CAUSES OF MATERNAL DEATH IN THE CALLAO REGION, PERÚ. DESCRIPTIVE STUDY, 2000-2015.

OBJETIVE: To identify the causes of maternal mor- tality in the Callao Region between 2000 and 2015. METHODS: Case series study conducted in public and private healthcare institutions in the region of Callao in Perú. Overall, 131 women who met the selection criteria were included as cases of maternal mortality (MM). MM was defined as death of a woman during pregnancy, childbirth or the postpartum period (within the first 42 days after childbirth) in healthcare institutions in Callao. MM clinical-epidemiological records were reviewed. The analysis was performed using percent frequencies and means. RESULTS: Of the causes of MM, 61.1 % were direct and 38.9 % were indirect. The most frequent direct causes were hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, obstetric bleeding and miscarriage. Average time between the onset of discomfort and the decision to ask for assistance was 20 minutes; mean time to arrive at the healthcare institution after making the decision was 20 minutes; and mean delay time between arrival to the institution and provision of care was 7 minutes. Of the total number of maternal deaths, 96.9 % occurred in a healthcare institution. CONCLUSION: The study showed that the causes of MM are mainly of a direct type, primarily due to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, obstetric bleeding and miscarriage, while indirect causes of MM were less frequent, consisting mainly of infectious causes..

TITULO: CAUSAS DE MUERTE MATERNA EN LA REGIÓN DE CALLAO, PERÚ. ESTUDIO DESCRIPTIVO, 2000-2015. OBJETIVO: Identificar las causas de mortalidad ma- terna en la región de Callao, entre los años 2000 y 2015. METODOS: Estudio de serie de casos en establecimientos de salud (ES) públicos y priva- dos de la región de Callao en Perú. Se incluyeron 131 mujeres como casos de muerte materna (MM) que cumplían los criterios de selección. Se consideró MM, mujer fallecida durante el embarazo, parto o posparto (dentro de los 42 días posparto), en ES del Callao. Se revisaron las historias clínico-epi- demiológicas de MM. El análisis se realizó usando frecuencias porcentuales y promedios. RESULTADOS: El 61,1 % de las causas fueron directas y el 38,9 % indirectas. Las causas directas más frecuentes fueron los trastornos hipertensivos del embarazo, las hemorragias obstétricas y el aborto. La mediana del tiempo que tardó la gestante desde el inicio de las molestias hasta que decidió pedir atención fueron 20 minutos, la mediana del tiempo que tardó en llegar al ES luego de decidir la atención fue de 20 minutos, y la mediana del tiempo de demora desde que llegó la gestante al ES hasta ser atendida fue de 7 minutos. El 96,9 % de las muertes maternas se produjeron en ES. CONCLUSIONES: El estudio demostró que la principal causa de MM es la directa, principalmente debido a trastornos hipertensivos del embarazo; la hemo- rragia obstétrica y el aborto, mientras que en menor proporción fueron las MM indirectas, principal- mente enfermedades infecciosas.

[Prevalence of healthy lunchboxes in Peruvian elementary schoolchildren]. / Prevalencia de uso de loncheras saludables en escolares peruanos del nivel primario.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of healthy lunchboxes in Peruvian elementary schoolchildren. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study including a sample of 8 185 children of public and private schools. Probabilistic, stratified and multistage sampling. Healthy lunchbox was defined as that composed of a fruit, a drink and a healthy complement (low in sugar, salt and oil) according to the Peruvian law; it was evaluated by observation. The analysis was performed using complex samples adjusted by weighting factor. Percentages, 95% confidence interval and chi square were calculated. Formal authorization was requested from the principal and the teachers and fathers; additionally, written consent was requested from students aged ≥9 years or older. RESULTS: 8 185 schoolchildren were evaluated; the prevalence was 58.7% of lunchboxes (CI95%: 56.5;61.0). The prevalence of lunchbox use was 5.4% (CI95%: 4.6;6.3). A figure of 5.6% healthy lunchboxes was found in boys and 5.2% in girls. 6.3% of the children residing in the urban area had healthy lunch boxes, in contrast to 0.8% in the rural area. Children residing in Metropolitan Lima (8.1%) and the jungle (8.1%) had healthy lunchboxes. The departments with the highest prevalence of healthy lunchboxes were: Arequipa (13.6%), Moquegua (9.4%), Tacna (9.3%), Lima (7.5%) and Lambayeque (6.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of healthy lunchboxes in Peruvian schoolchildren is very low.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia de loncheras saludables en escolares peruanos del nivel primario. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal que incluyó a 8 185 escolares de colegios públicos y privados. Muestreo probabilístico, estratificado y multietápico. El tamaño de muestra calculado fue 8 628 escolares. Se definió lonchera saludable, la inclusión de una fruta, bebida y complemento saludable (bajo en azúcar, sal y aceite) según normatividad peruana, se evalúo por observación. El análisis se realizó mediante muestras complejas ajustado por factor de ponderación. Se calculó, porcentajes, intervalo de confianza de 95% y Chi-cuadrado. Se solicitó la autorización formal al director, maestros y padres, adicionalmente se pidió el asentimiento verbal a los estudiantes ≥ con 9 o más años. RESULTADOS: Se evaluaron 8 185 escolares, la prevalencia del uso de loncheras fue 58,7% (IC 95%:56.5;61.0). La prevalencia de loncheras saludables fue 5,4% (IC95%:4,6;6,3). Del total de niños, 5,6% tuvieron loncheras saludables y 5,2% del total de niñas tuvieron loncheras saludables. El 6,3% de los niños que residieron en la zona urbana tuvieron lonchera saludable y 0,8% en la zona rural. Los niños que residieron en Lima Metropolitana (8,1%) y la selva (8,1%) tuvieron loncheras saludables. Los departamentos con mayor prevalencia de loncheras saludables fueron: Arequipa (13,6%), Moquegua (9,4%), Tacna (9,3%), Lima (7,5%) y Lambayeque (6,5%). CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de loncheras saludables en los escolares peruanos es muy baja.

[Prevalence and factors associated with overweight and obesity in Peruvian primary school children]. / Prevalencia y factores asociados al sobrepeso y obesidad en escolares peruanos del nivel primario.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with overweight and obesity in Peruvian schoolchildren. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study carried out between 2013 and 2014. The probabilistic, multistage stratified sampling included 1 191 conglomerates with 7 914 dwellings (4 842 in the urban area and 3 072 in the rural area) of Peru. A total of 2 801 schoolchildren aged between 5 and 13 years were evaluated. The Z score of the body mass index by age (ZBMI) was used according to the WHO. Overweight was considered (ZBMI> 1 and ≤2) and obesity (ZBMI >2). RESULTS: 18.1% of the sample was overweight and 14.1% were obese. Overweight predominated in males (18.7%), schoolchildren aged 8 to 10 years (19.6%), non-poor (21.2%), residing in the urban area (21.6%), from Metropolitan Lima (22.8%) and Costa (22.7%). The factors associated with overweight included non-poverty (OR=1.9), living in urban areas (OR=1.7), Metropolitan Lima (OR=1.9) and Costa (OR=1.6). On the other hand, factors associated with obesity included male sex (OR=3.1), secondary education level of the head of the household (OR=1.8), higher education (OR=2.5), non-poor (OR=9.2), residing in an urban area (OR=3.4), Metropolitan Lima (OR=4.8) and Costa (OR=2.9). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of obesity or overweight in schoolchildren is high. Non-poverty, living in urban areas, Metropolitan Lima and Costa are associated with overweight. Being a man, non-poor, the highest educational level of the head of the household, living in the urban area, Metropolitan Lima and Costa were associated with obesity.

OBJETIVOS: Determinar la prevalencia y factores asociados al sobrepeso y obesidad en escolares peruanos. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal durante el 2013-2014. El muestreo probabilístico, estratificado multietápico, se incluyó 1 191 conglomerados con 7 914 viviendas (área urbana: 4 842 y rural: 3 072) en Perú. Se evalúo 2 801 escolares entre 5 a 13 años. Se empleó el Z score del índice de masa corporal para la edad (ZIMC) según OMS. Se consideró sobrepeso (ZIMC>1 y ≤2) y obesidad (ZIMC>2). RESULTADOS: El 18,1% tuvieron sobrepeso y 14,1% obesidad. El sobrepeso predominó en varones (18,7%), escolares de 8 a 10 años (19,6%), no pobres (21,2%), área urbana (21,6%), Lima Metropolitana (22,8%) y Costa (22,7%). La obesidad predominó en varones (19,1%), escolares de 8 a 10 años (17,9%), no pobres (18,5%), área urbana (20,2%), Lima Metropolitana (28,0%) y Costa (18,2%). Los factores asociados al sobrepeso fueron la no pobreza (OR=1,9), vivir en área urbana (OR=1,7), Lima Metropolitana (OR=1,9) y Costa (OR=1,6); mientras que ser hombre (OR=3,1), nivel educativo secundario del jefe del hogar (OR=1, 8), superior (OR=2,5), no pobre (OR=9,2), residir en área urbana (OR=3,4), Lima Metropolitana (OR=4,8) y Costa (OR=2,9) se asociaron con la obesidad. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de obesidad o sobrepeso de los escolares es alta. La condición de no pobreza, vivir en área urbana, Lima Metropolitana y Costa se asocian al sobrepeso. Ser hombre, no pobre, el mayor nivel educativo del jefe del hogar, vivir en el área urbana, Lima Metropolitana y Costa se asocia a la obesidad.

[Effectiveness of mobile technology and weight gain in pregnant women in Callao, Peru]. / Eficacia de la tecnología móvil y ganancia de peso en gestantes en Callao, Perú.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of mobile technology in the appropriate weight gain of pregnant women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A quasi-experimental study. The sample included 117 pregnant women attending health facilities at la Dirección Regional de Salud (Diresa), Callao. Messages were sent to 58 pregnant women who formed the experimental group to improve their lifestyles and assistance to prenatal care (APC), while 59 pregnant women received routine education provided for pregnants. Messages were sent every three days. The nutritional status of the pregnant women was evaluated using the pre gestational BMI at the first visit of the APC. The weight gain was obtained from the difference between pre-gestational weight and weight recorded during the last controls. RESULTS: The adequate weight gain was 27.6% of intervened pregnancies and 25.4% in the non-intervened. The 79.3% pregnant had six or more NPC in the group intervened and 54.2% in the non-intervened. The weight gain was excessive in 5.1% in the non-intervened pregnant and 1.7% in the intervened. The highest percentage of pregnant women with adequate weight gain (32.0%) was observed in the intervened pregnancies with pre-gestacional overwhegith. CONCLUSIONS: There was no statistic difference in the use of mobile technology for a proper weight gain between both study groups. There were greater fulfillment of APC in intervened pregnancies compared to the non-intervened (p<0.05).

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la eficacia de la tecnología móvil en la ganancia adecuada de peso de las gestantes estudiadas. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio cuasi-experimental. Se incluyó a 117 gestantes que acudieron a establecimientos de salud de la Dirección Regional de Salud (Diresa), Callao. Se envió mensajes a 58 gestantes que conformaban el grupo experimental para mejorar sus estilos de vida y asistencia al control prenatal (CPN), mientras que 59 gestantes recibieron la educación rutinaria durante la gestación. Los mensajes se enviaron cada tres días. En la primera visita del control pre natal se evaluó el estado nutricional de las gestantes tomando como referencia el IMC pre gestacional. La ganancia de peso se obtuvo por diferencia entre el peso pre-gestacional y peso registrado durante los últimos controles. RESULTADOS: La ganancia de peso adecuada fue 27,6% de gestantes intervenidas y 25,4% en las no intervenidas. El 79,3% de gestantes tuvieron seis o más CPN en el grupo intervenido y 54,2% en las no intervenidas. La ganancia de peso fue excesiva en 5,1% en las gestantes no intervenidas y solo 1,7% en las intervenidas. El mayor porcentaje de gestantes con ganancia de peso adecuada (32,0%) se observó en las gestantes intervenidas con sobrepeso pre gestacional. CONCLUSIONES: No hubo diferencia estadística al usar la tecnología móvil para la adecuada ganancia de peso entre los grupos de estudio. Existió mayor cumplimiento de asistencia al CPN en el grupo de gestantes intervenidas comparado con el no intervenido (p<0,05).

[Choice of and preference for home child-birth in Callao, Perú]. / Elección y preferencia del parto domiciliario en Callao, Perú.

OBJECTIVE: Identifying the personal factors and prenatal attention associated with choosing the home for giving birth. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 52 cases (fertile women whose last childbirth had been at home) and 208 controls (fertile women residing in the same geographical area). The study was carried out in the Pachacútec micro-network. Analysis was both bivariate and multivariate. RESULTS: The cases' average age was 28 (6,5 SD) and 26 for controls (6,1 SD). Bivariate analysis demonstrated a significant association for different factors but these they were not confirmed when multivariate analysis was applied. The risk factors were the home as foreseen place for childbirth w = 34.8 (p = 0.0); OR = 31.7 (CI = 10.1; 99.8) and prenatal attention supplier w = 7.0 (p = 0.0); OR = 0.1 (CI = 0.0; 0.5). CONCLUSIONS: The home as foreseen place for childbirth and prenatal attention supplier were the factors which were highly associated with home childbirth.

[Ioduria and iodine concentration in table salt in Peruvian elementary schoolchildren]. / Yoduria y concentración de yodo en sal de consumo en escolares peruanos del nivel primario.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the ioduria and iodine concentration in table salt in Peruvian elementary schoolchildren. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed. A total of 8,023 elementary schoolchildren, who voluntarily participated, were included. Multistage stratified probability sampling was performed, and the sample was obtained by systematic selection. Ioduria was determined via spectrophotometry (Sandell-Kolthoff method), and the amount of iodine in salt was evaluated volumetrically. The data were processed by means of analysis for complex samples with a weighting factor. Medians, percentiles, and confidence intervals were calculated, and the Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis H tests were used, where appropriate. RESULTS: Nationwide, the median ioduria in schoolchildren was 258.53 ug/L, being higher in boys (265.90 ug/L) than in girls (250.77 ug/L). The median ioduria in urban areas was higher (289.89 ug/L) than that in rural areas (199.67 ug/L), while it was 315.48 ug/L in private schools and 241.56 ug/L in public schools (p<0.001). The median iodine concentration in table salt was 28.69 mg/kg. Of the total salt samples, 23.1% contained less than 15 mg/kg of iodine. CONCLUSIONS: The median ioduria in elementary schoolchildren exceeded normal levels, according to the criteria of the World Health Organization, with differences between urban and rural areas and public and private schools.

Rol regulador del estado peruano en ensayos clínicos: las autorizaciones. Estudio cualitativo

Objetivos : Explicar el rol del Estado Peruano relacionado a los procesos participativos de los diversos actores que influyen en la regulación concerniente a la autorización de ensayos clínicos (EC). Metodología : Se presenta parte del estudio de caso correspondiente a una tesis de doctor llevada a cabo entre los años 2015 y 2017. Se utilizó información documental y se realizaron 14 entrevistas semiestructuradas a informantes claves. También se sistematizaron experiencias relacionadas a la autorización e inspección de ensayos clínicos, así como la verificación de centros de investigación. Se contó también con la información pública disponible del Instituto Nacional de Salud del Perú. El análisis se realizó dentro de un marco epistemológico y hermenéutico con la aprobación del Comité de Ética de la Facultad de Medicina de San Fernando. Resultados : Los temas identificados fueron los siguientes: demora en los tiempos regulatorios que autorizan los ensayos, aumento de las no autorizaciones en un determinado lapso de 3 años, suspensión de las autorizaciones para ejecutar EC en niños, lo que llevó a una progresiva reducción de las solicitudes y por consiguiente de los ensayos clínicos desde el año 2009 en adelante. Conclusiones : En el estudio realizado, la regulación del Estado Peruano en cuanto a la autorización de EC se ha debilitado al reducir el ejercicio de ciudadanía en salud de los participantes y las fortalezas de algunos actores, particularmente la generación de competencias de los investigadores para desarrollar EC.

Objectives : To explain the role of the Peruvian Government related to participation of different stakeholders influencing regulations for authorizing clinical trials (CT). Methodology : We present part of a case study corresponding to a PhD thesis performed between 2015 and 2017. We used document information and 14 semi-structured interviews with key informants were performed. We also systematized experiences related to clinical trial authorization and inspection, as well as verification of investigation sites. We also had access to publicly available information from the Peruvian National Institute of Health. The analysis was performed within epistemological and hermeneutical frameworks, and it was approved by the Ethics Committee from San Fernando Public Medicine School. Results : Issues identified were as follows: Delay in regulatory times authorized for CTs; suspension of authorizations for performing CTs in children, which led to progressive reduction in requests and consequently to a reduction in CTs from 2009 on. Conclusions : According to this study, regulations by Peruvian authorities have weakened, since participants and some stakeholders are not able to exert their rights, particularly with respect to competence generation for researchers when trying to develop CTs.

[Bacteriological quality of water for consumption in three Peruvian areas]. / Calidad bacteriológica del agua para consumo en tres regiones del Perú.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the bacteriological quality of drinking water in Huancavelica, Cajamarca and Huánuco during 2012-2013. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Sampling was probabilistic, stratified and multistage. The sample included 706 households. The Readycult ® kit was used to assess the presence of total coliforms and E. coli. 100 mL of water used for food preparation was collected. The determination of residual chlorine was performed by semiquantitative analysis using Chlorine Test Reagent ®. It was established as the ideal residual chlorine concentration ≥0,5 mg/L. The statistical analysis considered the necessary weight for complex samples. We calculed percentages and chi square. The informed consent of the head of household is requested. It was defined as good bacteriological quality of water: water sample with adequate free chlorine, in the absence of total coliforms and E. coli. RESULTS: The samples tested, 78.6 % had total coliforms in Cajamarca, Huancavelica and 65.5 % at 64.1 % in Huanuco. The 72.0 % had E. coli in Cajamarca, Huancavelica 37.4 % and 17.5 % in Huánuco. In Cajamarca, 8.6 % of the water samples were of good bacteriological quality, while in Huancavelica was 4.3 % and Huanuco, 7.2 %. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the water samples were of poor bacteriological quality. Most of the water samples had total coliforms. Three-quarters of households in Cajamarca, Huancavelica third and almost one fifth of Huanuco had the presence of E. coli in drinking water.

OBJETIVOS: Determinar la calidad bacteriológica del agua para consumo en tres regiones del Perú. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio transversal. La recolección de datos se realizó en Cajamarca, Huancavelica y Huánuco durante el 2012-2013. El muestreo fue probabilístico, estratificado multietápico. Incluyó 706 viviendas. Se evalúo presencia de coliformes totales y E. coli mediante el kit Readycult ®. Se recolectó 100 mL de agua utilizada para preparación de alimentos. La determinación de cloro residual se realizó mediante análisis semicuantitativo (Chlorine Test®). Se estableció como concentración ideal de cloro residual ≥0,5 mg/L. El análisis de datos se realizó mediante muestras complejas con factor de ponderación. Se calcularon porcentajes y chi cuadrado. Se definió buena calidad bacteriológica: agua con cloro libre adecuado, ausencia de coliformes totales y E. coli. Se solicitó el consentimiento informado del jefe del hogar. RESULTADOS: Del total de muestras evaluadas, 78,6 % tuvieron coliformes totales en Cajamarca, 65,5 % en Huancavelica y 64,1 % en Huánuco, El 72,0 % tuvieron E. coli en Cajamarca, 37,4 % en Huancavelica y 17,5 % Huánuco. En Cajamarca, el 8,6 % de las muestras de agua fueron de buena calidad bacteriológica, mientras que en Huancavelica fue 4,3% y en Huánuco, 7,2 %. CONCLUSIONES: La mayoría de las muestras de agua tuvieron mala calidad bacteriológica evidenciándose coliformes totales. Las tres cuartas partes de los hogares de Cajamarca, la tercera parte de Huancavelica y casi la quinta parte de Huánuco tuvieron E. coli en el agua de consumo humano.

[Iodine concentration in urine and salt consumption in women between 12 to 49 years of age in Peru]. / Concentraciones de yodo en orina y en sal de consumo en mujeres entre 12 a 49 años del Perú.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the concentrations of iodine in urine and salt intake in women between 12-49 years of age in Peru. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An observational and cross-sectional study was performed. During 2012 and 2013, the study included women aged between 12-49 years living in Peruvian households selected through a probabilistic, stratified and multistage sample. The determination of iodine in urine was performed based on the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction spectrophotometry. The qualitative evaluation of iodine salt was performed by Yoditest and the quantitative by volumetric analysis. Processing was performed using complex samples with weights. Medians, interquartile range and percentiles were obtained. RESULTS: The median urinary iodine levels in the participants was 250.4 ug/L. The regions with elevated median urinary iodine levels were: Moquegua (389.3 ug/L); Tacna (320.5 ug/L); Madre de Dios (319.8 ug/L), and Ucayali (306.0 ug/L); while Puno (192.9 ug/L); Piura (188.1 ug/L) and Tumbes (180.5 ug/L) had medians within ranges recommended by the WHO. The median urinary iodine in pregnant women was 274.6 ug/L (IQR: 283 ug/L).82.5% of the samples had iodine salt ≥30 ppm and 1.9% had values of 0 ppm. CONCLUSIONS: The median urinary iodine in Peruvian women is higher than recommended by the WHO and the majority of the samples had adequate iodine concentrations according to WHO recommendations.

[Prevalence of anemia and associated factors in elderly residing in peruvian households]. / Prevalencia de anemia y factores asociados en adultos mayores peruanos.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of anemia and associated factors in elderly residing in Peruvian households. MATERIALS AND METHODS: the study deals with a cross-sectional design and was conducted in 2011. The sample was probabilistic, stratified and multistage independent in department of Peru. The required sample housing was 5792, we included 2172 elderly. We asked informed consent of all elderly. The anemia was defined as hemoglobin <13.0 g / dL in men and <12.0 g / dL in women, hemoglobin was adjusted for altitude. The anthropometric measurements were performed according to methodology MINSA/INS. The Nutritional status was assessed by body mass index. The classification of nutritional status: underweight (BMI≤23,0) (BMI>23 to <28), overweight (BMI≥28 to <32.0) and obesity (BMI≥32). Statistical analysis was performed using complex samples and adjusted by the weighting factor. We Calculated means, proportions. The chi-square and regression logistic. RESULTS: The mean hemoglobin was 13.4 ± 1.6 g / dL. The prevalence of anemia was 23,3% (mild anemia 17.1%, moderate: severe 5,7% and 0,5%). The age 70 to 79 years (OR 1.5; CI 95%:1.1; 2.0),> 80 years (OR 2.1; CI 95%: 1.4; 3.0) and thinness (OR 1.7; CI 95%: 1.2, 2.3) associated with anemia. Ayacucho, Ancash, Lambayeque and Apurimac were the departments with the highest prevalence of anemia. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately one quarter of elderly were anemic, being more prevalent in the illiterate, rural and poor. Older age and thinness are associated with anemia in elderly Peruvians.

Desempeño laboral del profesional de enfermería en un hospital de la Seguridad Social del Callao ­ Perú / The performance of the nursing professional in a Social Security hospital in Callao - Peru

Objetivos: describir el nivel de desempeño según las características laborales, formación académica, aspectos motivadores, organizacionales y la influencia de la jefatura de enfermería del profesional de enfermería que labora en el Hospital Nacional Alberto Sabogal (HNASS) (Callao, Perú). Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal, realizado en el HNASS del Callao. El muestreo fue probabilístico, con afijación proporcional. La muestra fue 208 enfermeras. Se empleó un cuestionario ad hoc. El desempeño laboral se evalúo mediante la normativa de evaluación del Seguro Social de Perú. Se calculó promedios, desviación estándar, porcentajes y chi cuadrado. El estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Investigación y Ética del HNASS. Resultados: el 24,5% presentó insuficiente desempeño, 78,8% tuvieron 6 a más años de servicio, 93,8% tuvieron especialidad, 63,0% perciben sobrecarga de trabajo, 70,2% no reciben capacitaciones y 37,0% perciben presión laboral de la jefatura de enfermería. Del total de enfermeras con suficiente desempeño, el 66,7% presentaron un tiempo de servicio ≥ 6 años (valor p=0,02), 96,2% tuvieron especialidad (valor p=0,01). En el grupo de enfermeras con insuficiente desempeño, el 98,0% no hacen docencia (valor p=0,02) 82,4% no fueron capacitadas por la institución empleadora (p valor=0,030), 88,2% percibieron presión laboral por parte de la jefatura, 51,0% no tienen facilidades en el horario de trabajo, 84,3% percibieron estar desmotivados y 76,5% percibieron estar ubicados de acuerdo a su especialidad (valor p<0,05). Conclusiones: la mayoría de los profesionales de enfermería del hospital HNASS tienen desempeño suficiente, sin embargo, es necesario que la gerencia del hospital realice esfuerzos adicionales para lograr un mejor desempeño del personal de enfermería..(AU)

Objectives: to describe the performance of the nursing professional that works in the Alberto Sabogal National Hospital. Material and methods: cross-sectional observational study, carried out in the HNASS of Callao. The sampling was probabilistic, with proportional affixation. The sample size was 208 nurses. An ad hoc questionnaire was used. Labor performance was evaluated through the evaluation regulations of the Social Security of Peru. Averages, standard deviation, percentages and chi square were calculated. The study was approved by the Research and Ethics Committee of the HNASS. Results: 24.5% presented insufficient performance, 78.8% had 6 or more years of service, 93.8% had a specialty, 63.0% received hard work, 70.2% did not receive training and 37% received work pressure from the nurses Headquarters. Of the total nurses with sufficient performance, 66.7% had a service time of ≥ 6 years (p value=0.02), 96.2% had a specialty (p value=0.01). In nurses with insufficient performance,98% do not teach at university (p value=0.02) 82.4% were not trained by the employing institution (p value=0.030), 88.2% perceived labor pressure from the headquarters, 51.0% do not have facilities in the work schedule, 84.3% perceived demotivation and 76.5% perceived located according to their specialty (palue<0.05).Conclusions: the most of the nursing professionals at the HNASS hospital have sufficient performance, however, it is necessary that the hospital management make strong efforts for a better performance of the nurses..(AU)

[Nutritional status associated with demographic characteristics in older Peruvian adults]. / Estado nutricional asociado a características sociodemográficas en el adulto mayor peruano.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the nutritional status in older adults and its association with sociodemographic characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Sampling was probabilistic, stratifi and multistage. Nutritional status was assessed by body mass index (BMI) according to the classifi of nutritional status for the elderly from the Ministry of Health of Peru. The statistical analysis considered the necessary weight for complex samples. RESULTS: The study included 7,267 older adults. 26.8% of participants were underweight, 21.7% overweight, 10.6% obese and 40.8% normal. The average age in the sample was 70.1 ± 8.3 years. Illiteracy (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.2-3.0), primary education (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.3-2.9), extreme poverty (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.6-2.5), living in rural areas (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.5-2.1), living in the mountains (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.2-2.2) or jungle (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.1-2.2) were found associated with underweight. Females (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.4-2.1), living in urban areas (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.6-2.5), living in the coastal region (OR 1.5; 95% CI 1.2- 1.8); and not classifi as poor (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.3-2.9) were associated with overweight. Female sex (OR 3.1; 95% CI 2.3-4.1), primary education (OR 2.4; 95% CI 1.5-4.0) and secondary (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.2-3.4); live in urban areas (OR 2.2; 95% CI 1.6-2.9), inhabiting the coast (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.3-2.4), Metro (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.2) and jungle (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.1-2.2), and not classifi as poor (OR 3.5; 95% CI 1.8-7.0) were associated with obesity. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that both underweight and overweight are common in the elderly population studied.

[The physical activity level of people working at a regional health office in Lima, Peru]. / Nivel de actividad física en los trabajadores de una Dirección Regional de Salud de Lima, Perú

OBJECTIVE: Determining the prevalence of physical activity for health workers from a regional health office in Lima; their nutritional status and history of non-communicable diseases is also described. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was cross-sectional and observations were made between August and November 2012. The study population involved 172 health workers working at a regional health office in Lima (DIRESA) according to the inclusion criteria and their acceptance of the offer to participate. Workers were excluded who had some kind of physical limitation regarding physical exercise. Their physical activity level was determined by using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) which measures physical activity domains: work, home, transport and leisure. SPSS-19 was used for processed the data and nutritional status was evaluated using the body mass index (BMI), according to WHO classification. RESULTS: 88.0 % of DIRESA workers had a low level of physical activity and 64.0 % were overweight. Among the most common non-communicable diseases, it was found that 4.7 % had diabetes, 15.6 % hypertension, 32.6 % dyslipidaemia and 15.0 % smoked. CONCLUSIONS: DIRESA workers had a high prevalence of physical inactivity and excess weight, so it is advisable to implement healthy policies helping to improve their health.

Causes of maternal death in the callao region, perú. descriptive study, 2000-2015 / Causas de muerte materna en la región de callao, perú. estudio descriptivo, 2000-2015

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the causes of maternal mortality in the Callao Region between 2000 and 2015. Materials and methods: Case series study conducted in public and private healthcare institutions in the region of Callao in Perú. Overall, 131 women who met the selection criteria were included as cases of maternal mortality (MM). MM was defined as death of a woman during pregnancy, childbirth or the postpartum period (within the first 42 days after childbirth) in healthcare institutions in Callao. MM clinical-epidemiological records were reviewed. The analysis was performed using percent frequencies and means. Results: Of the causes of MM, 61.1 % were direct and 38.9 % were indirect. The most frequent direct causes were hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, obstetric bleeding and miscarriage. Average time between the onset of discomfort and the decision to ask for assistance was 20 minutes; mean time to arrive at the healthcare institution after making the decision was 20 minutes; and mean delay time between arrival to the institution and provision of care was 7 minutes. Of the total number of maternal deaths, 96.9 % occurred in a healthcare institution. Conclusion: The study showed that the causes of MM are mainly of a direct type, primarily due to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, obstetric bleeding and miscarriage, while indirect causes of MM were less frequent, consisting mainly of infectious causes.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar las causas de mortalidad materna en la región de Callao, entre los años 2000 y 2015. Materiales y métodos: estudio de serie de casos en establecimientos de salud (ES) públicos y privados de la región de Callao en Perú. Se incluyeron 131 mujeres como casos de muerte materna (MM) que cumplían los criterios de selección. Se consideró MM, mujer fallecida durante el embarazo, parto o posparto (dentro de los 42 días posparto), en ES del Callao. Se revisaron las historias clínico-epidemiológicas de MM. El análisis se realizó usando frecuencias porcentuales y promedios. Resultados: el 61,1 % de las causas fueron directas y el 38,9 % indirectas. Las causas directas más frecuentes fueron los trastornos hipertensivos del embarazo, las hemorragias obstétricas y el aborto. La mediana del tiempo que tardó la gestante desde el inicio de las molestias hasta que decidió pedir atención fueron 20 minutos, la mediana del tiempo que tardó en llegar al ES luego de decidir la atención fue de 20 minutos, y la mediana del tiempo de demora desde que llegó la gestante al ES hasta ser atendida fue de 7 minutos. El 96,9 % de las muertes maternas se produjeron en ES. Conclusión: el estudio demostró que la principal causa de MM es la directa, principalmente debido a trastornos hipertensivos del embarazo; la hemorragia obstétrica y el aborto, mientras que en menor proporción fueron las MM indirectas, principalmente enfermedades infecciosas.

Prevalencia de uso de loncheras saludables en escolares peruanos del nivel primario / Prevalence of healthy lunchboxes in Peruvian elementary schoolchildren / Prevalência de uso de lancheiras saudáveis ​​em alunos do ensino fundamental peruano

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar la prevalencia de loncheras saludables en escolares peruanos del nivel primario. Material y Métodos Estudio transversal que incluyó a 8 185 escolares de colegios públicos y privados. Muestreo probabilístico, estratificado y multietápico. El tamaño de muestra calculado fue 8 628 escolares. Se definió lonchera saludable, la inclusión de una fruta, bebida y complemento saludable (bajo en azúcar, sal y aceite) según normatividad peruana, se evalúo por observación. El análisis se realizó mediante muestras complejas ajustado por factor de ponderación. Se calculó, porcentajes, intervalo de confianza de 95% y Chi-cuadrado. Se solicitó la autorización formal al director, maestros y padres, adicionalmente se pidió el asentimiento verbal a los estudiantes ≥ con 9 o más años. Resultados Se evaluaron 8 185 escolares, la prevalencia del uso de loncheras fue 58,7% (IC 95%:56.5;61.0). La prevalencia de loncheras saludables fue 5,4% (IC95%:4,6;6,3). Del total de niños, 5,6% tuvieron loncheras saludables y 5,2% del total de niñas tuvieron loncheras saludables. El 6,3% de los niños que residieron en la zona urbana tuvieron lonchera saludable y 0,8% en la zona rural. Los niños que residieron en Lima Metropolitana (8,1%) y la selva (8,1%) tuvieron loncheras saludables. Los departamentos con mayor prevalencia de loncheras saludables fueron: Arequipa (13,6%), Moquegua (9,4%), Tacna (9,3%), Lima (7,5%) y Lambayeque (6,5%). Conclusiones La prevalencia de loncheras saludables en los escolares peruanos es muy baja.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the prevalence of healthy lunchboxes in Peruvian elementary schoolchildren. Material and Methods Cross-sectional study including a sample of 8 185 children of public and private schools. Probabilistic, stratified and multistage sampling. Healthy lunchbox was defined as that composed of a fruit, a drink and a healthy complement (low in sugar, salt and oil) according to the Peruvian law; it was evaluated by observation. The analysis was performed using complex samples adjusted by weighting factor. Percentages, 95% confidence interval and chi square were calculated. Formal authorization was requested from the principal and the teachers and fathers; additionally, written consent was requested from students aged ≥9 years or older. Results 8 185 schoolchildren were evaluated; the prevalence was 58.7% of lunchboxes (CI95%: 56.5;61.0). The prevalence of lunchbox use was 5.4% (CI95%: 4.6;6.3). A figure of 5.6% healthy lunchboxes was found in boys and 5.2% in girls. 6.3% of the children residing in the urban area had healthy lunch boxes, in contrast to 0.8% in the rural area. Children residing in Metropolitan Lima (8.1%) and the jungle (8.1%) had healthy lunchboxes. The departments with the highest prevalence of healthy lunchboxes were: Arequipa (13.6%), Moquegua (9.4%), Tacna (9.3%), Lima (7.5%) and Lambayeque (6.5%). Conclusions The prevalence of healthy lunchboxes in Peruvian schoolchildren is very low.(AU)

RESUMO Objetivo Determinar a prevalência de lancheiras saudáveis ​​em alunos do ensino fundamental peruano. Material e Métodos Estudo transversal que incluiu 8.185 escolares de escolas públicas e privadas. Amostragem probabilística, estratificada e multiestágios. O tamanho da amostra calculada foi de 8.628 escolares. Foi definida uma lancheira saudável, a inclusão de uma fruta, bebida e complemento saudável (baixo teor de açúcar, sal e óleo) de acordo com a regulamentação peruana, avaliada por observação. A análise foi realizada usando amostras complexas ajustadas para fator de ponderação. Foram calculados os percentuais, intervalo de confiança de 95% e qui-quadrado. Foi solicitada autorização formal do diretor, professores e pais, além do consentimento verbal dos alunos com idade igual ou superior a 9 anos. Resultados Foram avaliados 8 185 escolares, a prevalência de uso de lancheira foi de 58,7% (IC 95%: 56,5; 61,0). A prevalência de lancheiras saudáveis ​​foi de 5,4% (IC 95%: 4,6, 6,3). Do total de meninos, 5,6% tinham lancheiras saudáveis ​​e 5,2% de todas as meninas tinham lancheiras saudáveis. 6,3% das crianças que moravam na zona urbana tinham lancheira saudável e 0,8% na zona rural. As crianças que residiam na região metropolitana de Lima (8,1%) e na selva (8,1%) tinham lancheiras saudáveis. Os departamentos com maior prevalência de lancheiras saudáveis ​​foram: Arequipa (13,6%), Moquegua (9,4%), Tacna (9,3%), Lima (7,5%) e Lambayeque (6,5%). Conclusões A prevalência de lancheiras saudáveis ​​em escolares peruanos é muito baixa.(AU)

Prevalencia y factores asociados al sobrepeso y obesidad en escolares peruanos del nivel primario / Prevalence and factors associated with overweight and obesity in Peruvian primary school children

RESUMEN Objetivos Determinar la prevalencia y factores asociados al sobrepeso y obesidad en escolares peruanos. Métodos Estudio transversal durante el 2013-2014. El muestreo probabilístico, estratificado multietápico, se incluyó 1 191 conglomerados con 7 914 viviendas (área urbana: 4 842 y rural: 3 072) en Perú. Se evalúo 2 801 escolares entre 5 a 13 años. Se empleó el Z score del índice de masa corporal para la edad (ZIMC) según OMS. Se consideró sobrepeso (ZIMC>1 y ≤2) y obesidad (ZIMC>2). Resultados El 18,1% tuvieron sobrepeso y 14,1% obesidad. El sobrepeso predominó en varones (18,7%), escolares de 8 a 10 años (19,6%), no pobres (21,2%), área urbana (21,6%), Lima Metropolitana (22,8%) y Costa (22,7%). La obesidad predominó en varones (19,1%), escolares de 8 a 10 años (17,9%), no pobres (18,5%), área urbana (20,2%), Lima Metropolitana (28,0%) y Costa (18,2%). Los factores asociados al sobrepeso fueron la no pobreza (OR=1,9), vivir en área urbana (OR=1,7), Lima Metropolitana (OR=1,9) y Costa (OR=1,6); mientras que ser hombre (OR=3,1), nivel educativo secundario del jefe del hogar (OR=1, 8), superior (OR=2,5), no pobre (OR=9,2), residir en área urbana (OR=3,4), Lima Metropolitana (OR=4,8) y Costa (OR=2,9) se asociaron con la obesidad. Conclusiones La prevalencia de obesidad o sobrepeso de los escolares es alta. La condición de no pobreza, vivir en área urbana, Lima Metropolitana y Costa se asocian al sobrepeso. Ser hombre, no pobre, el mayor nivel educativo del jefe del hogar, vivir en el área urbana, Lima Metropolitana y Costa se asocia a la obesidad.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objectives To determine the prevalence and factors associated with overweight and obesity in Peruvian schoolchildren. Materials and Methods Cross-sectional study carried out between 2013 and 2014. The probabilistic, multistage stratified sampling included 1 191 conglomerates with 7 914 dwellings (4 842 in the urban area and 3 072 in the rural area) of Peru. A total of 2 801 schoolchildren aged between 5 and 13 years were evaluated. The Z score of the body mass index by age (ZBMI) was used according to the WHO. Overweight was considered (ZBMI> 1 and ≤2) and obesity (ZBMI >2). Results 18.1% of the sample was overweight and 14.1% were obese. Overweight predominated in males (18.7%), schoolchildren aged 8 to 10 years (19.6%), non-poor (21.2%), residing in the urban area (21.6%), from Metropolitan Lima (22.8%) and Costa (22.7%). The factors associated with overweight included non-poverty (OR=1.9), living in urban areas (OR=1.7), Metropolitan Lima (OR=1.9) and Costa (OR=1.6). On the other hand, factors associated with obesity included male sex (OR=3.1), secondary education level of the head of the household (OR=1.8), higher education (OR=2.5), non-poor (OR=9.2), residing in an urban area (OR=3.4), Metropolitan Lima (OR=4.8) and Costa (OR=2.9). Conclusions The prevalence of obesity or overweight in schoolchildren is high. Non-poverty, living in urban areas, Metropolitan Lima and Costa are associated with overweight. Being a man, non-poor, the highest educational level of the head of the household, living in the urban area, Metropolitan Lima and Costa were associated with obesity.(AU)

[Overweight, obesity and chronic mal nutrition in 6 to 9 year-old children in Peru, 2009-2010]. / Sobrepeso, obesidad y desnutrición crónica en niños de 6 a 9 años en Perú, 2009-2010.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of overweight, obesity and chronic malnutrition in 6- to 9-year-old children in Peru. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-cutting study based on the 2009-2010 National Household Survey. The size/age ratio was analyzed with references of the National Center for Health Statistic (NCSH) and the World Health Organization (WHO), considering less than two standard deviations for chronic malnutrition (CM); and the Must and WHO reference tables to measure the body mass index with 85 to 95 percentile values for overweight and above 95 for obesity. RESULTS: With Must as reference, overweight was 12.1% and obesity 9.4%, and according to WHO overweight and obesity were 10.2 and 11.3% respectively. The prevalence of CM according to NCSH and WHO is 15.4 and 17.8% respectively. The highest prevalence of CM is in the north (25.2%), center (22.9%) and south of (19%) the Highland, while obesity is more present in the south coast (28%), Metropolitan Lima (22.8%) and the central Coast (22.5%). Of all the children with CM, 6.5% has overweight and 1.2% obesity. CONCLUSIONS: CM is decreasing because size averages have improved, however obesity has doubled. The presence of CM and obesity in children aged 6 to 9 years old in different regions of Peru poses a challenge in the planning of food and nutrition policies.

Eficacia de la tecnología móvil y ganancia de peso en gestantes en Callao, Perú / Effectiveness of mobile technology and weight gain in pregnant women in Callao, Peru

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar la eficacia de la tecnología móvil en la ganancia adecuada de peso de las gestantes estudiadas. Materiales y Métodos Estudio cuasi-experimental. Se incluyó a 117 gestantes que acudieron a establecimientos de salud de la Dirección Regional de Salud (Diresa), Callao. Se envió mensajes a 58 gestantes que conformaban el grupo experimental para mejorar sus estilos de vida y asistencia al control prenatal (CPN), mientras que 59 gestantes recibieron la educación rutinaria durante la gestación. Los mensajes se enviaron cada tres días. En la primera visita del control pre natal se evaluó el estado nutricional de las gestantes tomando como referencia el IMC pre gestacional. La ganancia de peso se obtuvo por diferencia entre el peso pre-gestacional y peso registrado durante los últimos controles. Resultados La ganancia de peso adecuada fue 27,6% de gestantes intervenidas y 25,4% en las no intervenidas. El 79,3% de gestantes tuvieron seis o más CPN en el grupo intervenido y 54,2% en las no intervenidas. La ganancia de peso fue excesiva en 5,1% en las gestantes no intervenidas y solo 1,7% en las intervenidas. El mayor porcentaje de gestantes con ganancia de peso adecuada (32,0%) se observó en las gestantes intervenidas con sobrepeso pre gestacional. Conclusiones No hubo diferencia estadística al usar la tecnología móvil para la adecuada ganancia de peso entre los grupos de estudio. Existió mayor cumplimiento de asistencia al CPN en el grupo de gestantes intervenidas comparado con el no intervenido (p<0,05).(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of mobile technology in the appropriate weight gain of pregnant women. Materials and Methods A quasi-experimental study. The sample included 117 pregnant women attending health facilities at la Dirección Regional de Salud (Diresa), Callao. Messages were sent to 58 pregnant women who formed the experimental group to improve their lifestyles and assistance to prenatal care (APC), while 59 pregnant women received routine education provided for pregnants. Messages were sent every three days. The nutritional status of the pregnant women was evaluated using the pre gestational BMI at the first visit of the APC. The weight gain was obtained from the difference between pre-gestational weight and weight recorded during the last controls. Results The adequate weight gain was 27.6% of intervened pregnancies and 25.4% in the non-intervened. The 79.3% pregnant had six or more NPC in the group intervened and 54.2% in the non-intervened. The weight gain was excessive in 5.1% in the non-intervened pregnant and 1.7% in the intervened. The highest percentage of pregnant women with adequate weight gain (32.0%) was observed in the intervened pregnancies with pre-gestacional overwhegith. Conclusions There was no statistic difference in the use of mobile technology for a proper weight gain between both study groups. There were greater fulfillment of APC in intervened pregnancies compared to the non-intervened (p<0.05).(AU)

Riesgo cardiovascular según circunferencia abdominal en peruanos / Cardiovascular risk according to abdominal circumference in Peruvians

Introducción. El exceso de grasa intraabdominal está relacionado a las alteraciones metabólicas que incrementan el riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Objetivo. Determinar el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular según circunferencia abdominal (CA) en peruanos. Diseño. Estudio transversal. Lugar. Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS), Perú. Participantes. Peruanos ≥ 12 años de edad. Intervenciones. Muestreo probabilístico, estratificado multietápico. La muestra incluyó 1 191 conglomerados que incluyeron 7 914 viviendas distribuidas en Perú, en 2013-2014. Se evalúo 16 832 habitantes ≥ 12 años. El riesgo cardiovascular se clasificó en bajo, alto y muy alto. El INS realizó la evaluación de la CA y el Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI) calculó la muestra y ponderaciones. Principales medidas de resultados. Riesgo cardiovascular según CA. Resultados. El 50,1% presentó riesgo bajo de enfermedad cardiovascular, 22,8% riesgo alto y 27,1% riesgo muy alto. El riesgo muy alto de enfermedad cardiovascular fue más prevalente en las mujeres (42,5%), que residieron en la área urbana (30,5%) (p<0,001), Lima Metropolitana (32,6%) y la Costa (31,0%) (p<0,001). El riesgo alto de enfermedad cardiovascular fue similar entre sexos, siendo más frecuente en la zona urbana (24,3%), Lima Metropolitana (25,1%) y la Costa (24,2%). El riesgo alto y muy alto de enfermedad cardiovascular aumentó conforme se incrementó la edad (p<0,001), excepto el riesgo alto que disminuyó en los adultos mayores. El riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular aumentó a medida que disminuyó el nivel de pobreza (p<0,001). Conclusiones. La mitad de los peruanos de doce años a más presentaron riesgo alto y muy alto de enfermedad cardiovascular según la circunferencia abdominal.

Introduction: Excessive intra-abdominal fat is related to metabolic alterations that increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Objective: To describe the risk of cardiovascular disease according to abdominal circumference in Peruvians. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: National Institute of Health (NIH), Peru. Participants: Peruvians aged ≥12 years or older. Interventions: Probabilistic sampling, stratified, multistage. The sample included 1 191 conglomerates with 7 914 households distributed in Peru, in 2013-2014. 16 832 inhabitants ≥12 year old were evaluated. The cardiovascular risk was classified as low, high or very high. The NIH performed the AC assessment and the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (NISI) calculated the sample and weights. Main outcome measures: Cardiovascular risk according to AC. Results: 50.1% presented low risk of cardiovascular disease, 22.8% high and 27.1% very high risk. The high risk for cardiovascular disease was more prevalent in women (42.5%), residing in the urban area (30.5%) (P <0.001), in Metropolitan Lima (32.6%) and in the coast (31.0%) (p <0.001). The high risk of cardiovascular disease was similar between sexes, being more frequent in the urban area (24.3%), Metropolitan Lima (25.1%) and the coast (24.2%). The high and very high risk of cardiovascular disease increased with age (p <0.001), except the high risk which decreased in the elderly. The risk of cardiovascular disease increased as poverty decreased (p <0.001). Conclusions: Half of the Peruvians aged 21 and above presented high and very high risk of cardiovascular disease according to abdominal circumference.