Epidemiology of enteroviral meningoencephalitis in neonates and young infants.

AIM: To describe the epidemiology of enteroviral meningoencephalitis in northern New South Wales, Australia, with a specific focus on neonatal and young infant cases. METHODS: A retrospective review of PCR-confirmed enteroviral meningoencephalitis cases in the Hunter New England Local Health District of northern NSW was conducted for the period 2008-2012. RESULTS: One hundred nine patients met the case definition. There was summer seasonality, with 50% (55/109) of cases occurring between December and February. Neonates and young infants (<3 months of age) accounted for 42% (46/109) of cases, with 20% (9/46) being premature births. Fever (83%) was the most common presentation in this age group, followed by irritability (40%), feeding difficulties (40%) and rash (17%). All received at least one antibiotic during their admission, with 26% (12/46) also treated empirically with acyclovir. There was one death. Where testing was undertaken, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein levels were high in 90% (28/31) of neonates and young infants, but the CSF white cell count was variable, with 57% <10/mm(3) and 21% >100/mm(3) . CONCLUSION: Early diagnosis of enteroviral meningoencephalitis could alter management, potentially reducing the period of treatment with empirical antimicrobials and permitting earlier discharge.

Gauge against the machine: revisiting quality for multi-targeted serology platforms.

Diagnosis of infections of public health significance, such as leptospirosis, often present challenges for laboratories. To counter common challenges and ensure quality driven health responses, rigorous validation and verification processes are required. Despite such rigor, however, can one be certain laboratory reports are truly reflective of infection, given the risk of rare, but potentially very significant quality oversights? Here we present a real-world scenario where diagnosis of leptospirosis cases was compromised over a 6-year period despite quality measures suggesting a well performing serological assay. A subsequent investigation revealed this was attributed to the programming of an automated microtitration plate analyser, evading detection by both quality control and external quality assurance processes. The quality oversight provides insight into potential limitations in quality processes in multi-targeted serological platforms.