Risk factors associated with albuminuria in Rwanda: results from a STEPS survey.

BACKGROUND: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a growing burden which affects every part of the world, including developing countries. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has varied etiology which can result from or complicate other NCDs such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The growing prevalence of NCDs coupled with the increasing age in most developing countries, has seen a marked increase of CKD in these settings. CKD has been described as "the most neglected NCD" and greatly affects the quality of life of patients. It also places a huge economic burden on societies. However, few epidemiological data exist, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Assessment of the prevalence of albuminuria as a marker of kidney damage and CKD progression and its main risk factors was thus needed in Rwanda. METHODS: This study analyzed data collected during the first STEPwise approach to NCD risk factor Surveillance (STEPS) survey in Rwanda, conducted from 2012 to 2013, to assess the prevalence of albuminuria. A multistage cluster sampling allowed to select a representative sample of the general population. Furthermore, descriptive, as well as univariable analyses and multiple logistic regression were performed to respond to the research question. RESULTS: This survey brought a representative sample of 6,998 participants, among which 4,384 (62.65%) were female. Median age was 33 years (interquartile range, IQR 26-44), and over three quarters (78.45%) lived in rural areas. The albuminuria prevalence was 105.9 per 1,000 population. Overall, semi-urban and urban residency were associated with lower odds of CKD (odds ratio, OR 0.36, CI 0.23-0.56, p<0.001 and OR 0.34, CI 0.23-0.50, p<0.001, respectively) than rural status. Being married or living with a partner had higher odds (OR 1.44 (CI 1.03-2.02, p=0.031) and OR 1.62 (CI 1.06-2.48, p=0.026), respectively) of CKD than being single. Odds of positive albuminuria were also greater among participants living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (OR 1.64, CI 1.09- 2.47, p=0.018). Gender, age group, smoking status and vegetable consumption, body mass index (BMI) and hypertension were not associated with albuminuria. CONCLUSION: The albuminuria prevalence was estimated at 105.9 per 1,000 in Rwanda. Rural residence, partnered status and HIV positivity were identified as main risk factors for albuminuria. Increased early screening of albuminuria to prevent CKD among high-risk groups, especially HIV patients, is therefore recommended.

Integration of new digital antenatal care tools using the WHO SMART guideline approach: Experiences from Rwanda and Zambia.

OBJECTIVES: Digital tools for decision-support and health records can address the protracted process of guideline adoption at local levels and accelerate countries' implementation of new health policies and programmes. World Health Organization (WHO) launched the SMART Guidelines approach to support the uptake of clinical, public health, and data recommendations within digital systems. SMART guidelines are a package of tools that include Digital Adaptation Kits (DAKs), which distill WHO guidelines into a format that facilitates translation into digital systems. SMART Guidelines also include reference software applications known as digital modules. METHODS: This paper details the structured process to inform the adaptation of the WHO antenatal care (ANC) digital module to align with country-specific ANC packages for Zambia and Rwanda using the DAK. Digital landscape assessments were conducted to determine potential integrations between the ANC digital module and existing systems. A multi-stakeholder team consisting of Ministry of Health technical officers representing maternal health, HIV, digital health, and monitoring and evaluation at district and national levels was assembled to review existing guidelines to adapt the DAK. RESULTS: The landscape analysis resulted in considerations for integrating the ANC module into the broader digital ecosystems of both countries. Adaptations to the DAK included adding national services not reflected in the generic DAK and modification of decision support logic and indicators. Over 80% of the generic DAK content was consistent with processes for both countries. The adapted DAK will inform the customization of country-specific ANC digital modules. CONCLUSION: Both countries found that coordination between maternal and digital health leads was critical to ensuring requirements were accurately reflected within the ANC digital module. Additionally, DAKs provided a structured process for gathering requirements, reviewing and addressing gaps within existing systems, and aligning clinical content.

Integration of International Classification of Diseases Version 11 Application Program Interface (API) in the Rwandan Electronic Medical Records (openMRS): Findings from Two District Hospitals in Rwanda.

World Health Organisation (WHO) has updated the International Classification of Diseases to version 11 (ICD-11) which was recently adopted for use by countries in 2019. ICD-11 can be used in Electronic Medical Records (EMR) systems with support of extended technologies like Application Program Interface (API). Integration of ICD-11 in Rwandan EMR (OpenMRS) in two health facilities was conducted in July-October 2019. Findings indicated that adapting ICD11-API in EMR is feasible. More than 50% of diagnoses were recorded using ICD-11. Healthcare providers perceived ICD-11 API as easy to learn and useful for harmonization of diagnosis, data reporting and insurance reimbursement. Integration of ICD-11 API in EMR can be scaled up to all hospitals for use in Rwanda and other countries using similar system.

Conclusions of the digital health hub of the Transform Africa Summit (2018): strong government leadership and public-private-partnerships are key prerequisites for sustainable scale up of digital health in Africa.

BACKGROUND: The use of digital technologies to improve access to health is gaining momentum in Africa. This is more pertinent with the increasing penetration of mobile phone technology and internet use, and calls for innovative strategies to support implementation of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals and Universal Health Coverage on the continent. However, the huge potential benefits of digital health to advance health services delivery in Africa is yet to be fully harnessed due to critical challenges such as proliferation of pilot projects, poor coordination, inadequate preparedness of the African health workforce for digital health, lack of interoperability and inadequate sustainable financing, among others. To discuss these challenges and propose the way forward for rapid, cost-effective and sustainable deployment of digital health in Africa, a Digital Health Hub was held in Kigali from 8th to 9th May 2018 under the umbrella of the Transform Africa Summit 2018. METHODS: The hub was organized around five thematic areas which explored the status, leadership, innovations, sustainable financing of digital health and its deployment for prevention and control of Non-Communicable Diseases in Africa. It was attended by over 200 participants from Ministries of Health and Information and Communication Technology, Private Sector, Operators, International Organizations, Civil Society and Academia. CONCLUSIONS: The hub concluded that while digital health offers major opportunities for strengthening health systems towards the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals including Universal Health Coverage in Africa, there is need to move from Donor-driven pilot projects to more sustainable and longer term nationally owned programmes to reap its benefits. This would require the use of people-centred approaches which are demand, rather than supply-driven in order to avoid fragmentation and wastage of health resources. Government leadership is also critical in ensuring the availability of an enabling environment including national digital health strategies, regulatory, coordination, sustainable financing mechanisms and building of the necessary partnerships for digital health. RECOMMENDATIONS: We call on the Smart Africa Secretariat, African Ministries in charge of health, information and communication technology and relevant stakeholders to ensure that the key recommendations of the hub are implemented.