RESUMO
This study evaluated effects of graded levels of dietary ß-glucan (0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 g kg(-1)) on growth performance, haematological parameters, intestinal Vibrio counts, dose requirement and salinity stress resistance in pompano fish Trachinotus ovatus (6.45 g ± 0.06 (SEM)). After 8-weeks of diet feeding, growth was significantly higher in fish fed diets with 0.10% ß-glucan compared to fish fed control diet (no ß-glucan). Survival increased significantly in fish fed 0.05 and 0.10% ß-glucan compared to control diet. There were significant increases in red blood cells (in 0.20% ß-glucan diet), in total leukocytes (in 0.05-0.20% ß-glucan diet), in both lymphocyte and monocyte count in fish fed 0.10%-0.40% ß-glucan diet. However, dietary ß-glucan did not affect neutrophil, eosinophil and basophil counts. Intestinal Vibrio counts were reduced in fish fed any level of ß-glucan compared to control. In addition, dietary ß-glucan levels highly correlated with growth, survival, intestinal Vibrio counts and haematological index. Optimal ß-glucan levels for maximal growth of fish were predicted to be 0.122% at day 21 (R(2) = 98.53%), 0.120% at day 28 (R(2) = 78.55%), 0.115% at day 42 (R(2) = 62.21%) and 0.090% at day 56 (R(2) = 75.18%), showing a decreasing ß-glucan requirement with increasing fish size. Furthermore, optimal ß-glucan levels for maximal haematological parameters based on lymphocyte count, was estimated to be 0.120% (R(2) = 98.53%) at day 56. Also, fish fed 0.05%-0.20% ß-glucan showed better resistance against salinity stress. In conclusion, ß-glucan supplementation is effective for improving growth, intestinal Vibrio counts and boosted stress resistance of the pompano fish, T. ovatus.
Assuntos
Dieta/veterinária , Imunidade Inata , Perciformes/fisiologia , Prebióticos , Estresse Fisiológico/fisiologia , beta-Glucanas/metabolismo , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Doenças dos Peixes/microbiologia , Doenças dos Peixes/prevenção & controle , Intestinos/microbiologia , Perciformes/sangue , Perciformes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Distribuição Aleatória , Salinidade , Vibrio/fisiologia , Vibrioses/microbiologia , Vibrioses/prevenção & controle , Vibrioses/veterináriaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Chronic urticaria, a mast cell-driven condition, is common, debilitating and hard to treat. H1-antihistamines are the first line treatment of chronic urticaria, but often patients do not get satisfactory relief with the recommended dose. European guidelines recommend increased antihistamine doses up to four-fold. AIM: We conducted this study to evaluate the efficacy of increased H1-antihistamine doses up to two-fold in Vietnamese chronic urticaria patients. METHODS: One hundred and two patients with chronic urticaria were recruited for treatment with levocetirizine (n = 52) or fexofenadine (n = 50). Treatment started at the conventional daily dose of 5 mg levocetirizine or 180 mg fexofenadine for 2 weeks and then increased to 10 mg levocetirizine or 360 mg fexofenadine for 2 weeks if patients did not have an improvement in symptoms. At week 0, week 2 and week 4 wheal, pruritus, size of the wheal, total symptom scores, and associated side-effects were assessed. RESULTS: With the conventional dose, the total symptom scores after week 2 decreased significantly in both groups compared to baseline figures, i.e. 7.4 vs 2.3 for levocetirizine group and 8.0 vs 2.6 for fexofenadine group (p < 0.05). However, there were still 26 patients in each group who did not have improvements. Of these 26 patients, after having a two-fold increase of the conventional dose, 11.5% and 38.5% became symptom-free at week 4 in levocetirizine group and fexofenadine group, respectively. At week 4 in both groups, the total symptom scores had significantly decreased when compared with those at week 2 (2.8 ± 1.5 versus 4.7 ± 1.6 in levocetirizine group; 2.1 ± 1.9 versus 5.1 ± 1.4 in fexofenadine group). In both groups, there was no difference in the rate of negative side effects between the conventional dose and the double dose. CONCLUSION: This study showed that increasing the dosages of levocetirizine and fexofenadine by two-fold improved chronic urticaria symptoms without increasing the rate of negative side effects.
RESUMO
We isolated and characterized a Banna virus from mosquitoes in Vietnam; 5 strains were isolated from field-caught mosquitoes at various locations; Banna virus was previously isolated from encephalitis patients in Yunnan, China, in 1987. Together, these findings suggest widespread distribution of this virus throughout Southeast Asia.