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Despite successful suppression of plasma HIV replication by antiretroviral therapy (ART), some women living with HIV (WLHIV) can still experience genital HIV shedding (discordant shedding). Female genital tract (FGT) microbiome and virome dynamics during long-term ART in WLHIV are poorly understood but might contribute to discordant HIV shedding, as the microbiome and virome are known to influence FGT health. To understand FGT microbial communities over time during ART usage and discordant shedding, we characterized the microbiome and virome in 125 cervicovaginal specimens collected over two years in 31 WLHIV in Lima, Peru. Intrapersonal bacterial microbiome variation was higher in HIV shedders compared to non-shedders. Cervicovaginal virome composition changed over time, particularly in non-shedders. Specifically, anellovirus relative abundance was inversely associated with ART duration and CD4 counts. Our results suggest that discordant HIV shedding is associated with FGT microbiome instability, and immune recovery during ART influences FGT virome composition.
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We identified and characterized seven anellovirus genome sequences in the female genital tract through virome metagenomic sequencing of cervicovaginal lavage specimens from women living with HIV in Peru. Phylogenetic and genomic analyses indicate that they belong to three newly proposed Lamedtorquevirus, Memtorquevirus, and Samektorquevirus genera in the Anelloviridae family.
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BACKGROUND: Shorter but effective tuberculosis treatment regimens would be of value to the tuberculosis treatment community. High-dose rifampicin has been associated with more rapid and secure lung sterilization and may enable shorter tuberculosis treatment regimens. METHODS: We randomly assigned adults who were given a diagnosis of rifampicin-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis to a 6-month control regimen, a similar 4-month regimen of rifampicin at 1200 mg/d (study regimen 1 [SR1]), or a 4-month regimen of rifampicin at 1800 mg/d (study regimen 2 [SR2]). Sputum specimens were collected at regular intervals. The primary end point was a composite of treatment failure and relapse in participants who were sputum smear positive at baseline. The noninferiority margin was 8 percentage points. Using a sequence of ordered hypotheses, noninferiority of SR2 was tested first. RESULTS: Between January 2017 and December 2020, 672 patients were enrolled in six countries, including 191 in the control group, 192 in the SR1 group, and 195 in the SR2 group. Noninferiority was not shown. Favorable responses rates were 93, 90, and 87% in the control, SR1, and SR2 groups, respectively, for a country-adjusted absolute risk difference of 6.3 percentage points (90% confidence interval, 1.1 to 11.5) comparing SR2 with the control group. The proportions of participants experiencing a grade 3 or 4 adverse event were 4.0, 4.5, and 4.4% in the control, SR1, and SR2 groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Four-month high-dose rifampicin regimens did not have dose-limiting toxicities or side effects but failed to meet noninferiority criteria compared with the standard 6-month control regimen for treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. (Funded by the MRC/Wellcome Trust/DFID Joint Global Health Trials Scheme; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02581527.)
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Rifampina , Tuberculose Pulmonar , Humanos , Rifampina/efeitos adversos , Antituberculosos/efeitos adversos , Isoniazida/uso terapêutico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Tuberculose Pulmonar/induzido quimicamenteRESUMO
En países con elevada endemia tuberculosa, las personas están muy cerca a esta enfermedad a lo largo de toda su vida. Sea porque algún familiar o amigo desarrolla la enfermedad o porque en el devenir de la vida experimenta la infección o la enfermedad. En el caso del médico o profesional de la salud, seguramente su cercanía será mayor, y preferentemente si se dedica a actividades de prevención y control en tuberculosis. En este artículo se exponen las experiencias cercanas con la tuberculosis desde nuestra infancia, como estudiante de medicina, médico, investigador, salubrista y docente universitario, donde el profesional pasa situaciones afectivas personales, temas de limitaciones de conocimiento, limitaciones en el diagnóstico, hasta ejecución de investigaciones sobre problemas locales y generando respuestas en la prevención y control. Seguramente es una experiencia común en profesionales de salud que en el día a día enfrentan esta endemia, de la cual cada vez conocemos más, pero se nos hace muy difícil su control.
In countries with high tuberculosis endemicity, people are very close to this disease throughout their lives. This may be because a relative or friend develops the disease, or because in the course of their lives they themselves acquire the infection or illness. In the event, that the person is a doctor or a health professional their contact with tuberculosis will be greater, and even more so if they are involved in activities relating to its prevention and control. This article discusses my experiences with tuberculosis since childhood, as a medical student, doctor, researcher, health professional and university professor, where the professional navigates situations of a personal or emotional nature, knowledge limitations, diagnostic constraints, and even undertaking research on local problems and generating responses in prevention and control. It is surely, a common experience among health professionals who each day face this endemic which we increasingly know more about, yet it remains very difficult to control.
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Abstract Chikungunya is an arthropod-borne virus transmitted by Aedes mosquito bites. A viral mutation has allowed Aedes albopictus to become the preferred vector extending the geographic spread of the condition. The virus causes an acute febrile illness occasionally followed by a chronic rheumatic condition causing severe impairment. The diagnosis is usually confirmed with serology. No specific treatment is currently available. This article reviews the condition with emphasis on his dissemination in the Americas.
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Animais , Humanos , Aedes/virologia , Febre de Chikungunya , Vírus Chikungunya , Insetos Vetores/virologia , Febre de Chikungunya/diagnóstico , Febre de Chikungunya/epidemiologia , Febre de Chikungunya/prevenção & controle , Febre de Chikungunya/transmissão , Saúde Global/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Ascaris lumbricoides is considered the largest intestinal nematode with a higher incidence in the childhood, representing a truly medical and public health problem, principally in undeveloped countries. We present the case of an 83 year old man, born and coming from the amazon region, without any relevant previous history of disease, admitted in the emergency department of our hospital for presenting intestinal obstruction and also presumptive biliary obstruction due to multiple balls of parasites, requiring immediate surgical intervention. We emphasize the need of consider this etiologic possibility in the differential diagnosis, that in this particular case, wasn't suspected in the first place.
Ascaris lumbricoides es considerado el nemátodo intestinal de mayor tamaño. Se presenta con mayor frecuencia en la infancia, representando un verdadero problema médico y de salud pública, especialmente en países en vías de desarrollo. Presentamos el caso de un varón de 83 años, natural y procedente de la región amazónica del Perú, sin antecedentes médicos de relevancia, que ingresa a Servicio de urgencias de nuestro hospital por un cuadro de obstrucción intestinal y presunta obstrucción biliar, requiriendo una intervención quirúrgica inmediata. El diagnóstico final de obstrucción intestinal por la presencia de múltiples ovillos de Ascaris lumbricoides, no fue considerado dentro de los diagnósticos diferenciales previo al acto quirúrgico.
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Humanos , Animais , Masculino , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Ascaríase/complicações , Ascaris lumbricoides/isolamento & purificação , Enteropatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Obstrução Intestinal/parasitologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/complicações , Obstrução Intestinal/cirurgiaRESUMO
Con el objetivo de determinar la asociación entre el número de rutas formales de transporte público urbano y la situación de la tuberculosis (TB) en cada distrito de Lima, se realizó un análisis correlacional y un modelo de regresión lineal entre ambas variables. Asimismo, se determinó el número de rutas de transporte público de mayor probabilidad de transmisión de TB, las zonas de mayor circulación de dichas rutas y un mapeo de estas. Existe una correlación positiva entre el número de rutas formales que recorren cada distrito de Lima y la situación de TB; un porcentaje de la situación de TB podría ser explicada por el número de rutas de transporte público. De las 404 rutas formales que recorren Lima Metropolitana, 147 (36,4%) son rutas de mayor probabilidad de transmisión de TB. El transporte público debería ser considerado en la lucha actual contra la TB.
In order to determine the association between the number of formal urban public transport routes and the situation of tuberculosis (TB) in each district of Lima, a correlational analysis and linear regression model between the two variables was performed. Also determined were the number of public transport routes most likely to transmit TB, the areas of greatest activity of these routes and a mapping of these routes. There is a positive correlation between the number of formal routes through each district of Lima and the situation of tuberculosis; a percentage of the TB situation could be explained by the number of public transport routes. Of the 404 formal routes that run through Lima, 147 (36.4%) are routes of greater probability of transmission of TB. Public transport should be considered in the ongoing fight against TB.
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Humanos , Meios de Transporte , Tuberculose , Vigilância Sanitária , Estudos Ecológicos , PeruRESUMO
La Cystoisospora belli, antes denominada Isospora belli, es el agente etiológico de la cystoisosporiasis, una infección oportunista que afecta a pacientes inmunodeprimidos, caracterizada por diarrea crónica y pérdida ponderal. La incidencia de diarrea crónica por este agente, en pacientes infectados por el VIH, ha disminuido considerablemente. Ello gracias al advenimiento de la terapia antirretroviral de gran actividad (TARGA), con la que se ha logrado mejorar la respuesta inmunológica del paciente y disminuir su carga viral. Se presentan seis casos de cystoisosporiasis recurrente y refractaria en pacientes con infección por VIH, en quienes se diagnosticó cystoisosporiasis pese a que previamente se encontraban recibiendo profilaxis con trimetropin/sulfametoxazol (TMP/SMX). Cinco de ellos evolucionaron de manera tórpida y fallecieron, a pesar de una buena respuesta al TARGA (adecuado incremento de CD4 y disminución de la carga viral hasta rangos indetectables), y de tratamiento con TMP/SMX por vía oral y otros medicamentos de segunda línea.
The Cystoisospora belli, before denominated as Isospora belli, is the etiologic agent of cystoisosoporiasis, an opportunistic infection affecting immunocompromised patients, characterized by chronic diarrhea and weight loss. The incidence of chronic diarrhea for this agent, in HIV patients, has decreased considerably. This thanks to the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), which has improved the patient’s immune response and decrease viral load. We present six cases of cystoisosoporiasis recurrent and refractory to treatment in HIV patients, who was being treated with with trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole (TMP / SMX) orally as a prophylaxis. Five of these patients passed away due to the infection, despite of the fact that they had a good response to HAART (adequate increase in CD4 and viral load undetectable) and they had been treated with second line drugs.
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Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Coccidiose , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Sarcocystidae , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/diagnóstico , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/terapia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/tratamento farmacológico , Coccidiose/diagnóstico , Coccidiose/tratamento farmacológico , Diarreia/parasitologia , RecidivaRESUMO
Se describe el caso de un varón de 47 años, con tiempo de enfermedad de dos días, caracterizado por pérdida de fuerza progresiva, simétrica y ascendente de miembros inferiores, se realizó punción lumbar luego de la tomografía cerebral y electromiografía lo cual evidenció polirradiculopatía motora pura con patrón axonal, compatible con el síndrome de Guillain Barré. Posteriormente, recibió cuatro sesiones de plasmaféresis, con mejoría clínica significativa desde la segunda sesión. Debido al antecedente epidemiológico se solicitó set para Brucellas, con rosa de Bengala positivo, se inició tratamiento antibiótico con rifampicina y doxiciclina, además de rehabilitación. Tres meses después el paciente mejoró completamente. La importancia del tratamiento temprano con plasmaféresis y determinar su diagnóstico etiológico hacen que el pronóstico del síndrome de Guillain Barré sea favorable.
We describe a case of a 47 years old male, with a history of 2 days of progressive, ascendant, symmetrical weakness in the lower extremities; a lumbar puncture was performed after the brain CT scan, as well as an electromyography, evidencing pure motor polyradiculopathy with axonal pattern, compatible with Guillain Barre syndrome. Afterwards, he received four plasmapheresis sessions, with clinical improvement from the second session. Due to his epidemiological background, Brucella set testing was done. Rose Bengal was positive, antibiotic treatment with rifampin and doxicicline was initiated, as well as rehabilitation. Three months later the patient recovered completely. The relevance of early treatment with plasmapheresis and the definition of the etiologic diagnosis determine that the prognosis of the Guillain Barre syndrome is favorable.
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Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Brucella , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Periférico , Síndrome de Guillain-BarréRESUMO
Se reporta el caso de un recién nacido varón, producto de embarazo de 36 semanas, con diagnóstico de neumonía congénita y examen confirmatorio de infección por el virus de la influenza A (H1N1), sin ningún otro tipo de contacto sospechoso. La madre ingresó al hospital con insuficiencia respiratoria y antecedente de proceso gripal de cinco días de evolución, durante los primeros días de la pandemia en el Perú. Por la evolución grave del proceso respiratorio, se le administró ventilación mecánica para luego ser sometida a cesárea por sufrimiento fetal agudo y oligoamnios. Se confirmó en la madre infección por el virus de la influenza A H1N1 epidémico y tuberculosis pulmonar.
We report the case of a male newborn, product of a 36 week pregnancy, with diagnosis of congenital pneumonia and with a confirmatory test for influenza A (H1N1) virus, without any other suspicious contact. The mother was admitted to the hospital with respiratory failure and the history of a flu-like episode of 5 days of evolution, during the first days of the pandemic in Peru. Due to the severe evolution of the respiratory process, assisted ventilation was given to her and then a cesarean section was performed due to acute fetal distress and oligoamnios. The mother was later confirmed as a case of epidemic influenza A (H1N1) and pulmonary tuberculosis.
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Humanos , Pneumonia Viral , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1 , Sofrimento Fetal , Trabalho de Parto Prematuro , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , PeruRESUMO
El manejo del paciente con tuberculosis (TB) a nivel institucional, que garantice la disminución del riesgo de transmisión,una adecuada vigilancia al tratamiento, y optar por medidas de soporte social, esta convirtiéndose en una propuestapara el manejo de pacientes con TB multidrogo resistente (TB MDR) y extensivamente resistente a drogas (TB XDR) y en especial en el manejo de casos que no cumplan con un tratamiento adecuado o tengan condiciones sociales que pongan en riesgo su adecuado seguimiento. Se plantean algunas estrategias que ya han sido utilizadas exitosamente en otros países cuya implementación debe ser valorada a nivel local.
The management of TB patient in close settings, that guarantee a decrease in transmission risk, an adequate surveillance to treatment, and to opt for social support measures, this one becoming a proposal for the management of MDR TB or XDR TB patients and specially in the management of cases that do not comply with an adequate treatment and/or havesocial conditions that put in risk their adequate follow up. Some strategies are exposed through this article that havealready been used in other countries and that we should value implementing them according to our local reality.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Isolamento de Pacientes , Hospitalização , Tuberculose , Tuberculose/terapia , PeruRESUMO
Para afrontar la pandemia por la nueva Influenza A (H1N1) se requiere de un adecuado manejo de los casos, en esesentido, la Sociedad Peruana de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales ha desarrollado una guía que se resumeen este artículo. Se detalla el diagnóstico clínico y flujos para la toma de decisiones, el manejo terapéutico y las consideraciones a tener en cuenta para casos graves y situaciones especiales, como es el caso de las gestantes.
To fight the pandemic of novel influenza A (H1N1) virus an appropriate management of cases is required, in that sense, the Peruvian Society of Infectious and Tropical Diseases has developed a guide which is summarized in this article. We detail clinical diagnosis and flows for decision making, therapeutic considerations and elements to take in account for severe cases and special situations, such as pregnant women.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Técnicas de Laboratório Clínico , Antivirais , Diagnóstico Clínico , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1 , PeruRESUMO
Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de colonización nasal de Staphylococcus aureus meticilino resistente (SARM), en el personal de salud del servicio de cuidados intensivos del Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal. Mediante hisopado nasal se aislaron cepas de S. aureus usando métodos clásicos y se determinó la susceptibilidad a antibióticos de las cepas aisladas, mediante el método de difusión por disco según los estándares del NCCLS. Resultados Se obtuvieron siete aislamientos positivos para S. aureus, de un total de 41 participantes, lo que correspondió a una prevalencia de 17.1%. La prevalencia de SARM fue de 7.3%. El personal de enfermería presentó la mayor prevalencia (4.9%). Conclusiones. El porcentaje de portadores nasales por S. aureus encontrada en este estudio es menor que lo reportado en estudios similares, teniendo en cuenta que la población en estudio es vulnerable a la colonización con este patógeno.
Objective: To determine the prevalence of nasal colonization by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in health workers of the intensive care units at Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo. Methods: A descriptive transversal study was performed. We isolated strains of S. aureus by nasal swabs and using classic methods, and identified antibiotics susceptibility by disk diffusion method according to CLSI standards. Results: We obtained 7 positive results for S. aureus from a total of 41 participants, which corresponded to a prevalence of 17.1%. The prevalence of MRSA was 7.3%. The nursing staff showed the highest prevalence (4.9%). Conclusions: The proportion of S. aureus nasal carriers found in this study is much lower than those reported in similar studies, taking into account that the study population is vulnerable to colonization with this pathogen.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Cavidade Nasal , Pessoal de Saúde , Prevalência , Staphylococcus aureus , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos Transversais , PeruRESUMO
Existen pocos estudios que reporten datos acerca de autopsias de pacientes con VIH en Sudamérica y ninguno que documente los resultados post mórtem en los pacientes con VIH/SIDA en el Perú. Objetivos: Determinar el espectro de las infecciones oportunistas y las causas de mortalidad en pacientes VIH-positivos en un hospital público en Lima. Asimismo, se revisa la información clínico-epidemiológica con respecto a la infección con VIH en el Perú. Materiales y métodos: Se incluyeron en este análisis retrospectivo, 16 autopsias relacionadas con VIH del Hospital Dos de Mayo, realizadas entre 1999-2004. Resultados: La causa primaria de la muerte fue establecida en 12 pacientes: uno murió de neoplasia y 11 de enfermedades infecciosas, incluyendo tres con infección pulmonar, siete con infección diseminada, y dos con infección del sistema nervioso central (un caso presentó patología dual). Las infecciones oportunistas fueron identificadas en 14 casos, incluyendo citomegalovirus, histoplasmosis, criptococcosis, toxoplasmosis, neumonía por Pneumocistis, aspergilosis, tuberculosis, virus de la varicela-zoster y criptosporidiosis. Catorce pacientes tenían por lo menos una enfermedad relacionada con el SIDA que no había sido sospechada clínicamente ni diagnosticada antes de la muerte. Por otra parte, 82% de los diagnósticos considerados de significancia clínica importante, no habían sido sospechados antes de la muerte. Conclusiones: El espectro y la frecuencia de ciertas infecciones oportunistas reportadas en el presente estudio lo diferencia de otros estudios de autopsias realizados en Sudamérica; destacando la importancia de realizar necropsias en VIH/SIDA en países de recursos limitados, con el fin de observar los patrones locales específicos de la enfermedad.
There is a paucity of HIV autopsy data from South America and none that document the postmortem findings in patients with HIV/AIDS in Peru. Objectives: The purpose of this autopsy study was to determine the spectrum of opportunistic infections and the causes of mortality in HIV-positive patients at a public hospital in Lima. Material and methods: Clinico-epidemiological information regarding HIV infection in Peru is also reviewed. Sixteen HIV-related hospital postmortems, performed between 1999-2004, were included in this retrospective analysis. Results: The primary cause of death was established in 12 patients: one died of neoplasia and 11 of infectious diseases, including 3 from pulmonary infection, 7 from disseminated infection, and 2 from central nervous system infection (one case had dual pathology). Opportunistic infections were identified in 14 cases, comprising cytomegalovirus, histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, toxoplasmosis, Pneumocystis pneumonia, aspergillosis, tuberculosis, varicella zoster virus and cryptosporidiosis. Fourteen patients had at least one AIDS-related disease that had been neither clinically suspected nor diagnosed premortem. Moreover, 82% of the diagnoses deemed of important clinical significance, had not been suspected antemortem. Conclusions: The spectrum and frequency of certain opportunistic infections differed from other South American autopsy studies, highlighting the importance of performing HIV/AIDS postmortems in resource-limited countries where locallyspecific disease patterns may be observed.