Phase Transition, Dielectrics, Single-Ion Conductance, and Thermochromic Luminescence of a Inorganic-Organic Hybrid of [Triethylpropylammonium][PbI3].

In this study, we used the facile solvent evaporation method to achieve the inorganic-organic hybrid crystals of [triethylpropylammonium][PbI3], which have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry as well as single-crystal X-ray structure analysis. The hybrid solid crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c at room temperature and is composed of one-dimensional [PbI3]∞ chains, where the neighboring PbI6 coordination octahedra connect together via the face-sharing mode and the organic cations fall in the spaces between [PbI3]∞ chains. The hybrid exhibits a dielectric phase transition with a critical temperature of ca. 432 K, dielectric relaxation at frequencies below 107 Hz, and single-ion conducting behavior, the conductivity of which increases rapidly from 9.43 × 10-10 S cm-1 at 383 K to 4.47 × 10-5 S cm-1 at 473 K. The variable-temperature single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that the dielectric phase transition is related to the disorder-to-order transformation of cations in the lattice. The electric modulus and impedance spectral analyses further disclosed that the dielectric relaxation arises from the ionic displacement polarization and molecular dipole orientation of cations. The single-ion conductance is due to the migration of cations that fall in the spaces of rigid inorganic [PbI3]∞ chains. The phase transition gives rise to this hybrid showing switchable ion-conducting nature around the critical temperature of the phase transition. Besides the fascinating functionalities mentioned above, the hybrid also exhibits a thermochromic luminescence feature originating from the electron transition between the valence and conduction bands of the inorganic [PbI3]∞ chain.

Insight into Understanding Dielectric Behavior of a Zn-MOF Using Variable-Temperature Crystal Structures, Electrical Conductance, and Solid-State 13C NMR Spectra.

A Zn-based metal-organic framework (MOF)/porous coordination polymer (PCP), (EMIM)[Zn(SIP)] (1) (SIP3- = 5-sulfoisophthalate, EMIM+ = 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium), was synthesized using the ionothermal reaction. The Zn2+ ion adopts distorted square pyramid coordination geometry with five oxygen atoms from three carboxylates and one sulfo group. One of two carboxylates in SIP3- serves as a µ2-bridge ligand to link two Zn2+ ions and form the dinuclear SBU, and such SBUs are connected by SIP3- ligands to build the three-dimensional framework with rutile (rtl) topology. The cations from the ion-liquid fill the channels. This MOF/PCP shows two-step dielectric anomalies together with two-step dielectric relaxations; the variable-temperature single-crystal structure analyses disclosed the dielectric anomaly occurring at ca. 280 K is caused by an isostructural phase transition. Another dielectric anomaly is related to the dynamic disorder of the cations in the channels. Electric modulus, conductance, and variable-temperature solid-state 13C CP/MAS NMR spectra analyses revealed that two-step dielectric relaxations result from the dynamic motion of the cations as well as the direct-current conduction and electrode effect, respectively.

Dielectric Relaxation and Beyond Limiting Behavior of Alternating-Current Conductivity in a Supermolecular Ferroelectric.

A cyclen-based hybrid supermolecule crystal, [(FeCl2 )(cyclen)]Cl (1), where cyclen=1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane, was prepared using a liquid-liquid diffusion approach. The variable crystal structures exhibit that compound 1 belongs to an orthorhombic crystal system, Pna21 space group (point group C2V ) in the temperature range of 150-400 K. This hybrid supermolecule shows a dielectric relaxation behavior around room temperature, and the ferroelectric nature of 1 has been directly verified by hysteresis measurements. In addition, the AC (alternating current) conductivity study reveals that the 1 displays a beyond limiting behavior. These interesting findings are for the first time reported in the field of supermolecular ferroelectrics. This study may open a new way to construct supermolecular ferroelectrics and give insights into their conductor behavior.

[(18-Crown-6)K][Fe(1)Cl(1)4 ]0.5 [Fe(2)Cl(2)4 ]0.5 : A Multifunctional Molecular Switch of Dielectric, Conductivity and Magnetic Properties.

Multifunctional materials that exhibit different physical properties in a single phase have potential for use in multifunctional devices. Herein, we reported an organic-inorganic hybrid compound [(18-crown-6)K][Fe(1)Cl(1)4 ]0.5 [Fe(2)Cl(2)4 ]0.5 (1) by incorporating KCl and FeCl3 into a 18-crown-6 molecule, which acts as a host of the six O atoms providing a lone pair of electrons to anchor the guest potassium cation, and [FeCl4 ]- as a counterion for charge balance to construct a complex salt. This salt exhibited a one-step reversible structural transformation giving two separate high and low temperature phases at 373 K, which was confirmed by systematic characterizations including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements, variable-temperature structural analyses, and dielectric, impedance, variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements. Interestingly, the structural transformation was coupled to both hysteretic dielectric phase transition, conductivity switch and magnetic-phase transition at 373 K. This result gives an idea for designing a new type of phase-transition materials harboring technologically important magnetic, conductivity and dielectric properties.

Two in one: switchable ion conductivity and white light emission integrated in an iodoplumbate-based twin chain hybrid crystal.

An iodoplumbate-based hybrid, [C7-Apy][PbI3] (1), where C7-Apy(+) = 1-heptyl-4-aminopyridinium, was prepared using a simple solution process. Three sequential phase transitions occur in the range of 402-443 K. In both the lowest and highest temperature phases, hybrid crystal 1 is composed of discrete [Pb2I6]∞ twin chains surrounded by C7-Apy(+) cations. The connectivity between PbI6 octahedra within a [Pb2I6]∞ twin chain and the arrangement of cations are quite difference between the lowest and highest temperature phases. Hybrid crystal 1 shows switchable ion conductivity due to the structural phase transition and white light emission attributed to the broad band semiconductor emission of the twin chain. The former functionality has potential application in ion conductor devices; the single-phase white light emitter is a useful material in low-cost, easily-made, high-efficiency white light-emitting diodes.

An amphidynamic inorganic-organic hybrid crystal of bromoplumbate with 1,5-bis(1-methylimidazolium)pentane exhibiting multi-functionality of a dielectric anomaly and temperature-dependent dual band emissions.

Organic-inorganic hybrid crystals, [1,5-bis(1-methylimidazolium)pentane][PbBr3]2 (1), were achieved through the mutual diffusion of a bi-imidazolium based ionic liquid and PbBr2 solution of DMF in a glass tube. The hybrid solid crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Fdd2 at room temperature; and is composed of one-dimensional [PbBr3]∞ chains where the neighbouring PbBr6 coordination octahedra are linked together via the face-sharing mode and the inorganic chains are surrounded by organic cations. The hybrid solid exhibits a dielectric anomaly around 443 K and dielectric relaxation above 400 K, the dielectric response mechanism was investigated using variable-temperature X-ray single crystal and powder diffraction as well as DSC techniques. Fascinatingly, this hybrid solid shows dual band emissions, moreover, the fluorescence nature of the two emission bands exhibits a distinct response to temperature, leading to a temperature-dependent fluorescence color, this feature has promising application in the emission temperature-sensing field.