The effect of a preoperative erythropoietin protocol as part of a multifaceted blood management program in daily clinical practice (CME).

BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of a preoperative erythropoietin (EPO) protocol to reduce allogeneic blood transfusions (ABTs) in daily clinical practice has been insufficiently studied. This study evaluated the effect of such a protocol, as part of a multifaceted blood management program, in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA). STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This retrospective observational study was designed as an interrupted time series (1999-2010). The intervention was the introduction of an EPO protocol in THA patients in 2003. Patients were classified according to preoperative hemoglobin (Hb) level: 10 to 13 g/dL (eligible patients for EPO) and more than 13 g/dL. The primary outcome was the percentage of patients receiving an ABT. Segmented regression analysis was used to estimate changes in outcome after the intervention. RESULTS: A total of 4568 THA patients were included. The absolute reductions in ABTs after the intervention were 17% (95% confidence interval [CI], 6%-29%) for the total study population and 25% (95% CI, 11%-39%) and 8% (95% CI, -5% to 21%) for the Hb groups 10 to 13 and more than 13 g/dL, respectively. In the postintervention period, 46% of the eligible patients (Hb level, 10-13 g/dL) actually received EPO. The transfusion rate in the EPO group was lower compared to the non-EPO group: 14 and 50%, respectively (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Introduction of a preoperative EPO protocol reduced the transfusion rate in THA patients in daily clinical practice. The reduction must be seen as part of a multifaceted blood management program, in which increased awareness of blood transfusion contributes simultaneously and substantially to the reduction in transfusion rate.

Use of serotonergic antidepressants and bleeding risk in orthopedic patients.

BACKGROUND: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have been associated with an increased bleeding tendency. Information on the impact of a possible impaired hemostasis associated with the perioperative use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors is limited. This study aimed to determine the association between the perioperative use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the amount of blood loss during surgery and perioperative transfusion requirements. METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective cohort study among patients who underwent elective primary total hip arthroplasty in two hospitals from the period of July 1, 2004 until July 1, 2008. The index group included all users of both serotonergic and nonserotonergic antidepressants. The reference group included a random sample (ratio 1:3) of nonusers. The primary outcome was the amount of intraoperative blood loss. The requirement for blood transfusion was a secondary outcome. The outcomes were adjusted for confounding factors (comorbidity and comedication) using regression techniques. RESULTS: The index group included 66 users of serotonergic and 29 users of nonserotonergic antidepressants, and the reference group included 285 patients. After adjustment for confounding factors, mean blood loss during surgery was significantly higher in the users of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors when compared with the reference group: 95 ml (95% CI 9-181). Mean blood loss in the users of nonserotonergic antidepressants did not differ from the reference group. Users of antidepressants did not have a higher risk for transfusion. CONCLUSIONS: Patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty who continue the use of serotonergic antidepressants show a significantly higher, but clinically unimportant, intraoperative blood loss, without an increase in perioperative transfusion requirements.

Cerebrospinal fluid ß-amyloid and tau are not associated with risk of delirium: a prospective cohort study in older adults with hip fracture.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ß-amyloid (Aß1-42), tau, and hyperphosphorylated tau (Ptau) and risk of delirium in older adults with hip fracture. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: University-affiliated general hospital in Alkmaar, the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-six participants aged 75 and older admitted for surgical repair of acute hip fracture. MEASUREMENTS: Presurgical baseline screening and assessment included the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline-short form (IQCODE-N), Mini-Mental State Examination, standardized Snellen test for visual impairment, Geriatric Depression Scale, Barthel Index (BI), and Lawton Instrumental Activity of Daily Living (IADL) scale. The number of medical comorbidities and medications at home, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score were determined according to chart review. Delirium was diagnosed using the Confusion Assessment Method. CSF was collected at the onset of spinal anesthesia. RESULTS: Postoperative delirium occurred in 30 (39.5%) participants. Participants with delirium were older, showed more signs of cognitive decline, were more dependent at home in activity of daily living and IADL functioning, and used more medications before admission. Preoperative CSF Aß1-42, tau, and Ptau levels were not significantly different in participants who did and did not develop delirium during subsequent hospitalization. In contrast, prefracture cognitive decline (IQCODE-N) was significantly related to delirium (odds ratio=9.43, 95% confidence interval=2.45-36.31). CONCLUSION: Cognitive impairment predisposes to delirium, but in this study, postoperative delirium was not associated with baseline CSF Aß1-42, tau, and Ptau levels. These findings suggest that CSF markers for plaque and tangle formation are not strongly associated with delirium risk in older adults with hip fracture.