A global survey of the stable isotope and chemical compositions of bottled and canned beers as a guide to authenticity.

This study presents a dataset, derived from the analysis of 162 bottled and canned beers from around the globe, which may be used for comparison with suspected counterfeit or substitute products. The data comprise δ2H and δ18O compositions of the whole beer and δ13C compositions of the dry residue (mostly sugar) together with the concentrations of five anions (F, Cl, NO3, SO4, PO4) and seven cations (Ca, K, Mg, SiO2, V, Mn, Sr). A strong correlation, consistent with natural waters but offset from the Global Meteoric Water Line, was observed between the δ2H/δ18O composition of the beers. The extent of the offset could be explained by the brewing process and the alcohol and sugars present in the beers. Correlations between inorganic analytes were consistent with the addition of salts in the brewing process. Beers were classified as follows: ale, lager, stout or wheat-beer and the chemical composition was found to be characteristic of the assigned type, with lagers being the most readily classified. A combination of chemical and isotopic data was found to be characteristic of the geographical origin (on a continental scale) and could most easily identify beers from Australasia or Europe. A global map of δ18O data revealed a geo-spatial distribution that mirrored existing maps of the isotopic composition of annual precipitation. This confirmed a commonsense view that local precipitation will be the primary source for the water used in brewing. Using this isoscape (or alcoscape) it may be possible to assess the geographical origins of samples for which genuine comparative samples cannot be obtained.

Stable isotope and trace metal compositions of Australian prawns as a guide to authenticity and wholesomeness.

This research has explored the potential of stable isotope and trace metal profiles to distinguish Australian prawns from prawns imported from neighbouring Asian countries. Australian prawns were collected mostly from the Brisbane area. Strong differences in Australian vs. imported prawns were evident from both the isotope and trace element data, with the differences most likely occurring because imported prawns are typically reared in aquaculture facilities and frozen prior to sale in Australia. The aquaculture origins are characterised by comparatively; low δHVSMOW, δ(13)CVPDB values, low concentrations of arsenic, zinc and potassium, and high water contents (>80%). Relatively high arsenic and cadmium contents were found within Australian prawns, but the concentrations did not exceed local human health guidelines.

Trace element nutrition status and dietary intake of children with phenylketonuria.

The trace element status (copper, iron, zinc, manganese, chromium, and selenium) of 20 dietetically treated phenylketonuric (PKU) children was assessed. Significantly higher intakes of copper (p = 0.002) and iron (p = 0.005) were noted in PKU children compared with their siblings. No significant differences were found for zinc, manganese, or chromium. Intake of selenium was significantly lower (p = 0.0001) in PKU children (8.4 +/- 3.9 micrograms/d) than in siblings (41.6 +/- 9.4 micrograms/d). Plasma and urine selenium and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity (GSHpx) were significantly lower (p = 0.001) in PKU children (0.38 +/- 0.11 mumol/L, 58.0 +/- 34.5 nmol/d, and 14.2 +/- 5.5 U/g Hb, respectively) than in siblings (0.82 +/- 0.15 mumol/L, 165.2 +/- 49.4 nmol/d, and 22.7 +/- 5.2 U/g Hb, respectively). No differences were found in plasma and urine concentrations of other elements. Intake of selenium was significantly correlated with erythrocyte GSHpx (r = 0.87, p = 0.0001) and plasma selenium (r = 0.71, p = 0.0001) for the combined groups. The need and possible procedures, including dietary manipulation, for increasing selenium intake in PKU subjects are discussed.

Comparison of wet digestion procedures for the determination of cadmium and lead in marine biological tissues by Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

Three wet digestion procedures, namely, nitric acid/sulphuric acid, nitric acid/hydrogen peroxide and nitric acid/perchloric acid were compared for their relative efficiency in determining cadmium and lead in marine biological tissues. The nitric acid/perchloric acid procedure was the most efficient, whereas the nitric acid/hydrogen peroxide procedure was the least efficient. The nitric acid/sulphuric acid procedure was also found to be effective but there was a problem with the method as the presence of sulphuric acid in the matrix markedly suppressed the absorbance signals especially for lead analysis and thus reduced sensitivity. The addition of ascorbic acid as matrix modifier improved sensitivity. However, this analysis still required the standard addition method. No apparent interferences were encountered for cadmium analysis.

Determination of selenium in meat products by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

Wet digestion using a mixture of nitric, sulfuric, and perchloric acids and an aluminum block digester effectively and rapidly decomposed meat samples for selenium determination by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Digestion did not require constant attention by an operator. Selenium recoveries (range, 94-105%) from National Institute of Standards and Technology standard reference materials and spiked samples were used to validate method accuracy. Coefficients of variation (CVs) of repeatability of in-house reference materials used for precision study were 6.4 and 5.6%, respectively, for seafood mix and mutton liver. Selenium levels in meat products from Brisbane markets varied widely: 0.042-0.142, 0.081-0.42, and 0.050-0.198 microgram/g (wet weight) respectively, for beef, chicken, and pork. Overall, selenium levels in manufactured meat ranged from 0.041 to 0.189 microgram/g. The levels of selenium found in this study were generally lower than those reported in Finland but comparable with those reported in some parts of the United States.

Cadmium levels in peanut products.

Samples of peanut products such as peanut butter, raw, roasted and crushed peanuts from various commercial producers and obtained from local markets in Brisbane contained generally low levels of cadmium with mean values ranging from 0.013 to 0.031 mg/kg. These values were lower than the maximum permitted concentration for cadmium in peanuts in Australia, which is currently set at 0.05 mg/kg. Pre-digestion of samples using a microwave digestion system was found to be very effective in reducing digestion time prior to dry ashing for the analysis of cadmium.

Selenium levels in cow's milk from different regions of Australia.

Homogenised cow's milk samples were collected each season in 1990 and 1991 from 19 selected dairy factories in different regions across Australia. Fresh cow's milk samples were also collected every month in 1990 and 1991 from 24 selected dairy farms in Queensland. Selenium (Se) analyses were performed by spectrofluorimetry after complexing with 2,3-diaminonaphthalene. The study found a wide variation of Se levels in homogenised milk from dairy milk factories. Statistical analysis using unpaired t-test showed that Se levels in summer were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than in other seasons. Mean concentrations in summer, autumn, winter and spring for 1990 and 1991 were 23.8 +/- 4.6, 20.9 +/- 4.4, 20.7 +/- 4.2 and 20.6 +/- 4.8 micrograms/L, respectively. A two-way ANOVA analysis also indicated that regions and season have a significant influence (P < 0.001) on Se levels and that there is an interaction between regions and seasons. High Se levels in each region tend to be associated with high Se levels in summer milk. A wide variation of Se levels was also found in raw milk collected from dairy farms. Mean concentration was 22.0 +/- 6.0 micrograms/L, with a range of 6.7 to 47.6 micrograms/L. When the values of Se levels in homogenised milk for each season were used to estimate the contribution of milk to daily intake of different populations groups, it was found that infants have the highest intake (10.0-12.2 micrograms/day) which meets the Australian Recommended Dietary Intake.

Prostatic and peripheral blood selenium levels after oral supplementation.

PURPOSE: The dietary trace element selenium has been proposed to be a potential chemopreventive agent for prostate cancer. Epidemiological studies have suggested an inverse association between blood selenium and prostate cancer incidence. However, to our knowledge no study to date has examined selenium absorption by the prostate. Therefore, we determine whether oral selenium supplementation alters selenium levels within the prostate and/or peripheral blood. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective trial 51 men undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia were randomly assigned to serve as controls or receive 200 microg selenium daily orally for 1 month. Sample size was calculated to detect a difference of 30 ng/gm in prostate tissue with a power of 80%. Peripheral blood was obtained at enrollment and subsequently at surgery, when prostate tissue was also sampled. Selenium levels were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Baseline erythrocyte selenium was within the standard reference range. Supplementation increased erythrocyte (initial median 173 and final median 209 ng/ml, p = 0.008) and prostate (supplement median 241 and control median 196 ng/gm, p = 0.016) levels. Erythrocyte levels at surgery correlated poorly with prostate levels in the control (r = 0.18) and supplement (r = 0.07) groups. CONCLUSIONS: Oral selenium supplementation increases prostatic and peripheral blood levels in men in a nonselenium deficient population. Blood and prostate levels correlated poorly, suggesting that peripheral blood measurements are a poor indicator of prostatic selenium content.