Usability validation of the Sensoready® pen in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis.

Background: The Sensoready® pen is intended for self-administration of subcutaneous 20 mg ofatumumab at home. This human factors summative study assessed the usability of the Sensoready pen in relapsing multiple sclerosis patients. Methods: 32 patients (injection-experienced [n = 17] and injection-naive [n = 15]) across five locations in the USA were asked to complete two simulated injections using the Sensoready pen. Results: In the first and second simulated injections, 90.6 and 96.9% of patients, respectively, successfully delivered a full dose, while 81.3 and 84.4%, respectively, successfully performed the injection without any use errors. Conclusion: The Sensoready pen is safe and effective for its intended use by intended users and in the intended use environment. This pen has a low harm potential and high injection success rate in patients, even without prior training or experience.

State-dependent physiological maintenance in a long-lived ectotherm, the painted turtle (Chrysemys picta).

Energy allocation among somatic maintenance, reproduction and growth varies not only among species, but among individuals according to states such as age, sex and season. Little research has been conducted on the somatic (physiological) maintenance of long-lived organisms, particularly ectotherms such as reptiles. In this study, we examined sex differences and age- and season-related variation in immune function and DNA repair efficiency in a long-lived reptile, the painted turtle (Chrysemys picta). Immune components tended to be depressed during hibernation, in winter, compared with autumn or spring. Increased heterophil count during hibernation provided the only support for winter immunoenhancement. In juvenile and adult turtles, we found little evidence for senescence in physiological maintenance, consistent with predictions for long-lived organisms. Among immune components, swelling in response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and control injection increased with age, whereas basophil count decreased with age. Hatchling turtles had reduced basophil counts and natural antibodies, indicative of an immature immune system, but demonstrated higher DNA repair efficiency than older turtles. Reproductively mature turtles had reduced lymphocytes compared with juvenile turtles in the spring, presumably driven by a trade-off between maintenance and reproduction. Sex had little influence on physiological maintenance. These results suggest that components of physiological maintenance are modulated differentially according to individual state and highlight the need for more research on the multiple components of physiological maintenance in animals of variable states.

The function, composition and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in companion animals: part II - analysis.

Accurate analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) provides a wide range of information about the neurological health of the patient. CSF can be withdrawn from either of two cisterns in dogs and cats using relatively safe techniques. Once CSF has been collected it must be analysed immediately and methodically. Evaluation should consist of macroscopic, quantitative and microscopic analyses. As part of a quantitative analysis, cell counts and infectious disease testing are the most important and potentially sensitive indicators of disease. Although certain pathologies can be described, microscopic analysis will rarely be specific for any disease, emphasising the adjunctive nature of this diagnostic modality.

Canine elliptocytosis due to a mutant beta-spectrin.

A 5-year-old, spayed female, mixed-breed dog with persistent elliptocytosis was evaluated at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at Kansas State University. The elliptocytosis was asymptomatic and was detected during the evaluation of lameness. When subjected to shear stress in an ektacytometer, the dog's erythrocytes had reduced cellular deformability and erythrocyte membranes had decreased mechanical stability. Analysis of erythrocyte membrane spectrin by nondenaturing gel electrophoresis revealed an increased amount of spectrin dimers, indicating a defect in spectrin self-association. DNA analysis detected a beta-spectrin mutation in codon 2110 in which threonine was replaced by methionine. This mutation likely altered the molecular structure of the erythrocyte membrane, leading to impaired spectrin self-association and elliptocyte formation.

Predictors of attrition from care at 2 years in a prospective cohort of HIV-infected adults in Tigray, Ethiopia.

INTRODUCTION: Ethiopia has experienced rapid expansion of antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, as long-term retention in ART therapy is key for ART effectiveness, determinants of attrition need to be identified so appropriate interventions can be designed. METHODS: We used data from the 'Cohort of African people Starting Antiretroviral therapy' (CASA) project, a prospective study of a cohort of HIV-infected patients who started ART in seven health facilities (HFs). We analysed the data of patients who had started first-line ART between January 2013 and December 2014. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the probability of retention at different time points. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify factors associated with attrition. RESULTS: A total of 1198 patients were included in the study. Kaplan-Meier estimates of retention in care were 83.9%, 82.1% and 79.8% at 12, 18 and 24 months after starting ART, respectively. Attrition was mainly due to loss to follow-up, transferred-out patients and documented mortality. A multivariate Cox proportional hazard model showed that male sex, CD4 count <200 cells/µL and the type of HF were significantly associated with attrition. CONCLUSIONS: The observed attrition differences according to gender suggest that separate interventions designed for women and men should be explored. Moreover, innovative strategies to increase HIV testing should be supported to avoid CD4 levels falling too low, a factor significantly associated with higher attrition in our study. Finally, specific studies to analyse the reasons for different levels of attrition among HFs are required.

The function, composition and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in companion animals: part I - function and composition.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colourless ultrafiltrate of plasma with low protein content and few cells. The CSF is mainly produced by the choroid plexus, but also by the ependymal lining cells of the brain's ventricular system. CSF flows through the ventricular system and then into the subarachnoid space and it is subsequently absorbed through the subarachnoid villi into the venous system. CSF has several functions in the nervous system. It protects the brain during blood pressure fluctuations, regulates the chemical environment of the central nervous system and it is a vehicle for intracerebral transport. This two-part article reviews CSF function, physiology, analytical techniques and interpretations in disease states of companion animals. This first part will address the function and composition of CSF in companion animals.

Retention in Care of Adult HIV Patients Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy in Tigray, Ethiopia: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study.

INTRODUCTION: Although Ethiopia has been scaling up the antiretroviral therapy (ART) services, low retention in care of patients remains one of the main obstacles to treatment success. We report data on retention in care and its associated determinants in Tigray, Ethiopia. METHODS: We used data from the CASA project, a prospective observational and multi-site study of a cohort of HIV-infected patients who initiated ART for the first time in Tigray. Four participating health facilities (HFs) located in the South of Tigray were considered for this study. Patients were followed for one year after ART initiation. The main outcome measure was represented by the current retention in care, defined as the proportion of patients who were alive and receiving ART at the same HF one year after ART initiation. Patients who started ART between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2013 were included in this analysis. Patients were followed for one year after ART initiation. The determinants of retention were analysed using univariate and multivariate Cox Proportional Hazards model with robust sandwich estimates to account for within HF correlation. RESULTS: The four participating HFs in Tigray were able to retain overall 85.1% of their patients after one year from starting ART. Loss to follow-up (5.5%) and transfers to other HF (6.6) were the main determinant of attrition. A multivariate analysis shows that the factors significantly associated with retention were the type of HF, gender and active TB. Alamata health center was the HF with the highest attrition rate (HR 2.99, 95% CI: 2.77-3.23). Active TB (HR 1.72, 95% CI: 1.23-2.41) and gender (HR 1.64, 95% CI: 1.10-2.56) were also significantly associated with attrition. CONCLUSIONS: Although Ethiopia has significantly improved access to the ART program, achieving and maintaining a satisfactory long-term retention rate is a future goal. This is difficult because of different retention rates among HFs. Moreover specific interventions should be directed to people of different sex to improve retention in care in male population.