Head Orientation Modulates Vestibular Cerebellar Evoked Potentials (VsCEPs) and Reflexes Produced by Impulsive Mastoid and Midline Skull Stimulation.

The cerebellum plays a critical role in the modulation of vestibular reflexes, dependent on input from proprioceptive afferents. The mechanism of this cerebellar control is not well understood. In a sample of 11 healthy human subjects, we investigated the effects of head orientation on ocular, cervical, postural and cerebellar short latency potentials evoked by impulsive stimuli applied at both mastoids and midline skull sites. Subjects were instructed to lean backwards with the head positioned straight ahead or held rotated in different degrees of yaw towards the right and left sides. Impulsive mastoid stimulation, a potent method of utricular stimulation, produced localised vestibular cerebellar evoked potentials (VsCEPs: P12-N17) which were strongly modulated by head orientation. The response was larger on the side opposite to the direction of head rotation and with stimulation on the side of rotation. In contrast, ocular VEMPs (oVEMPs: n10-p16) were present but showed little change with head posture, while cervical VEMPs (cVEMPs: p15-n23) were larger with the head held rotated away from the side of the recording. Postural effects with lateral vestibular stimulation were strongly modulated by head rotation, with more powerful effects occurring bilaterally with stimulation on the side of rotation. The duration of the postural EMG changes was similar to the post-excitation inhibition of the electrocerebellogram (ECeG), consistent with cerebellar participation. We conclude that head rotation selectively affects evoked vestibular reflexes towards different targets, consistent with their physiological roles. Changes in VsCEPs may contribute to the modulation of postural reflexes by the cerebellum.

Modulation of the human electro-cerebellogram (ECeG) during vestibular and optokinetic stimulation.

We have recently shown that it is possible to record vestibular cerebellar evoked potentials (VsCEPs) in the form of a contralateral short-latency biphasic positive-negative wave with surface electrodes placed over the posterior fossa and, in parallel with this, the spontaneous electrocerebellogram (or ECeG). VsCEPs were further shown to exhibit considerable plasticity depending on visual context and in this article we show additionally that the ECeG power and cerebro-cerebellar coherence which accompanies the VsCEPs also changes systematically during vestibular and optokinetic stimuli. In a sample of nine healthy human subjects, half of whom had VsCEPs, we recorded in parallel the ECeG and for comparison the EEG from central scalp sites. The results showed that during vection with vestibular stimulation there is actually a reduction in the power of the ECeG accompanied by an increase in cerebro-cerebellar coherence, both of which correlate with the subjective sensation of vection. Only the VsCEPs present group showed the significant power reduction and increase in coherence, indicating a link between the VsCEP and plasticity in the ECeG. We suggest that these data are consistent with a human cerebro-cerebellar network associated with control of the VOR. The network exhibits the plasticity expected from the known inhibitory properties of Purkinje cells and the pausing of spontaneous Purkinje cell activity following a climbing-fibre evoked response with conjunctive inputs from the mossy-fibre system.