Safety and efficacy of the Pipeline Flex embolization device with Shield Technology for the acute treatment of ruptured internal carotid artery pseudoaneurysms: a multi-institution case series.

OBJECTIVE: Ruptured blister, dissecting, and iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms are rare pathologies that pose significant challenges from a treatment standpoint. Endovascular treatment via flow diversion represents an increasingly popular option; however, drawbacks include the requirement for dual antiplatelet therapy and the potential for thromboembolic complications, particularly acute complications in the ruptured setting. The Pipeline Flex embolization device with Shield Technology (PED-Shield) offers reduced material thrombogenicity, which may aid in the treatment of ruptured internal carotid artery pseudoaneurysms. METHODS: The authors conducted a multi-institution, retrospective case series to determine the safety and efficacy of PED-Shield for the treatment of ruptured blister, dissecting, and iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms of the internal carotid artery. Clinical, radiographic, treatment, and outcomes data were collected. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients were included in the final analysis. Seventeen underwent placement of a single device, and 16 underwent placement of two devices. No thromboembolic complications occurred. Four patients were maintained on aspirin alone, and all others were treated with long-term dual antiplatelet therapy. Among patients with 3-month follow-up, 93.8% had a modified Rankin Scale score of 0-2. Complete occlusion at follow-up was observed in 82.6% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: PED-Shield represents a new option for the treatment of ruptured blister, dissecting, and iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms of the internal carotid artery. The reduced material thrombogenicity appeared to improve the safety of the PED-Shield device, as this series demonstrated no thromboembolic complications even among patients treated with only single antiplatelet therapy. The efficacy of PED-Shield reported in this series, particularly with placement of two devices, demonstrates its potential as a first-line treatment option for these pathologies.

Bibliometric analysis of the top 100 cited articles on stereotactic radiosurgery of intracranial meningiomas.

BACKGROUND: Sterotactic radiosurgery is becoming an integral modality in the management of intracranial meningiomas, both as the primary treatment or as adjuvant therapy. This study analyzes the scholarly impact of the top 100 cited articles on the stereotactic radiosurgical management of intracranial meningiomas. METHODS: A ranked list of the 100 most-cited articles was generated using the Scopus database by searching the keywords 'intracranial meningioma' and 'stereotactic radiosurgery'. All articles were then evaluated on multiple criteria regarding both the publication of the articles (year of publication, journal, country of origin, and authors) as well as their methods and foci (type of study, location of studied meningiomas, and type of radiosurgical modality). Quantitaitve and qualitative analyses were then performed from the collected data. RESULTS: The most frequently cited articles on stereotactic radiosurgical management of intracranial meningiomas were published between 1990 and 2016. The average citation-per-year across all papers in the list was 6.1. The most studied anatomic area of intracranial meningiomas was the skull base, with the cavernous sinus being the most well-studied specific site. The most utilized stereotactic radiosurgical modality was Gamma Knife radiosurgery. The country with the highest number of publications was the United States. Twenty-six percent of the articles were published in the journal Neurosurgery; Lunsford, Kondziolka, Flickinger, Sheehan, and Pollock were respectively the most frequent listed authors among this list. The most active academic institute publishing on this topic was the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. CONCLUSION: Stereotactic radiosurgery is an integral modality in the management of intracranial meningiomas. This bibliometric analysis sheds the light on the ways in which intracranial meningiomas have been studied in the past two decades in order to identify trends among neurosurgeons and radiation oncologists and to reveal areas of rising and declining focus.

Consensus Current Procedural Terminology Code Definition of Source Control for Sepsis.

INTRODUCTION: Unlike antibiotic and perfusion support, guidelines for sepsis source control lack high-quality evidence and are ungraded. Internally valid administrative data methods are needed to identify cases representing source control procedures to evaluate outcomes. METHODS: Over five modified Delphi rounds, two independent reviewers identified Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes pertinent to source control. In each round, codes with perfect agreement were retained or excluded, whereas disagreements were reviewed by the panelists. Manual review of 400 patient records meeting Sepsis-3 criteria (2010-2017) clinically adjudicated which encounters included source control procedures (gold standard). The performance of consensus codes was compared with the gold standard to assess sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and likelihood ratios. RESULTS: Of 5752 CPT codes, 609 consensus codes represented source control procedures. Of 400 hospitalizations for sepsis, 39 (9.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 7.0%-13.1%) underwent gold standard source control procedures and 29 (7.3%; 95% CI 4.9-10.3%) consensus code-defined source control procedures. Thirty consensus codes were identified (20.0% gastrointestinal/intraabdominal, 10.0% genitourinary, 13.3% hepatopancreatobiliary, 23.3% orthopedic/cranial, 23.3% soft tissue, and 10.0% intrathoracic), which had 61.5% (95% CI 44.6%-76.6%) sensitivity, 98.6% (95% CI 96.8%-99.6%) specificity, 83.2% (95% CI 66.6%-92.4%) positive, and 95.9% (95% CI 93.9%-97.2%) negative predictive values. With pretest probability at sample prevalence, an identified consensus code had a posttest probability of 83.0% (95% CI 66.0%-92.0%), whereas consensus code absence had a probability of 4.0% (95% CI 3.0-6.0) for undergoing a source control procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Using modified Delphi methodology, we created and validated CPT codes identifying source control procedures, providing a framework for evaluation of the surgical care of patients with sepsis.

How I do it: horizontal fissure approach to the middle cerebellar peduncle.

BACKGROUND: The horizontal fissure approach is a workhorse for brainstem lesions in the central and dorsolateral pons and middle cerebellar peduncle (MCP). The cerebellopontine fissure is a V-shaped fissure with a superior and inferior limb between the cerebellum, pons, and MCP. The horizontal or petrosal fissure is at the apex of the cerebellopontine fissure and extends laterally to divide the petrosal surface of the cerebellum into superior and inferior parts. Splitting this fissure exposes the posterolateral aspect of the MCP without excessive retraction or transgression of the cerebellum. METHOD: We demonstrate and describe the horizontal fissure operative approach to the middle cerebellar peduncle for resection of a pontine cavernoma with illustrative figures and operative video. CONCLUSION: Splitting the horizontal (petrosal) fissure of the cerebellum brings the middle cerebellar peduncle into view behind the root entry zone of the trigeminal nerve, providing an expanded, safe corridor to the central and dorsolateral pons.

The Hybrid Operative Suite with Intraoperative Biplane Rotational Angiography in Pediatric Cerebrovascular Neurosurgery: Utility and Lessons Learned.

INTRODUCTION: The benefits of performing open and endovascular procedures in a hybrid neuroangiography surgical suite include confirmation of treatment results and reduction in number of procedures, leading to improved efficiency of care. Combined procedural suites are infrequently used in pediatric facilities due to technical and logistical limitations. We report the safety, utility, and lessons learned from a single-institution experience using a hybrid suite equipped with biplane rotational digital subtraction angiography and pan-surgical capabilities. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of consecutive cases performed at our institution that utilized the hybrid neuroangiography surgical suite from February 2020 to August 2021. Demographics, surgical metrics, and imaging results were collected from the electronic medical record. Outcomes, interventions, and nuances for optimizing preoperative/intraoperative setup and postoperative care were presented. RESULTS: Eighteen procedures were performed in 17 patients (mean age 13.4 years, range 6-19). Cases included 14 arteriovenous malformations (AVM; 85.7% ruptured), one dural arteriovenous fistula, one mycotic aneurysm, and one hemangioblastoma. The average operative time was 416 min (range 321-745). There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. All patients were alive at follow-up (range 0.1-14.7 months). Five patients had anticipated postoperative deficits arising from their hemorrhage, and 12 returned to baseline neurological status. Four illustrative cases demonstrating specific, unique applications of the hybrid angiography suite are presented. CONCLUSION: The hybrid neuroangiography surgical suite is a safe option for pediatric cerebrovascular pathologies requiring combined surgical and endovascular intervention. Hybrid cases can be completed within the same anesthesia session and reduce the need for return to the operating room for resection or surveillance angiography. High-quality intraoperative angiography enables diagnostic confirmation under a single procedure, mitigating risk of morbidity and accelerating recovery. Effective multidisciplinary planning enables preoperative angiograms to be completed to inform the operative plan immediately prior to definitive resection.

Rescue of Neglect and Language Impairment After Stroke Thrombectomy.

Background and Purpose: Although National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores provide an objective measure of clinical deficits, data regarding the impact of neglect or language impairment on outcomes after mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is lacking. We assessed the frequency of neglect and language impairment, rate of their rescue by MT, and impact of rescue on clinical outcomes. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected database from a comprehensive stroke center. We assessed right (RHS) and left hemispheric strokes (LHS) patients with anterior circulation large vessel occlusion undergoing MT to assess the impact of neglect and language impairment on clinical outcomes, respectively. Safety and efficacy outcomes were compared between patients with and without rescue of neglect or language impairment. Results: Among 324 RHS and 210 LHS patients, 71% of patients presented with neglect whereas 93% of patients had language impairment, respectively. Mean age was 71±15, 56% were females, and median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 16 (12­20). At 24 hours, MT resulted in rescue of neglect in 31% of RHS and rescue of language impairment in 23% of LHS patients, respectively. RHS patients with rescue of neglect (56% versus 34%, P<0.001) and LHS patients with rescue of language impairment (64 % versus 25%, P<0.01) were observed to have a higher rate of functional independence compared to patients without rescue. After adjusting for confounders including 24-hour National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, rescue of neglect among RHS patients was associated with functional independence (P=0.01) and lower mortality (P=0.01). Similarly, rescue of language impairment among LHS patients was associated with functional independence (P=0.02) and lower mortality (P=0.001). Conclusions: Majority of LHS-anterior circulation large vessel occlusion and of RHS-anterior circulation large vessel occlusion patients present with the impairment of language and neglect, respectively. In comparison to 24-hour National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, rescue of these deficits by MT is an independent and a better predictor of functional independence and lower mortality.

Clinically Approximated Hypoperfused Tissue in Large Vessel Occlusion Stroke.

Background and Purpose: Patient selection for thrombectomy of acute ischemic stroke caused by large vessel occlusion in the delayed time window (>6 hours) is dependent on delineation of clinical-core mismatch or radiological target mismatch using perfusion imaging. Selection paradigms not involving advanced imaging and software processing may reduce time to treatment and broaden eligibility. We aim to develop a conversion factor to approximately determine the volume of hypoperfused tissue using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score (clinically approximated hypoperfused tissue [CAT] volume) and explore its ability to identify patients eligible for thrombectomy in the late-time window. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of anterior circulation large vessel occlusion strokes at 3 comprehensive stroke centers. Demographic, clinical, and imaging (computed tomography perfusion processed using RAPID, IschemaView) information was analyzed. A conversion factor, which is a multiple of the NIHSS score (for NIHSS score <10 and ≥10), was derived from an initial cohort to calculate CAT volumes. Accuracy of CAT-based thrombectomy eligibility criteria (using CAT volume instead of Tmax >6 seconds volume) was tested using DEFUSE-3 criteria (Endovascular Therapy Following Imaging Evaluation for Ischemic Stroke 3) eligibility as a gold standard in an independent cohort. Results: Of the 309 large vessel occlusion strokes (age, 70±14, 46% male, median NIHSS 16 [12­20]) included in this study, 38% of patients arrived beyond 6 hours of time from last known well. Conversion factors derived (derivation cohort-center A: 187) based on median values of Tmax>6 second volume for NIHSS score <10 subgroup was 15 and for NIHSS score ≥10 subgroup was 6. Subsequently calculated CAT volume­based eligibility criteria yielded a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 92% in detecting DEFUSE-3 eligible patients (area under the curve, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.82­1]) in the validation cohort (center B and C:122). Conclusions: Clinical severity of stroke (NIHSS score) may be used to calculate the volume of hypoperfused tissue during large vessel occlusion stroke. CAT volumes for NIHSS score <10 (using a factor of 15) and ≥10 (using a factor of 6) subgroups can accurately identify DEFUSE-3-eligible patients.

Telescoping flow diverters for a pediatric fusiform distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysm: technical case report.

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE: Pediatric intracranial aneurysms are rare, with fusiform aneurysms of the distal anterior circulation even more so. A limited number of prior reports detail the management of this pathology. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: We report a case of a 15-year-old boy presenting with new-onset headache found to have a 3.1 cm × 1.4 cm × 1.4 cm fusiform partially thrombosed aneurysm of the A2 segment of the left anterior cerebral artery. Subsequent treatment with flow diversion resulted in the placement of five telescoping PEDs (2.5 mm × 20 mm, 2.75 mm × 20 mm, 2.75 mm × 20 mm, 3 mm × 25 mm, and 3 mm × 20 mm) from the left pericallosal artery to the left A1 segment. Catheter-based angiography at 6 months post-placement indicated normal vessel caliber, no residual aneurysm, and no in-stent stenosis. The patient's headache resolved after treatment. CONCLUSION: Telescoping PEDs are a feasible low-risk treatment option for long-segment fusiform distal ACA aneurysms in children that can have optimal clinical and radiographic outcomes.

Comparison of anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy for treatment of blunt cerebrovascular injury in children <10 years of age: a multicenter retrospective cohort study.

PURPOSE: Blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI) is uncommon in the pediatric population. Among the management options is medical management consisting of antithrombotic therapy with either antiplatelets or anticoagulation. There is no consensus on whether administration of antiplatelets or anticoagulation is more appropriate for BCVI in children < 10 years of age. Our goal was to compare radiographic and clinical outcomes based on medical treatment modality for BCVI in children < 10 years. METHODS: Clinical and radiographic data were collected retrospectively for children screened for BCVI with computed tomography angiography at 5 academic pediatric trauma centers. RESULTS: Among 651 patients evaluated with computed tomography angiography to screen for BCVI, 17 patients aged less than 10 years were diagnosed with BCVI (7 grade I, 5 grade II, 1 grade III, 4 grade IV) and received anticoagulation or antiplatelet therapy for 18 total injuries: 11 intracranial carotid artery, 4 extracranial carotid artery, and 3 extracranial vertebral artery injuries. Eleven patients were treated with antiplatelets (10 aspirin, 1 clopidogrel) and 6 with anticoagulation (4 unfractionated heparin, 2 low-molecular-weight heparin, 1 transitioned from the former to the latter). There were no complications secondary to treatment. One patient who received anticoagulation died as a result of the traumatic injuries. In aggregate, children treated with antiplatelet therapy demonstrated healing on 52% of follow-up imaging studies versus 25% in the anticoagulation cohort. CONCLUSION: There were no observed differences in the rate of hemorrhagic complications between anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy for BCVI in children < 10 years, with a nonsignificantly better rate of healing on follow-up imaging in children who underwent antiplatelet therapy; however, the study cohort was small despite including patients from 5 hospitals.

Does stroke etiology influence outcome in the posterior circulation? An analysis of 107 consecutive acute basilar occlusion thrombectomies.

OBJECTIVE: Acute basilar artery occlusion (BAO) harbors a more guarded prognosis after thrombectomy compared with anterior circulation large-vessel occlusion. Whether this is a function of a greater proportion of atherosclerotic/intrinsic lesions is not well studied. The authors aimed to elucidate the prevalence and predictors of intracranial intrinsic atherosclerotic disease in patients with acute BAO and to compare angiographic and clinical outcomes between patients with BAO secondary to embolic versus intrinsic disease. METHODS: A prospectively maintained stroke database was reviewed for all patients presenting between January 2013 and December 2019 to a tertiary care academic comprehensive stroke center with acute, nontandem BAO. Patient data were extracted, subdivided by stroke mechanism and treatment modality (embolic [thrombectomy only] and intrinsic [thrombectomy + stenting]), and angiographic and clinical results were compared. RESULTS: Of 107 patients, 83 (78%) had embolic occlusions (thrombectomy only) and 24 (22%) had intrinsic disease (thrombectomy + stenting). There was no significant difference in patient age, presenting National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, time to presentation, selected medical comorbidities (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and atrial fibrillation), prior stroke, and posterior circulation Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score. Patients with intrinsic disease were more likely to be active smokers (50% vs 26%, p = 0.04) and more likely to be male (88% vs 48%, p = 0.001). Successful recanalization, defined as a modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (mTICI) grade of 2b or 3, was achieved in 90% of patients and did not differ significantly between the embolic versus intrinsic groups (89% vs 92%, p > 0.99). A 90-day good outcome (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score 0-2) was found in 37% of patients overall and did not differ significantly between the two groups (36% vs 41%, p = 0.41). Mortality was 40% overall and did not significantly differ between groups (41% vs 36%, p = 0.45). CONCLUSIONS: In the current study, demographic and clinical results for acute BAO showed that compared with intrinsic disease, thromboembolic disease is a more common mechanism of acute BAO, with 78% of patients undergoing thrombectomy alone. However, there was no significant difference in revascularization and outcome results between patients with embolic disease and those with intrinsic disease.

Conventional Angiography in the Assessment of Recently Symptomatic Patients with Ipsilateral Carotid Stenosis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Benefits of revascularization for moderate and severe (≥50%) carotid stenosis were established based on digital subtraction angiography (DSA). We aimed to assess the discrepancy between invasive and non-invasive angiography in a consecutive, prospective cohort of patients with recent stroke and non-invasive imaging suggesting ≥50% ipsilateral carotid stenosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed prospectively-collected data for consecutive patients admitted with recent stroke/TIA and ≥50% ipsilateral carotid stenosis on non-invasive imaging over 28 months. All patients underwent DSA to confirm the degree of stenosis per NASCET criteria. All patients with <50% stenosis by DSA were treated with medical therapy only and their recurrent event rates were assessed at 6 months. RESULTS: 148 symptomatic patients with ≥50% ipsilateral carotid stenosis on CTA (82%) and MRA (18%) underwent DSA to confirm degree of stenosis. Median age was 73 years and 64% were male. DSA demonstrated <50% stenosis in 28 patients (19%). Median presenting NIHSS was 1 (IQR 0-3). Median carotid stenosis evaluated by non-invasive imaging was 70% (IQR 60-85%) and by DSA was 40% (IQR 30-45%). One of 28 patients (4%) experienced recurrent nondisabling stroke (NIHSS 1) after stopping dual antiplatelet therapy. CONCLUSION: In nearly one-in-five cases with recent stroke due to ipsilateral carotid stenosis deemed to be candidates for revascularization based on CTA or MRA, DSA led to institution of medical therapy only due to insufficiently severe stenosis. In patients treated with medical therapy based on the findings of <50% stenosis on DSA, the rate of recurrent stroke is low.

Thrombectomy after in-house stroke in the transfer population.

BACKGROUND: Patients with large-vessel occlusion (LVO) who initially present to a non-thrombectomy-capable center ("spoke") have worse outcomes than those presenting directly to a thrombectomy-capable center ("hub"). Furthermore, patients who suffer in-hospital strokes (IHS) suffer worse outcomes than those suffering strokes in the community. Data on patients who suffer IHS at a spoke hospital is lacking. We aim to characterize this particularly vulnerable population, define their outcomes, and compare them to patients who develop IHS at a hub institution. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed prospectively collected data from patients suffering an IHS at a spoke hospital who were then transferred to the hub hospital for endovascular therapy (EVT). We then compared outcomes of these patients under EVT after developing IHS at the hub institution. RESULTS: A total of 108 IHS patients met inclusion criteria: 91 (84%) at a spoke facility and 17 (16%) at the hub facility. Baseline characteristics and reason for hospital admission were comparable between the two groups. Time from imaging to IV-tPA administration (17 vs. 70 min, p = 0.01) and time to EVT (120 vs. 247 min, p = 0.001) were significantly shorter in the hub group. More patients had a 90 day-mRS of 0-3 in the hub group than the spoke group (57% vs 22%, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Patients undergoing EVT after suffering IHS at a spoke hospital have significantly higher rates of poor outcomes compared to patients who suffer IHS at a hub hospital. Prolonged time delays in the initiation of IV-tPA and EVT represent areas of improvement.

A comparison of digital subtraction angiography and computed tomography angiography for the diagnosis of penetrating cerebrovascular injury.

OBJECTIVE: Penetrating cerebrovascular injury (PCVI) is a subset of traumatic brain injury (TBI) comprising a broad spectrum of cerebrovascular pathology, including traumatic pseudoaneurysms, direct arterial injury, venous sinus stenosis or occlusion, and traumatic dural arteriovenous fistulas. These can result in immediate or delayed vascular injury and consequent neurological morbidity. Current TBI guidelines recommend cerebrovascular imaging for detection, but there is no consensus on the optimum modality. The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to compare CT angiography (CTA) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) for the diagnosis of PCVI. METHODS: The records of all patients presenting to two level I trauma centers in the United States between January 2010 and July 2016 with penetrating head or neck trauma were reviewed. Only those who had undergone both CTA and DSA were included. Clinical and neuroimaging data were collected, and PCVIs were stratified using a modified Biffl grading scheme. DSA and CTA results were then compared. RESULTS: Of 312 patients with penetrating trauma over the study period, 56 patients (91% male, mean age 32 years) with PCVI met inclusion criteria and constituted the study cohort. The mechanism of injury was a gunshot wound in 86% (48/56) of patients. Twenty-four (43%) patients had sustained an angiographically confirmed arterial or venous injury. Compared with DSA as the gold standard, CTA had a sensitivity and specificity of 72% and 63%, respectively, for identifying PCVI. CTA had a positive predictive value of 61% and negative predictive value of 70%. Seven patients (13%) required immediate endovascular treatment of PCVI; in 3 (43%) of these patients, the injury was not identified on CTA. Twenty-two patients (39%) underwent delayed DSA an average of 25 days after injury; 2 (9%) of these patients were found to harbor new pathological conditions requiring treatment. CONCLUSIONS: In this retrospective analysis of PCVI at two large trauma centers, CTA demonstrated low sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for the diagnosis of PCVI. These findings suggest that DSA provides better accuracy than CTA in the diagnosis of both immediate and delayed PCVI and should be considered for patients experiencing penetrating head or neck trauma.

Estimating the Risks of Adverse Radiation Effects After Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Arteriovenous Malformations.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We evaluated risk factors associated with the development of adverse radiation effects (ARE) after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). METHODS: We evaluated 755 patients with AVM who underwent a single Gamma Knife SRS procedure with at least a 2-year minimum follow-up. Eighty-seven patients (12%) underwent previous resection and 128 (17%) had previous embolization. The median target volume was 3.6 mL (range, 0.1-26.3 mL). The median margin dose was 20 Gy (range, 13-27 Gy). RESULTS: Fifty-five patients (7%) developed symptomatic ARE at a median follow-up of 75 months. The cumulative rates of symptomatic ARE were 3.2%, 5.8%, 6.7%, and 7.5% at 1, 2, 3, and 5 years, respectively. Factors associated with a higher rate of developing symptomatic ARE included larger AVM volume, higher margin dose, larger 12-Gy volume, higher Spetzler-Martin grade, and higher radiosurgery-based score. The rates of developing symptomatic ARE were higher in the brain stem (22%) or thalamus (16%), compared with AVMs located in other brain locations (4%-8%). Nineteen patients (3%) sustained irreversible new neurological deficits related to ARE, and 1 patient died. The rates of irreversible symptomatic ARE were 0.8%, 1.9%, 2.1%, and 2.8% at 1, 2, 3, and 5 years, respectively. The 5-year cumulative rates of irreversible symptomatic ARE were 9.1% in thalamus, 12.1% in brain stem, and 1.4% in other locations. CONCLUSIONS: The knowledge of ARE risk rates after AVM radiosurgery can assist informed consent for patients with AVM, their families, and healthcare providers.

Neuro-imaging in intracerebral hemorrhage: updates and knowledge gaps.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is characterized by hematoma development within the brain's parenchyma, contributing significantly to the burden of stroke. While non-contrast head computed tomography (CT) remains the gold standard for initial diagnosis, this review underscores the pivotal role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in ICH management. Beyond diagnosis, MRI offers invaluable insights into ICH etiology, prognosis, and treatment. Utilizing echo-planar gradient-echo or susceptibility-weighted sequences, MRI demonstrates exceptional sensitivity and specificity in identifying ICH, aiding in differentiation of primary and secondary causes. Moreover, MRI facilitates assessment of hemorrhage age, recognition of secondary lesions, and evaluation of perihematomal edema progression, thus guiding tailored therapeutic strategies. This comprehensive review discusses the multifaceted utility of MRI in ICH management, highlighting its indispensable role in enhancing diagnostic accuracy as well as aiding in prognostication. As MRI continues to evolve as a cornerstone of ICH assessment, future research should explore its nuanced applications in personalized care paradigms.

Correlating Age and Hematoma Volume with Extent of Midline Shift in Acute Subdural Hematoma Patients: Validation of an Artificial Intelligence Tool for Volumetric Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Decision for intervention in acute subdural hematoma patients is based on a combination of clinical and radiographic factors. Age has been suggested as a factor to be strongly considered when interpreting midline shift (MLS) and hematoma volume data for assessing critical clinical severity during operative intervention decisions for acute subdural hematoma patients. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the use of an automated volumetric analysis tool to measure hematoma volume and MLS and quantify their relationship with age. METHODS: A total of 1789 acute subdural hematoma patients were analyzed using qER-Quant software (Qure.ai, Mumbai, India) for MLS and hematoma volume measurements. Univariable and multivariable regressions analyzed association between MLS, hematoma volume, age, and MLS:hematoma volume ratio. RESULTS: In comparison to young patients (≤ 70 years), old patients (>70 years) had significantly higher average hematoma volume (old: 62.2 mL vs. young 46.8 mL, P < 0.0001), lower average MLS (old: 6.6 mm vs. young: 7.4 mm, P = 0.025), and lower average MLS:hematoma volume ratio (old: 0.11 mm/mL vs. young 0.15 mm/mL, P < 0.0001). Young patients had an average of 1.5 mm greater MLS for a given hematoma volume in comparison to old patients. With increasing age, the ratio between MLS and hematoma volume significantly decreases (P = 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS: Commercially available, automated, artificial intelligence (AI)-based tools may be used for obtaining quantitative radiographic measurement data in patients with acute subdural hematoma. Our quantitative results are consistent with the qualitative relationship previously established between age, hematoma volume, and MLS, which supports the validity of using AI-based tools for acute subdural hematoma volume estimation.

Early Experience With Artificial Intelligence Software to Detect Intracranial Occlusive Stroke in Trauma Patients.

Objective Identifying ischemic stroke is a diagnostic challenge in the trauma subpopulation. We describe our early experience with artificial intelligence-assisted image analysis software for automatically identifying acute ischemic stroke in trauma patients.  Methods Patients were retrospectively screened for (i) admission to the trauma service at a level one trauma center between 2020 and 2022, (ii) radiologist-confirmed intracranial occlusion, (iii) occlusion identified on computed tomography angiography performed within 24 hours of admission, (iv) no intracranial hemorrhage, and (v) contemporaneous analysis with the large vessel occlusion (LVO) detection program. Baseline characteristics, stroke detection, response-activation, and outcome data were summarized.  Results Of 9893 trauma patients admitted, 88 (0.89%) patients had a cerebral stroke diagnosis, of which 10 patients (10/88; 11.4%) met inclusion criteria. Most patients were admitted following a fall (8/10; 80%). Six (6/10; 60.0%) patients had LVOs. The program correctly detected 83.3% (5/6) of patients, and these patients were triaged in less than one hour from arrival on average. The program did not falsely identify non-LVOs as LVOs for any patients. Conclusions Identifying adjunct tools to aid timely identification and treatment of ischemic stroke in trauma patients is necessary to increase the chances for meaningful neurological recovery. Our early experience exhibited potential for using automated software to aid occlusion identification and subsequent stroke team mobilization. Future studies in larger cohorts will expand upon these preliminary findings to establish the accuracy and clinical benefit of automated stroke detection tool integration for the trauma population.

Surgical management of stylocarotid Eagle syndrome in a patient with bilateral internal carotid artery dissection: illustrative case.

BACKGROUND: Eagle syndrome is characterized by an elongated styloid process, which can cause acute neurological symptoms when the projection impinges on local structures. One method by which Eagle syndrome can cause acute stroke is via internal carotid artery dissection. OBSERVATIONS: A patient presented with acute aphasia and right-arm weakness. Imaging revealed a left internal carotid artery dissection, which was treated with stenting. Three years later, the patient presented with left-sided weakness, and imaging revealed a new right internal carotid artery dissection. Closer review of the patient's imaging revealed bilateral elongated styloid processes. The patient subsequently underwent staged bilateral styloidectomy and returned to his prior baseline postoperatively. LESSONS: This case report describes a patient with Eagle syndrome who had two internal carotid artery dissections separated by several years. A literature review revealed that styloidectomy is well tolerated in patients with carotid dissection due to Eagle syndrome. Patients with carotid dissection due to Eagle syndrome remain at risk for contralateral dissection, and prophylactic contralateral styloidectomy should be considered.

The natural history of aneurysms incompletely occluded by placement of a flow diverter: a multiinstitutional study.

OBJECTIVE: Treatment of intracranial aneurysms by flow diversion is safe and effective and is increasingly popular. However, the correct treatment paradigm for aneurysms incompletely treated by initial placement of a flow diverter has not been established, nor have the subsequent natural history and occlusion rates of such aneurysms. The authors sought to outline the natural history of such aneurysms, which to date have been considered partially treated. METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed consecutive cases from 6 high-volume neurointerventional services, including all cases in which the first follow-up imaging after placement of a flow diverter showed incomplete occlusion of the aneurysm, and for which subsequent clinical and/or radiological follow-up was available. All included patients were treated with the Pipeline Flex embolization device or the Pipeline Flex embolization device with Shield Technology. Subsequent radiographic and clinical outcome data were collected and analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier survival function. RESULTS: A total of 263 patients with persistently patent aneurysms on first follow-up imaging after flow diversion were identified. Of these, 204 had clinical follow-up and 152 had additional imaging follow-up. Of this final cohort, 148 aneurysms were unruptured, and 4 were ruptured. The average aneurysm size by maximum dimension was 10.8 mm. The average recorded follow-up was 27.8 months in the cohort, with some patients followed for as long as 9 years from treatment. Over the course of 403 person-years of follow-up, no delayed aneurysm ruptures were recorded. Both with and without retreatment, aneurysms showed a trend toward progressive occlusion over time. Complications related to device placement were low. CONCLUSIONS: Aneurysms that have been incompletely treated by flow diversion have a benign natural history with progression toward occlusion over time, with or without retreatment.