyzed using a 2-tailed Mann-Whitney test, assuming a nonparametric population (p < 0.05 is significant). RESULTS: Histopathologically, IKCs are embedded in the tarsus lined by stratified squamous epithelium with an inner undulating cuticle filled with a compact keratinous-appearing material. The authors demonstrate that IKCs develop progressively from dilated meibomian ducts to the formation of complete cysts with their markers. The most valuable immunochemical stains to diagnose IKC were cytokeratin 17, carcinoembryonic antigen, and epithelial membrane antigen (p < 0.05 with each). CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide a better understanding of the pathogenesis and the immunohistochemical findings of this relatively new entity allowing for more appropriate diagnosis of IKCs aiming to reduce future complications from their management.

Unique presentation of transient zinc deficiency from low maternal breast milk zinc levels.

We report full-term siblings with a unique clinical presentation of polycyclic papulosquamous plaques secondary to transient zinc deficiency due to low maternal breast milk zinc levels. We present this case to highlight this unique presentation of zinc deficiency in breastfed infants.

Dominant Suppression of Inflammation via Targeted Mutation of the mRNA Destabilizing Protein Tristetraprolin.

In myeloid cells, the mRNA-destabilizing protein tristetraprolin (TTP) is induced and extensively phosphorylated in response to LPS. To investigate the role of two specific phosphorylations, at serines 52 and 178, we created a mouse strain in which those residues were replaced by nonphosphorylatable alanine residues. The mutant form of TTP was constitutively degraded by the proteasome and therefore expressed at low levels, yet it functioned as a potent mRNA destabilizing factor and inhibitor of the expression of many inflammatory mediators. Mice expressing only the mutant form of TTP were healthy and fertile, and their systemic inflammatory responses to LPS were strongly attenuated. Adaptive immune responses and protection against infection by Salmonella typhimurium were spared. A single allele encoding the mutant form of TTP was sufficient for enhanced mRNA degradation and underexpression of inflammatory mediators. Therefore, the equilibrium between unphosphorylated and phosphorylated TTP is a critical determinant of the inflammatory response, and manipulation of this equilibrium may be a means of treating inflammatory pathologies.

Dual-Specificity Phosphatase 1 and Tristetraprolin Cooperate To Regulate Macrophage Responses to Lipopolysaccharide.

Dual-specificity phosphatase (DUSP) 1 dephosphorylates and inactivates members of the MAPK superfamily, in particular, JNKs, p38α, and p38ß MAPKs. It functions as an essential negative regulator of innate immune responses, hence disruption of the Dusp1 gene renders mice extremely sensitive to a wide variety of experimental inflammatory challenges. The principal mechanisms behind the overexpression of inflammatory mediators by Dusp1(-/-) cells are not known. In this study, we use a genetic approach to identify an important mechanism of action of DUSP1, involving the modulation of the activity of the mRNA-destabilizing protein tristetraprolin. This mechanism is key to the control of essential early mediators of inflammation, TNF, CXCL1, and CXCL2, as well as the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The same mechanism also contributes to the regulation of a large number of transcripts induced by treatment of macrophages with LPS. These findings demonstrate that modulation of the phosphorylation status of tristetraprolin is an important physiological mechanism by which innate immune responses can be controlled.

Climate and the eye: Case-crossover analysis of retinal detachment after exposure to ambient heat.

BACKGROUND: Retinal detachment is an important cause of visual loss, but the association with outdoor heat exposure has not been studied. Our objective was to determine the relationship between acute exposure to high outdoor temperature and risk of retinal detachment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analysed 14,302 individuals with inpatient procedures for retinal detachment from April through September between 2006 and 2013 in the province of Quebec, Canada. Using a time-stratified case-crossover study design, we examined the association of retinal detachment with outdoor summer temperature the preceding week. We estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for mean weekly temperature according to subtypes of retinal detachment (traction, serous, rhegmatogenous, breaks), and assessed associations by age and sex. RESULTS: Exposure to elevated temperature the preceding week was associated with a higher likelihood of traction detachment, but not other forms of retinal detachment. Associations were stronger at <75 years of age in both men and women. Relative to 15°C, a mean weekly temperature of 25°C was associated with an OR for traction detachment of 2.71 (95% CI 1.56-4.71) before 55 years, 2.73 (95% CI 1.61-4.64) at 55-64 years, and 1.98 (95% CI 1.30-3.02) at 64-75 years. DISCUSSION: Elevated outdoor temperatures may be associated with an increased risk of traction retinal detachment. In light of climate change, a better understanding of the impact of heat waves on the eye and other sensory organs is needed.

Quantifying the evolutionary dynamics of language.

Human language is based on grammatical rules. Cultural evolution allows these rules to change over time. Rules compete with each other: as new rules rise to prominence, old ones die away. To quantify the dynamics of language evolution, we studied the regularization of English verbs over the past 1,200 years. Although an elaborate system of productive conjugations existed in English's proto-Germanic ancestor, Modern English uses the dental suffix, '-ed', to signify past tense. Here we describe the emergence of this linguistic rule amidst the evolutionary decay of its exceptions, known to us as irregular verbs. We have generated a data set of verbs whose conjugations have been evolving for more than a millennium, tracking inflectional changes to 177 Old-English irregular verbs. Of these irregular verbs, 145 remained irregular in Middle English and 98 are still irregular today. We study how the rate of regularization depends on the frequency of word usage. The half-life of an irregular verb scales as the square root of its usage frequency: a verb that is 100 times less frequent regularizes 10 times as fast. Our study provides a quantitative analysis of the regularization process by which ancestral forms gradually yield to an emerging linguistic rule.

Health Disparities in Lapses in Diabetic Retinopathy Care.

Objective: To develop a novel methodology to identify lapses in diabetic retinopathy care in electronic health records (EHRs) and evaluate health disparities by race and ethnicity. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Subjects: Adult patients with diabetes mellitus who were evaluated at the Wilmer Eye Institute from January 1, 2013 to April 2, 2022. Methods: The methodology to identify lapses in care first identified diabetic retinopathy screening or treatment visits and then compared the providers' recommended follow-up timeframe with the patient's actual time to next encounter. The association of race and ethnicity with odds of lapses in care was evaluated using a mixed-effects logistic regression model controlling for age, sex, insurance, severity of diabetic retinopathy, presence of other retinal disorders, and glaucoma. Main Outcome Measures: Lapses in diabetic retinopathy care. Results: The methodology to identify diabetic retinopathy-related visits had a 95.0% (95% confidence interval, 93.0-96.6) sensitivity and 98.8% (98.1-99.3) specificity as compared with a gold standard grader. The methodology resulted in a 97.3% (96.2-98.4) sensitivity and 98.1% (97.3-98.9) specificity for detecting a follow-up recommendation, with an average error of -0.05 (-0.31 to 0.21) weeks in extracting the precise timeframe. A total of 39 561 patients with 91 104 office visits were included in the analysis. The average age was 61.4 years. More than 3 (77.6%) in 4 patients had a lapse in care. In multivariable analysis, non-Hispanic Black patients had 1.24 (1.19-1.30) odds and Hispanic patients had 1.26 (1.13-1.40) odds of ever having a lapse in care compared with non-Hispanic White patients (P < 0.001, respectively). Conclusions: We have developed a reliable methodology for identifying lapses in diabetic retinopathy care that is tailored to a provider's recommended follow-up. Using this approach, we find that 3 in 4 patients experience a lapse in diabetic retinopathy care and that these rates are higher among non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic patients. Deploying this methodology in the EHR is one potential means by which to identify and mitigate lapses in critical ophthalmic care in patients with diabetes. Financial Disclosures: Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.

Dexamethasone impairs the expression of antimicrobial mediators in lipopolysaccharide-activated primary macrophages by inhibiting both expression and function of interferon ß.

Glucocorticoids potently inhibit expression of many inflammatory mediators, and have been widely used to treat both acute and chronic inflammatory diseases for more than seventy years. However, they can have several unwanted effects, amongst which immunosuppression is one of the most common. Here we used microarrays and proteomic approaches to characterise the effect of dexamethasone (a synthetic glucocorticoid) on the responses of primary mouse macrophages to a potent pro-inflammatory agonist, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Gene ontology analysis revealed that dexamethasone strongly impaired the lipopolysaccharide-induced antimicrobial response, which is thought to be driven by an autocrine feedback loop involving the type I interferon IFNß. Indeed, dexamethasone strongly and dose-dependently inhibited the expression of IFNß by LPS-activated macrophages. Unbiased proteomic data also revealed an inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on the IFNß-dependent program of gene expression, with strong down-regulation of several interferon-induced antimicrobial factors. Surprisingly, dexamethasone also inhibited the expression of several antimicrobial genes in response to direct stimulation of macrophages with IFNß. We tested a number of hypotheses based on previous publications, but found that no single mechanism could account for more than a small fraction of the broad suppressive impact of dexamethasone on macrophage type I interferon signaling, underlining the complexity of this pathway. Preliminary experiments indicated that dexamethasone exerted similar inhibitory effects on primary human monocyte-derived or alveolar macrophages.

Dysbindin regulates hippocampal LTP by controlling NMDA receptor surface expression.

Abnormalities in NMDA receptor (NMDAR) function have been implicated in schizophrenia. Here, we show that dysbindin, a schizophrenia-susceptibility gene widely expressed in the forebrain, controls the surface expression of NMDARs in a subunit-specific manner. Imaging analyses revealed a marked increase in surface NR2A, but not NR2B, in hippocampal neurons derived from dysbindin-null mutant mice (Dys-/-). Exogenous expression of dysbindin reduced NR2A surface expression in both wild-type and Dys-/- neurons. Biotinylation experiments also revealed an increase in surface expression of endogenous NR2A in Dys-/- neurons. Disruption of the dysbindin gene dramatically increased NR2A-mediated synaptic currents, without affecting AMPA receptor currents, in hippocampal CA1 neurons. The Dys-/- hippocampal slices exhibited an enhanced LTP, whereas basal synaptic transmission, presynaptic properties, and LTD were normal. Thus, dysbindin controls hippocampal LTP by selective regulation of the surface expression of NR2A. These results reveal subunit-specific regulation of NMDARs by dysbindin, providing an unexpected link between these two proteins implicated in schizophrenia.

Novel approach to probe subunit-specific contributions to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor trafficking reveals a dominant role for NR2B in receptor recycling.

N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are expressed at excitatory synapses throughout the brain and are essential for neuronal development and synaptic plasticity. Functional NMDA receptors are tetramers, typically composed of NR1 and NR2 subunits (NR2A-D). NR2A and NR2B are expressed in the forebrain and are thought to assemble as diheteromers (NR1/NR2A, NR1/NR2B) and triheteromers (NR1/NR2A/NR2B). NR2A and NR2B contain cytosolic domains that regulate distinct postendocytic sorting events, with NR2A sorting predominantly into the degradation pathway, and NR2B preferentially trafficking through the recycling pathway. However, the interplay between these two subunits remains an open question. We have now developed a novel approach based on the dimeric feature of the alpha- and beta-chains of the human major histocompatibility complex class II molecule. We created chimeras of alpha- and beta-chains with the NR2A and NR2B C termini and evaluated endocytosis of dimers. Like chimeric proteins containing only a single NR2A or NR2B C-terminal domain, major histocompatibility complex class II-NR2A homodimers sort predominantly to late endosomes, whereas NR2B homodimers traffic to recycling endosomes. Interestingly, NR2A/NR2B heterodimers traffic preferentially through the recycling pathway, and NR2B is dominant in regulating dimer trafficking in both heterologous cells and neurons. In addition, the recycling of NR2B-containing NMDARs in wild-type neurons is not significantly different from NR2A(-/-) neurons. These data support a dominant role for NR2B in regulating the trafficking of triheteromeric NMDARs in vivo. Furthermore, our molecular approach allows for the direct and selective evaluation of dimeric assemblies and can be used to define dominant trafficking domains in other multisubunit protein complexes.

An Inflammatory Reaction to Stored Fascia Lata 37 Years Postimplantation.

We report a rare case of a suspected inflammatory reaction to stored fascia lata 37 years post-placement. Clinical, imaging, histopathological, and immunohistochemical findings are presented, with a literature review on reactions to stored fascia lata. A 39-year-old woman had upper eyelid congenital ptosis repaired successfully at 2 years with bilateral frontalis suspension procedures using stored fascia lata. Thirty-seven years later, the patient presented with swelling of her eyelids and forehead, which was tender to the touch, in the same pattern as the fascia lata slings placed earlier. Histopathological examination disclosed a non-necrotizing granulomatous inflammatory infiltrate with numerous asteroid bodies. Initially, it was responsive to oral prednisone, but with recurrent inflammation, long-term methotrexate was required to control the inflammation. To our knowledge, this type of delayed inflammatory reaction has not been previously reported. It raises a concern about the use of allogeneic donor tissue and accepted sterilization techniques that may not be 100% effective in deactivating all components of the donor graft, including potential infectious pathogens, leading to a subsequent latent reaction.

Design, synthesis and evaluation of tryptophan analogues as tool compounds to study IDO1 activity.

The metabolism of l-tryptophan to N-formyl-l-kynurenine by indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is thought to play a critical role in tumour-mediated immune suppression. Whilst there has been significant progress in elucidating the overall enzymatic mechanism of IDO1 and related enzymes, key aspects of the catalytic cycle remain poorly understood. Here we report the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of tryptophan analogues which have the potential to intercept putative intermediates in the metabolism of 1 by IDO1. Functionally-relevant binding to IDO1 was demonstrated through enzymatic inhibition, however no IDO1-mediated metabolism of these compounds was observed. Subsequent T m-shift analysis shows the most active compound, 17, exhibits a distinct profile from known competitive IDO1 inhibitors, with docking studies supporting the hypothesis that 17 may bind at the recently-discovered Si site. These findings provide a start-point for development of further mechanistic probes and more potent tryptophan-based IDO1 inhibitors.

Reliability of the Revised Motor Learning Strategies Rating Instrument and Its Role in Describing the Motor Learning Strategy Content of Physiotherapy Sessions in Paediatric Acquired Brain Injury.

Purpose: Documenting the use of motor learning strategies (MLS) in physiotherapy is a foundational step in understanding the effectiveness of motor skills-based treatments in paediatric acquired brain injury (ABI). The purpose of this study was to estimate the inter- and intrarater reliability of the revised Motor Learning Strategies Rating Instrument (MLSRI-22) in physiotherapy for children and youth with ABI when administered by trained student physiotherapists. The MLSRI-22 was then used to describe the MLS content of traditional and robotic treadmill training physiotherapy sessions for children with ABI to demonstrate its application. Method: Thirty videos of children with ABI receiving Lokomat or traditional physiotherapy were rated using the MLSRI-22. Inter- and intrarater reliability were estimated using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs). Mean MLSRI-22 item scores described the MLS session content. Results: MLSRI-22 total score inter- and intrarater ICCs were 0.81 (95% CI: 0.61, 0.91) and 0.95 (95% CI: 0.90, 0.98), respectively. There were similarities and differences in MLS content between treatment approaches. Conclusions: Trained assessors can reliably administer the MLSRI-22 in physiotherapy for children with ABI. Research using MLSRI-22 scores to explore and systematically compare MLS across treatment approaches may provide insight into their effectiveness and contribute to MLS practice guidelines for children with ABI.

Objectif : il est essentiel de répertorier les stratégies d'apprentissage moteur (SAM) utilisées en physiothérapie pour comprendre l'efficacité des traitements pédiatriques reposant sur les habiletés motrices en cas de lésions cérébrales acquises (LCA). La présente étude visait à évaluer la fiabilité interévaluateur et intraévaluateur de l'instrument d'évaluation révisé des stratégies d'apprentissage moteur (MLSRI­22) en physiothérapie chez les enfants et les adolescents ayant des LCA, lorsqu'il était utilisé par des étudiants en physiothérapie. Le MLSRI­22 a ensuite été utilisé pour décrire le contenu des SAM de séances de formation sur tapis roulant classique et robotique chez des enfants ayant des LCA et ainsi en démontrer l'application. Méthodologie : les chercheurs ont classé 30 vidéos d'enfants ayant des LCA recevant des services Lokomat ou de physiothérapie classique au moyen du MLSRI­22. Ils ont évalué la fiabilité interévaluateur et intraévaluateur à l'aide des coefficients de corrélation intraclasse (CCI). Les scores moyens du MLSRI­22 décrivaient le contenu de la séance de SAM. Résultats : les CCI interévaluateurs et intraévaluateurs du score total du MLSRI­22 s'élevaient à 0,81 (IC à 95 % : 0,61, 0,91) et à 0,95 (IC à 95 % : 0,90, 0,98), respectivement. Il y avait des similarités et des différences dans les démarches thérapeutiques des SAM. Conclusion : des évaluateurs formés peuvent utiliser le MLSRI­22 en toute fiabilité en physiothérapie auprès des enfants ayant des LCA. Les recherches faisant appel aux scores du MLSRI­22 pour explorer et comparer systématiquement les diverses démarches thérapeutiques des SAM peuvent donner un aperçu de leur efficacité et contribuer à la préparation de directives cliniques sur les SAM chez les enfants ayant des LCA.

Ex vivo modelling of PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade under acute, chronic, and exhaustion-like conditions of T-cell stimulation.

Blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 interactions is proving an exciting, durable therapeutic modality in a range of cancers whereby T cells are released from checkpoint inhibition to revive their inherent anti-tumour activity. Here we have studied various ways to model ex vivo T cell function in order to compare the impact of the clinically utilised anti-PD-1 antibody, pembrolizumab (Keytruda) on the activation of human T cells: focussing on the release of pro-inflammatory IFNγ and anti-inflammatory IL-10 to assess functionality. Firstly, we investigated the actions of pembrolizumab in an acute model of T-cell activation with either immature or mature allogeneic dendritic cells (DCs); pembrolizumab enhanced IFNγ and IL-10 release from purified CD4+ T-cells in the majority of donors with a bias towards pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Next, we modelled the impact of pembrolizumab in settings of more chronic T-cell activation. In a 7-day antigen-specific response to EBV peptides, the presence of pembrolizumab resulted in a relatively modest increase in both IFNγ and IL-10 release. Where pembrolizumab was assessed against long-term stimulated CD4+ cells that had up-regulated the exhaustion markers TIM-3 and PD-1, there was a highly effective enhancement of the otherwise exhausted response to allogeneic DCs with respect to IFNγ production. By contrast, the restoration of IL-10 production was considerably more limited. Finally, to assess a direct clinical relevance we investigated the consequence of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in the disease setting of dissociated cells from lung and colon carcinomas responding to allogeneic DCs: here, pembrolizumab once more enhanced IFNγ production from the majority of tumour preparations whereas, again, the increase in IL-10 release was modest at best. In conclusion, we have shown that the contribution of PD-1-revealed by using a canonical blocking antibody to interrupt its interaction with PD-L1-to the production of an exemplar pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine, respectively, depends in magnitude and ratio on the particular stimulation setting and activation status of the target T cell. We have identified a number of in vitro assays with response profiles that mimic features of dissociated cell populations from primary tumours thereby indicating these represent disease-relevant functional assays for the screening of immune checkpoint inhibitors in current and future development. Such in vitro assays may also support patient stratification of those likely to respond to immuno-oncology therapies in the wider population.

Primary ductal adenocarcinoma of the lacrimal gland: A review and report of five cases.

Primary ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is a rare epithelial tumor of the lacrimal gland. Herein we report 5 cases and review 29 published cases of PDA of the lacrimal gland. Among these 5 cases, the most common clinical presentation was painless swelling and/or proptosis of their eye. The size of the lesions ranged from 1.6 to 2.5 cm. Histopathologic examination revealed proliferations of ductal or gland-like cells with vesiculated pleomorphic nuclei and prominent nucleoli. Tumor cells stained positive for epithelial and apocrine differentiation markers. Immunohistochemistry for human epidermal growth factor 2 was positive in 2 of the 4 cases. Four of the five patients were alive at the last follow-up visit. One died with bone metastases, which were diagnosed 25 months after exenteration and then survived an additional 51 months. On reviewing of twenty-nine previously published cases of PDA, the mean age of diagnosis was 58 years, with a male predominance (75%). Fifteen patients (54%) had distant metastases, 1 (4%) had local recurrence, and 10 (37%) suffered from a PDA-related death. PDA is a high-grade aggressive epithelial tumor of the lacrimal gland. Although rare, awareness and recognition of this malignancy are important to help determine prognosis and treatment options.

Pilomatrixoma of the ocular adnexa: report of 3 cases with variations in the histopathological findings.

OBJECTIVE: To report the clinical and variations in the histopathological features of pilomatrixoma of the ocular adnexa in 3 young individuals. DESIGN: A retrospective case series was performed with clinical, histological, and immunohistochemical analysis. PARTICIPANTS: Case 1 is an 18-year-old male who presented with a reddish-blue swelling under the left eyebrow. The lesion measured 2 × 1 cm. Case 2 is a 2-year-old female who presented with a reddish-blue nodule inferior to the right eyebrow with telangiectatic vessels. The lesion measured 6 × 4 × 4 mm. Case 3 is a 14-year-old female who presented with a subcutaneous lesion under the right upper eyebrow with fluctuating inflammation. The lesion measured 12 × 3 × 2 mm. Histopathological examination of case 1 disclosed peripheral basaloid cells and central shadow cells containing calcific foci, separated by a transition zone. In case 2, histopathological analysis revealed central calcific foci in islands of shadow cells with more peripheral basaloid cells. In case 3, we observed numerous clusters of shadow cells with focal calcifications, as well as basaloid cells in a disorganized configuration. CONCLUSION: Pilomatrixoma is an uncommon benign skin neoplasm originating from the matrix of the hair root. We describe a spectrum of histopathological findings in pilomatrixoma of the ocular adnexal in 3 young individuals.

Immunohistochemical analysis of benign and malignant melanocytic lesions of the conjunctiva using double-staining.

OBJECTIVE: To implement a double-staining technique to identify the most sensitive and specific combinations of melanoma antigen recognized by T cells (Melan-A), microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), human melanoma black 45 (HMB45), and Ki67 aiming to assist in the diagnosis of atypical melanocytic conjunctival lesions that are more prone to malignant progression. METHODS: Eight specimens of conjunctival melanoma and of primary acquired melanosis with moderate to severe atypia were double-immunostained with a combination of a cytoplasmic marker (anti-Melan-A or anti-HMB45), and a nuclear marker (anti-MITF or anti-Ki67). Eight specimens of normal conjunctiva and of conjunctival nevi served as controls. The specimens were processed using 3,3-diaminobenzidine substrate for nuclear stains and the fast-red substrate for cytoplasmic stains. Each slide was analyzed by light microscopy and provided a percent scale and a 0 to 4+ score for each nuclear and cytoplasmic component. RESULTS: Melan-A and MITF were strongly positive markers for all melanocytic cells, whereas Ki67 and HMB45 provided a variable response for identifying potentially proliferative or aggressive cells. HMB45 and MITF proved to be the best combination for differentiating between atypical and benign lesions on a percent scale and a 0 to 4+ scale (p = 0.0004), with the 3 other combinations providing mainly confirmatory diagnostic information (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our study used an immunohistochemical double-staining approach to differentiate between atypical and benign melanocytic lesions of the conjunctiva. Our findings should aid in a more complete immunohistopathological diagnosis of conjunctival melanocytic lesions, particularly in diagnostically difficult cases.

Place, Race, and Lapses in Diabetic Retinopathy Care.

This cohort study investigates the association of neighborhood-level social determinants of health with lapses in diabetic retinopathy care by race and ethnicity.

Regression of Sebaceous Carcinoma of the Eyelid after a Small Incisional Biopsy: Report of Two Cases.

PURPOSE: To report 2 cases of regression of sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid after a small incisional biopsy. METHODS: Clinical, imaging, and histopathological findings are presented, with a literature review on regressing ocular tumors. RESULTS: Our first patient was a 79-year-old man who presented with a 10-month history of progressive left upper eyelid ptosis caused by an eyelid tumor with orbital involvement and confirmed on magnetic resonance imaging. Our second patient was a 70-year-old woman who presented with ptosis with a left upper eyelid mass. Both patients underwent a small incisional biopsy of their lesion. The histopathological diagnoses in both cases were consistent with sebaceous carcinoma. Both patients refused exenteration. Follow-up clinical examination and imaging disclosed total regression of the ptosis and of the neoplasm with no sign of recurrence in both patients over a 4-year period for Case 1 and a 7-year period for Case 2. CONCLUSION: Regression following incisional biopsy of basal cell, squamous cell, and Merkel cell carcinoma, including of the eyelid, is well documented. To the best of our knowledge, our 2 cases of sebaceous carcinoma are the first to be reported with total involution clinically and on imaging of the tumor following partial incisional biopsy.