Maternal hypothyroidism may be associated with CHD in offspring.

OBJECTIVES: This study tested whether mothers with maternal hypothyroidism have increased odds of CHD in their offspring, and examined the relationship between CHD, maternal thyroid function, and nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. BACKGROUND: Maternal hypothyroidism increases the risk for foetal demise and prematurity and can have a negative impact on neurodevelopment. Prior studies have postulated a relationship between maternal thyroid function, CHD, and maternal nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. METHODS: A cross-sectional case-control study was conducted over a 17-month period to obtain a history of maternal thyroid status and nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Paediatric echocardiograms were evaluated for CHD by a blinded paediatric cardiologist. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association between CHD and maternal hypothyroidism. RESULTS: Of the 998 maternal-child pairs, 10% (98/998) of the mothers reported a history of prenatal hypothyroidism. The overall prevalence of CHD in the study sample was 63% (630/998). Mothers with a history of hypothyroidism were significantly more likely to have offspring with CHD compared with mothers without a history of hypothyroidism (72 versus 62%; p=0.04). The adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of CHD in offspring associated with reported maternal hypothyroidism was 1.68 (1.02-2.78). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that maternal hypothyroidism is a risk factor for the development of CHD. Further prospective investigations are necessary to confirm this association and delineate pathogenic mechanisms.

Pediatric Pain Management in the Emergency Department: The Triage Nurses' Perspective.

UNLABELLED: Understanding triage nurses' perspectives of pain management is essential for timely pain care for children in the emergency department. Objectives of this study were to describe the triage pain treatment protocols used, knowledge of pain management modalities, and barriers and attitudes towards implementation of pain treatment protocols. METHODS: A paper-based survey was administered to all triage nurses at three Canadian pediatric emergency departments, between December 2011 and January 2012. RESULTS: The response rate was 86% (n=126/147). The mean respondent age was 40 years (standard deviation [SD] 9.3) with 8.6 years (SD 7.7) of triage experience. General triage emergency department (GTED) nurses rated adequacy of triage pain treatment lower than pediatric-only triage emergency department (PTED) nurses (P < .001). GTED nurses reported a longer acceptable delay between triage time and administration of analgesia than PTED nurses (P < .002). Most nurses rated more comfort with a protocol involving administration of acetaminophen (97 mm, interquartile range [IQR] 92, 99) or ibuprofen (97 mm, IQR 93, 100) than for oral morphine (67 mm, IQR 35, 94) or oxycodone (57 mm, IQR 15, 81). The top three reported barriers to triage-initiated pain protocols were monitoring capability, time, and access to medications. Willingness to implement a triage-initiated pain protocol was rated as 81 mm (IQR 71, 96). DISCUSSION: Triage nurses are willing to implement pain protocols for children in the emergency department, but differences in comfort and experience exist between PTED and GTED nurses. Provision of triage initiated pain protocols and associated education may empower nurses to improve care for children in pain in the emergency department.