RESUMO
Maxwell et al. show that ARID1A loss enhances antitumor immunity by triggering a type I IFN response through the cGAS-STING pathway, thereby promoting T cell infiltration and cytotoxicity. These findings highlight SWI/SNF inhibitors as a strategy to augment immunotherapy efficacy by potentially transforming non-responsive tumors into responders and advancing approaches to cancer treatment.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ligação a DNA , Imunoterapia , Neoplasias , Fatores de Transcrição , Humanos , Neoplasias/imunologia , Neoplasias/terapia , Imunoterapia/métodos , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/imunologia , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/imunologia , Animais , Mutação , Transdução de Sinais , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/imunologiaRESUMO
Cell cycle dysregulation is a hallmark of cancer that promotes eccessive cell division. Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) are key molecules in the G1-to-S phase cell cycle transition and are crucial for the onset, survival, and progression of breast cancer (BC). Small-molecule CDK4/CDK6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) block phosphorylation of tumor suppressor Rb and thus restrain susceptible BC cells in G1 phase. Three CDK4/6i are approved for the first-line treatment of patients with advanced/metastatic hormone receptor-positive (HR+)/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-) BC in combination with endocrine therapy (ET). Though this has improved the clinical outcomes for survival of BC patients, there is no established standard next-line treatment to tackle drug resistance. Recent studies suggest that CDK4/6i can modulate other distinct effects in both BC and breast stromal compartments, which may provide new insights into aspects of their clinical activity. This review describes the biochemistry of the CDK4/6-Rb-E2F pathway in HR+ BC, then discusses how CDK4/6i can trigger other effects in BC/breast stromal compartments, and finally outlines the mechanisms of CDK4/6i resistance that have emerged in recent preclinical studies and clinical cohorts, emphasizing the impact of these findings on novel therapeutic opportunities in BC.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Quinase 4 Dependente de Ciclina , Quinase 6 Dependente de Ciclina , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases , Humanos , Quinase 4 Dependente de Ciclina/antagonistas & inibidores , Quinase 4 Dependente de Ciclina/metabolismo , Quinase 6 Dependente de Ciclina/antagonistas & inibidores , Quinase 6 Dependente de Ciclina/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Animais , Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de Estrogênio/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: While NTRK fusion-positive cancers can be exquisitely sensitive to first-generation TRK inhibitors, resistance inevitably occurs, mediated in many cases by acquired NTRK mutations. Next-generation inhibitors (e.g., selitrectinib, repotrectinib) maintain activity against these TRK mutant tumors; however, there are no next-generation TRK inhibitors approved by the FDA and select trials have stopped treating patients. Thus, the identification of novel, potent and specific next-generation TRK inhibitors is a high priority. METHODS: In silico modeling and in vitro kinase assays were performed on TRK wild type (WT) and TRK mutant kinases. Cell viability and clonogenic assays as well as western blots were performed on human primary and murine engineered NTRK fusion-positive TRK WT and mutant cell models. Finally, zurletrectinib was tested in vivo in human xenografts and murine orthotopic glioma models harboring TRK-resistant mutations. RESULTS: In vitro kinase and in cell-based assays showed that zurletrectinib, while displaying similar potency against TRKA, TRKB, and TRKC WT kinases, was more active than other FDA approved or clinically tested 1st- (larotrectinib) and next-generation (selitrectinib and repotrectinib) TRK inhibitors against most TRK inhibitor resistance mutations (13 out of 18). Similarly, zurletrectinib inhibited tumor growth in vivo in sub-cute xenograft models derived from NTRK fusion-positive cells at a dose 30 times lower when compared to selitrectinib. Computational modeling suggests this stronger activity to be the consequence of augmented binding affinity of zurletrectinib for TRK kinases. When compared to selitrectinib and repotrectinib, zurletrectinib showed increased brain penetration in rats 0.5 and 2 h following a single oral administration. Consistently, zurletrectinib significantly improved the survival of mice harboring orthotopic NTRK fusion-positive, TRK-mutant gliomas (median survival = 41.5, 66.5, and 104 days for selitrectinib, repotrectinib, and zurletrectinib respectively; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our data identifies zurletrectinib as a novel, highly potent next-generation TRK inhibitor with stronger in vivo brain penetration and intracranial activity than other next-generation agents.
Assuntos
Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases , Receptor trkA , Receptor trkB , Receptor trkC , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de Xenoenxerto , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Receptor trkA/genética , Receptor trkA/antagonistas & inibidores , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptor trkB/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptor trkB/genética , Receptor trkC/genética , Receptor trkC/antagonistas & inibidores , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/genética , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/antagonistas & inibidores , Ratos , Neoplasias Encefálicas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Encefálicas/genética , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , Pirazóis/farmacologia , Glioma/tratamento farmacológico , Glioma/genética , Glioma/patologia , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Mutação , Feminino , Glicoproteínas de MembranaRESUMO
Lipids are present within the cell nucleus, where they engage with factors involved in gene regulation. Cholesterol associates with chromatin in vivo and stimulates nucleosome packing in vitro, but its effects on specific transcriptional responses are not clear. Here, we show that the lipidated Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) transcriptional corepressor, brain acid soluble protein 1 (BASP1), interacts with cholesterol in the cell nucleus through a conserved cholesterol interaction motif. We demonstrate that BASP1 directly recruits cholesterol to the promoter region of WT1 target genes. Mutation of BASP1 to ablate its interaction with cholesterol or the treatment of cells with drugs that block cholesterol biosynthesis inhibits the transcriptional repressor function of BASP1. We find that the BASP1-cholesterol interaction is required for BASP1-dependent chromatin remodeling and the direction of transcription programs that control cell differentiation. Our study uncovers a mechanism for gene-specific targeting of cholesterol where it is required to mediate transcriptional repression.
Assuntos
Colesterol/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Proteínas Repressoras/genética , Transcrição Gênica , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Regulação para Baixo , Humanos , Células K562 , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/metabolismo , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Ligação Proteica , Proteínas Repressoras/metabolismoRESUMO
UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase 2 (UGP2), the enzyme that synthesizes uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucose, rests at the convergence of multiple metabolic pathways, however, the role of UGP2 in tumor maintenance and cancer metabolism remains unclear. Here, we identify an important role for UGP2 in the maintenance of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) growth in both in vitro and in vivo tumor models. We found that transcription of UGP2 is directly regulated by the Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP)-TEA domain transcription factor (TEAD) complex, identifying UGP2 as a bona fide YAP target gene. Loss of UGP2 leads to decreased intracellular glycogen levels and defects in N-glycosylation targets that are important for the survival of PDACs, including the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). These critical roles of UGP2 in cancer maintenance, metabolism, and protein glycosylation may offer insights into therapeutic options for otherwise intractable PDACs.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/enzimologia , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Glicogênio/biossíntese , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/enzimologia , UTP-Glucose-1-Fosfato Uridililtransferase/metabolismo , Animais , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Glicosilação , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Neoplasias Experimentais , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Fatores de Transcrição de Domínio TEA/genética , Fatores de Transcrição de Domínio TEA/metabolismo , UTP-Glucose-1-Fosfato Uridililtransferase/genética , Proteínas de Sinalização YAP/genética , Proteínas de Sinalização YAP/metabolismoRESUMO
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR (PAM) signaling pathway is a highly conserved signal transduction network in eukaryotic cells that promotes cell survival, cell growth, and cell cycle progression. Growth factor signalling to transcription factors in the PAM axis is highly regulated by multiple cross-interactions with several other signaling pathways, and dysregulation of signal transduction can predispose to cancer development. The PAM axis is the most frequently activated signaling pathway in human cancer and is often implicated in resistance to anticancer therapies. Dysfunction of components of this pathway such as hyperactivity of PI3K, loss of function of PTEN, and gain-of-function of AKT, are notorious drivers of treatment resistance and disease progression in cancer. In this review we highlight the major dysregulations in the PAM signaling pathway in cancer, and discuss the results of PI3K, AKT and mTOR inhibitors as monotherapy and in co-administation with other antineoplastic agents in clinical trials as a strategy for overcoming treatment resistance. Finally, the major mechanisms of resistance to PAM signaling targeted therapies, including PAM signaling in immunology and immunotherapies are also discussed.
Assuntos
Neoplasias , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases , Humanos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt , Transdução de Sinais , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/genéticaRESUMO
The TRI_tool, a sequence-based web tool for prediction of protein interactions in the human transcriptional regulation, is intended for biomedical investigators who work on understanding the regulation of gene expression. It has an improved predictive performance due to the training on updated, human specific, experimentally validated datasets. The TRI_tool is designed to test up to 100 potential interactions with no time delay and to report both probabilities and binarized predictions. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: http://www.vin.bg.ac.rs/180/tools/tfpred.php CONTACT: vladaper@vinca.rs; nevenav@vinca.rsSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Assuntos
Biologia Computacional/métodos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Ligação Proteica , Software , Transcrição Gênica , Humanos , InternetRESUMO
Despite the importance of taste in determining nutrient intake, our understanding of the processes that control the development of the peripheral taste system is lacking. Several early regulators of taste development have been identified, including sonic hedgehog, bone morphogenetic protein 4 and multiple members of the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway. However, the regulation of these factors, including their induction, remains poorly understood. Here, we identify a crucial role for the Wilms' tumor 1 protein (WT1) in circumvallate (CV) papillae development. WT1 is a transcription factor that is important in the normal development of multiple tissues, including both the olfactory and visual systems. In mice, WT1 expression is detectable by E12.5, when the CV taste placode begins to form. In mice lacking WT1, the CV fails to develop normally and markers of early taste development are dysregulated compared with wild type. We demonstrate that expression of the WT1 target genes Lef1, Ptch1 and Bmp4 is significantly reduced in developing tongue tissue derived from Wt1 knockout mice and that, in normal tongue, WT1 is bound to the promoter regions of these genes. Moreover, siRNA knockdown of WT1 in cultured taste cells leads to a reduction in the expression of Lef1 and Ptch1. Our data identify WT1 as a crucial transcription factor in the development of the CV through the regulation of multiple signaling pathways that have established roles in the formation and patterning of taste placodes.
Assuntos
Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Papilas Gustativas/embriologia , Paladar/fisiologia , Língua/embriologia , Proteínas WT1/metabolismo , Animais , Fator 1 de Ligação ao Facilitador Linfoide/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Receptores Patched , Receptor Patched-1 , Fenótipo , Receptores de Superfície Celular/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Within axons, molecular motors transport essential components required for neuronal growth and viability. Although many levels of control and regulation must exist for proper anterograde and retrograde transport of vital proteins, little is known about these mechanisms. We previously showed that presenilin (PS), a gene involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD), influences kinesin-1 and dynein function in vivo. Here, we show that these PS-mediated effects on motor protein function are via a pathway that involves glycogen synthase kinase-3ß (GSK-3ß). PS genetically interacts with GSK-3ß in an activity-dependent manner. Excess of active GSK-3ß perturbed axonal transport by causing axonal blockages, which were enhanced by reduction of kinesin-1 or dynein. These GSK-3ß-mediated axonal defects do not appear to be caused by disruptions or alterations in microtubules (MTs). Excess of non-functional GSK-3ß did not affect axonal transport. Strikingly, GSK-3ß-activity-dependent axonal transport defects were enhanced by reduction of PS. Collectively, our findings suggest that PS and GSK-3ß are required for normal motor protein function. Our observations propose a model, in which PS likely plays a role in regulating GSK-3ß activity during transport. These findings have important implications for our understanding of the complex regulatory machinery that must exist in vivo and how this system is coordinated during the motility of vesicles within axons.
Assuntos
Transporte Axonal/fisiologia , Dineínas/metabolismo , Quinase 3 da Glicogênio Sintase/metabolismo , Cinesinas/metabolismo , Presenilinas/metabolismo , Animais , Animais Geneticamente Modificados , Linhagem Celular , Drosophila , Epistasia Genética , Feminino , Genótipo , Quinase 3 da Glicogênio Sintase/genética , Glicogênio Sintase Quinase 3 beta , Humanos , Masculino , Atividade Motora/genética , Presenilinas/genética , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
The WT1 gene encodes a zinc finger transcription factor important for normal kidney development. WT1 is a suppressor for Wilms tumour development and an oncogene for diverse malignant tumours. We recently established cell lines from primary Wilms tumours with different WT1 mutations. To investigate the function of mutant WT1 proteins, we performed WT1 knockdown experiments in cell lines with a frameshift/extension (p.V432fsX87 = Wilms3) and a stop mutation (p.P362X = Wilms2) of WT1, followed by genome-wide gene expression analysis. We also expressed wild-type and mutant WT1 proteins in human mesenchymal stem cells and established gene expression profiles. A detailed analysis of gene expression data enabled us to classify the WT1 mutations as gain-of-function mutations. The mutant WT1(Wilms2) and WT1(Wilms3) proteins acquired an ability to modulate the expression of a highly significant number of genes from the G2/M phase of the cell cycle, and WT1 knockdown experiments showed that they are required for Wilms tumour cell proliferation. p53 negatively regulates the activity of a large number of these genes that are also part of a core proliferation cluster in diverse human cancers. Our data strongly suggest that mutant WT1 proteins facilitate expression of these cell cycle genes by antagonizing transcriptional repression mediated by p53. We show that mutant WT1 can physically interact with p53. Together the findings show for the first time that mutant WT1 proteins have a gain-of-function and act as oncogenes for Wilms tumour development by regulating Wilms tumour cell proliferation.
Assuntos
Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Mutação , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genética , Proteínas WT1/genética , Tumor de Wilms/genética , Ciclo Celular/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Humanos , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/citologia , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Anotação de Sequência Molecular , Cultura Primária de Células , Mapeamento de Interação de Proteínas , Isoformas de Proteínas/genética , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismo , Proteínas WT1/metabolismo , Tumor de Wilms/metabolismo , Tumor de Wilms/patologiaRESUMO
The WT1 (Wilms' tumour 1) gene encodes a zinc finger transcription factor and RNA-binding protein that direct the development of several organs and tissues. WT1 manifests both tumour suppressor and oncogenic activities, but the reasons behind these opposing functions are still not clear. As a transcriptional regulator, WT1 can either activate or repress numerous target genes resulting in disparate biological effects such as growth, differentiation and apoptosis. The complex nature of WT1 is exemplified by a plethora of isoforms, post-translational modifications and multiple binding partners. How WT1 achieves specificity to regulate a large number of target genes involved in diverse physiological processes is the focus of the present review. We discuss the wealth of the growing molecular information that defines our current understanding of the versatility and utility of WT1 as a master regulator of organ development, a tumour suppressor and an oncogene.
Assuntos
Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Proteínas WT1/fisiologia , Animais , Apoptose/genética , Diferenciação Celular/genética , Genes Supressores de Tumor , Humanos , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/patologia , Isoformas de Proteínas/genética , Dedos de Zinco/genéticaRESUMO
Estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer is the most frequent breast cancer subtype. Agents targeting the ER signaling pathway have been successful in reducing mortality from breast cancer for decades. However, mechanisms of resistance to these treatments arise, especially in the metastatic setting. Recently, it has been recognized that epigenetic dysregulation is a common feature that facilitates the acquisition of cancer hallmarks across cancer types, including ER+ breast cancer. Alterations in epigenetic regulators and transcription factors (TF) coupled with changes to the chromatin landscape have been found to orchestrate breast oncogenesis, metastasis, and the development of a resistant phenotype. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of how the epigenome dictates breast cancer tumorigenesis and resistance to targeted therapies and discuss novel therapeutic interventions for overcoming resistance.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Epigênese Genética , Receptores de Estrogênio , Humanos , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Feminino , Receptores de Estrogênio/metabolismo , Receptores de Estrogênio/genética , Progressão da Doença , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Transdução de Sinais , AnimaisRESUMO
Patients with metastatic acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) suffer worse outcomes relative to patients with other forms of cutaneous melanoma (CM), and do not benefit as well to approved melanoma therapies. Identification of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) pathway gene alterations in >60% of ALMs has led to clinical trials of the CDK4/6 inhibitor (CDK4i/6i) palbociclib for ALM; however, median progression free survival with CDK4i/6i treatment was only 2.2 months, suggesting existence of resistance mechanisms. Therapy resistance in ALM remains poorly understood; here we report hyperactivation of MAPK signaling and elevated cyclin D1 expression serve as a mechanism of intrinsic early/adaptive CDK4i/6i resistance. ALM cells that have acquired CDK4i/6i resistance following chronic treatment exposure also exhibit hyperactivation of the MAPK pathway. MEK and/or ERK inhibition increases CDK4i/6i efficacy against therapy naïve and CDK4i/6i-resistant AM cells in xenograft and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models and promotes a defective DNA repair, cell cycle arrested and apoptotic program. Notably, gene alterations poorly correlate with protein expression of cell cycle proteins in ALM or efficacy of CDK4i/6i, urging additional strategies when stratifying patients for CDK4i/6i trial inclusion. Concurrent targeting of the MAPK pathway and CDK4/6 represents a new approach for patients with metastatic ALM to improve outcomes.
Assuntos
Melanoma , Neoplasias Cutâneas , Animais , Humanos , Melanoma/tratamento farmacológico , Melanoma/genética , Melanoma/patologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Cutâneas/genética , Quinase 4 Dependente de Ciclina , Quinase 6 Dependente de Ciclina , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Ciclo Celular , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Activating mutations in PIK3CA are frequently found in estrogen-receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer, and the combination of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor alpelisib with anti-ER inhibitors is approved for therapy. We have previously demonstrated that the PI3K pathway regulates ER activity through phosphorylation of the chromatin modifier KMT2D. Here, we discovered a methylation site on KMT2D, at K1330 directly adjacent to S1331, catalyzed by the lysine methyltransferase SMYD2. SMYD2 loss attenuates alpelisib-induced KMT2D chromatin binding and alpelisib-mediated changes in gene expression, including ER-dependent transcription. Knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of SMYD2 sensitizes breast cancer cells, patient-derived organoids, and tumors to PI3K/AKT inhibition and endocrine therapy in part through KMT2D K1330 methylation. Together, our findings uncover a regulatory crosstalk between post-translational modifications that fine-tunes KMT2D function at the chromatin. This provides a rationale for the use of SMYD2 inhibitors in combination with PI3Kα/AKT inhibitors in the treatment of ER+/PIK3CA mutant breast cancer.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Cromatina , Histona-Lisina N-Metiltransferase , Humanos , Histona-Lisina N-Metiltransferase/metabolismo , Histona-Lisina N-Metiltransferase/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Feminino , Cromatina/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Metilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Animais , Camundongos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Proteínas de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Receptores de Estrogênio/metabolismo , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Patients with metastatic acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) suffer worse outcomes relative to patients with other forms of cutaneous melanoma (CM), and do not benefit as well to approved melanoma therapies. Identification of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) pathway gene alterations in > 60% of ALMs has led to clinical trials of the CDK4/6 inhibitor (CDK4i/6i) palbociclib for ALM; however, median progression free survival with CDK4i/6i treatment was only 2.2 months, suggesting existence of resistance mechanisms. Therapy resistance in ALM remains poorly understood; here we report hyperactivation of MAPK signaling and elevated cyclin D1 expression are a unified mechanism of both intrinsic and acquired CDK4i/6i resistance. MEK and/or ERK inhibition increases CDK4i/6i efficacy in a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model of ALM and promotes a defective DNA repair, cell cycle arrested and apoptotic program. Notably, gene alterations poorly correlate with protein expression of cell cycle proteins in ALM or efficacy of CDK4i/6i, urging additional strategies when stratifying patients for CDK4i/6i trial inclusion. Concurrent targeting of the MAPK pathway and CDK4/6 represents a new approach to improve outcomes for patients with advanced ALM.
RESUMO
We have shown that KRAS-TP53 genomic coalteration is associated with immune-excluded microenvironments, chemoresistance, and poor survival in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients. By treating KRAS-TP53 cooperativity as a model for high-risk biology, we now identify cell-autonomous Cxcl1 as a key mediator of spatial T-cell restriction via interactions with CXCR2+ neutrophilic myeloid-derived suppressor cells in human PDAC using imaging mass cytometry. Silencing of cell-intrinsic Cxcl1 in LSL-KrasG12D/+;Trp53R172H/+;Pdx-1Cre/+(KPC) cells reprograms the trafficking and functional dynamics of neutrophils to overcome T-cell exclusion and controls tumor growth in a T cell-dependent manner. Mechanistically, neutrophil-derived TNF is a central regulator of this immunologic rewiring, instigating feed-forward Cxcl1 overproduction from tumor cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF), T-cell dysfunction, and inflammatory CAF polarization via transmembrane TNF-TNFR2 interactions. TNFR2 inhibition disrupts this circuitry and improves sensitivity to chemotherapy in vivo. Our results uncover cancer cell-neutrophil cross-talk in which context-dependent TNF signaling amplifies stromal inflammation and immune tolerance to promote therapeutic resistance in PDAC. SIGNIFICANCE: By decoding connections between high-risk tumor genotypes, cell-autonomous inflammatory programs, and myeloid-enriched/T cell-excluded contexts, we identify a novel role for neutrophil-derived TNF in sustaining immunosuppression and stromal inflammation in pancreatic tumor microenvironments. This work offers a conceptual framework by which targeting context-dependent TNF signaling may overcome hallmarks of chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1275.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Humanos , Neutrófilos , Receptores Tipo II do Fator de Necrose Tumoral/uso terapêutico , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/genética , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/patologia , Inflamação/genética , Microambiente Tumoral/fisiologia , Quimiocina CXCL1/genética , Neoplasias PancreáticasRESUMO
The Wilms' tumour suppressor WT1 (Wilms' tumour 1) is a transcriptional regulator that plays a central role in organogenesis, and is mutated or aberrantly expressed in several childhood and adult malignancies. We previously identified BASP1 (brain acid-soluble protein 1) as a WT1 cofactor that suppresses the transcriptional activation function of WT1. In the present study we have analysed the dynamic between WT1 and BASP1 in the regulation of gene expression in myelogenous leukaemia K562 cells. Our findings reveal that BASP1 is a significant regulator of WT1 that is recruited to WT1-binding sites and suppresses WT1-mediated transcriptional activation at several WT1 target genes. We find that WT1 and BASP1 can divert the differentiation programme of K562 cells to a non-blood cell type following induction by the phorbol ester PMA. WT1 and BASP1 co-operate to induce the differentiation of K562 cells to a neuronal-like morphology that exhibits extensive arborization, and the expression of several genes involved in neurite outgrowth and synapse formation. Functional analysis revealed the relevance of the transcriptional reprogramming and morphological changes, in that the cells elicited a response to the neurotransmitter ATP. Taken together, the results of the present study reveal that WT1 and BASP1 can divert the lineage potential of an established blood cell line towards a cell with neuronal characteristics.
Assuntos
Diferenciação Celular , Reprogramação Celular , Leucemia Mielogênica Crônica BCR-ABL Positiva/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/metabolismo , Proteínas Repressoras/metabolismo , Proteínas WT1/metabolismo , Reprogramação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Células K562 , Leucemia Mielogênica Crônica BCR-ABL Positiva/patologia , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Família Multigênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Neuritos/efeitos dos fármacos , Neuritos/metabolismo , Neurogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/citologia , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/metabolismo , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/efeitos dos fármacos , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Proteínas Repressoras/genética , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Sinapses/efeitos dos fármacos , Sinapses/metabolismo , Acetato de Tetradecanoilforbol/análogos & derivados , Acetato de Tetradecanoilforbol/farmacologia , Ativação Transcricional/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas WT1/genéticaRESUMO
Invasive lobular carcinomas (ILC) are the second most common histologic subtype of breast cancer, accounting for up to 15% of cases. ILC is estrogen receptor (ER) positive, yet its biology is distinct from invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC), and retrospective analyses have indicated a poorer outcome with endocrine therapy. In this issue of Cancer Research, Nardone and colleagues investigated the mechanisms of this differential therapy response in ILC, which cannot be solely explained by the genetic profile of these tumors. The authors conducted a thorough examination of the epigenome of ILC compared with IDC in clinical and preclinical models and revealed an alternative chromatin accessibility state in ILC driven by the pioneer factor FOXA1. FOXA1 regulates its own expression in a feed-forward mechanism by binding to an ILC-unique FOXA1 enhancer site. This results in a FOXA1-ER axis that promotes the transcription of genes associated with tumor progression and tamoxifen resistance. Targeting the FOXA1 enhancer region blocks this transcriptional program and inhibits ILC proliferation. These results shed light on a new epigenetic mechanism driving ILC tumor progression and treatment resistance, which may have profound therapeutic implications. See related article by Nardone et al., p. 3673.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama , Carcinoma Lobular , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/patologia , Carcinoma Lobular/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Lobular/genética , Carcinoma Lobular/metabolismo , Cromatina/genética , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Feminino , Fator 3-alfa Nuclear de Hepatócito/genética , Humanos , Receptores de Estrogênio/genética , Receptores de Estrogênio/metabolismo , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tamoxifeno/farmacologia , Tamoxifeno/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
The majority of breast cancers are estrogen receptor (ER)+ and agents targeting the ER signaling pathway have markedly increased survival for women with breast cancer for decades. However, therapeutic resistance eventually emerges, especially in the metastatic setting. In the past decade disrupted epigenetic regulatory processes have emerged as major contributors to carcinogenesis in many cancer types. Aberrations in chromatin modifiers and transcription factors have also been recognized as mediators of breast cancer development and therapeutic outcome, and new epigenetic-based therapies in combination with targeted therapies have been proposed. Here we will discuss recent progress in our understanding of the chromatin-based mechanisms of breast tumorigenesis, how these mechanisms affect therapeutic response to standard of care treatment, and discuss new strategies towards therapeutic intervention to overcome resistance.