Quantitative CT texture analysis in predicting PD-L1 expression in locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC patients.

PURPOSE: The assessment of Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression has become a game changer in the treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We aimed to investigate the ability of Radiomics applied to computed tomography (CT) in predicting PD-L1 expression in patients with advanced NSCLC. METHODS: By applying texture analysis, we retrospectively analyzed 72 patients with advanced NSCLC. The datasets were randomly split into a training cohort (2/3) and a validation cohort (1/3). Forty radiomic features were extracted by manually drawing tumor volumes of interest (VOIs) on baseline contrast-enhanced CT. After selecting features on the training cohort, two predictive models were created using binary logistic regression, one for PD-L1 values ≥ 50% and the other for values between 1 and 49%. The two models were analyzed with ROC curves and tested in the validation cohort. RESULTS: The Radiomic Score (Rad-Score) for PD-L1 values ≥ 50%, which consisted of Skewness and Low Gray-Level Zone Emphasis (GLZLM_LGZE), presented a cut-off value of - 0.745 with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.811 and 0.789 in the training and validation cohort, respectively. The Rad-Score for PD-L1 values between 1 and 49% consisted of Sphericity, Skewness, Conv_Q3 and Gray Level Non-Uniformity (GLZLM_GLNU), showing a cut-off value of 0.111 with AUC of 0.763 and 0.806 in the two population, respectively. CONCLUSION: Rad-Scores obtained from CT texture analysis could be useful for predicting PD-L1 expression and guiding the therapeutic choice in patients with advanced NSCLC.

The Deterioration of Sarcopenia Post-Transarterial Radioembolization with Holmium-166 Serves as a Predictor for Disease Progression at 3 Months in Patients with Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Pilot Study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this pilot study is to explore the relationship between changes in sarcopenia before and after one to three months of Transarterial Radioembolization (TARE) treatment with Holmium-166 (166Ho) and its effect on the rate of local response. Our primary objective is to assess whether the worsening of sarcopenia can function as an early indicator of a subgroup of patients at increased risk of disease progression in cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: A single-center retrospective analysis was performed on 25 patients with HCC who underwent 166Ho-TARE. Sarcopenia status was defined according to the measurement of the psoas muscle index (PMI) at baseline, one month, and three months after TARE. Radiological response according to mRECIST criteria was assessed and patients were grouped into responders and non-responders. The loco-regional response rate was evaluated for all patients before and after treatment, and was compared with sarcopenia status to identify any potential correlation. RESULTS: A total of 20 patients were analyzed. According to the sarcopenia status at 1 month and 3 months, two groups were defined as follows: patients in which the deltaPMI was stable or increased (No-Sarcopenia group; n = 12) vs. patients in which the deltaPMI decreased (Sarcopenia group; n = 8). Three months after TARE, a significant difference in sarcopenia status was noted (p = 0.041) between the responders and non-responders, with the non-responder group showing a decrease in the sarcopenia values with a median deltaPMI of -0.57, compared to a median deltaPMI of 0.12 in the responder group. Therefore, deltaPMI measured three months post-TARE can be considered as a predictive biomarker for the local response rate (p = 0.028). Lastly, a minor deltaPMI variation (>-0.293) was found to be indicative of positive treatment outcomes (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The decline in sarcopenia three months post-TARE with Holmium-166 is a reliable predictor of worse loco-regional response rate, as evaluated radiologically, in patients with HCC. Sarcopenia measurement has the potential to be a valuable assessment tool in the management of HCC patients undergoing TARE. However, further prospective and randomized studies involving larger cohorts are necessary to confirm and validate these findings.

In Vivo Comparison of Micro-Balloon Interventions (MBI) Advantage: A Retrospective Cohort Study of DEB-TACE Versus b-TACE and of SIRT Versus b-SIRT.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vivo the role of the micro-balloon by comparing trans-arterial chemoembolization (DEB-TACE) and selective internal radiotherapy (SIRT) procedures performed with and without balloon micro-catheter (b-DEB-TACE and DEB-TACE/SIRT and b-SIRT) for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: The impact of a balloon micro-catheter on trans-arterial loco-regional treatment was analyzed using non-enhanced post-procedural cone-beam CT (Ne-CBCT) by comparing the attenuation values in the embolized area and the surrounding liver tissue before and after DEB-TACE versus b-DEB-TACE and by comparing 2D/3D dosimetry in single-photon emission computed tomography after SIRT versus b-SIRT, and by comparing the histological count of the beads following orthotopic liver transplantation in the DEB-TACE versus b-DEB-TACE subgroup. RESULTS: We treated 84 HCC patients using trans-arterial loco-regional therapy. Fifty-three patients (26 DEB-TACE and 27 b-DEB-TACE) were analyzed in the TACE group. Contrast, signal-to-noise ratio, and contrast-to-noise ratio were all significantly higher in b-DEB-TACE subgroup than DEB-TACE (182.33 HU [CI95% 160.3-273.5] vs. 124 HU [CI95% 80.6-163.6]; 8.3 [CI95% 5.7-10.1] vs. 4.5 [CI95% 3.7-6.0]; 6.9 [CI95% 4.3-7.8] vs. 3.1 [CI95% 2.2-5.0] p < 0.05). Thirty-one patients (24 SIRT and 7 b-SIRT) were analyzed in the SIRT group. 2D dosimetry profile evaluation showed an activity intensity peak significantly higher in the b-SIRT than in the SIRT subgroup (987.5 ± 393.8 vs. 567.7 ± 302.2, p = 0.005). Regarding 3D dose analysis, the mean dose administered to the treated lesions was significantly higher in the b-SIRT than in the SIRT group (151.6 Gy ± 53.2 vs. 100.1 Gy ± 43.4, p = 0.01). In histological explanted liver analysis, there was a trend for higher intra-tumoral localization of embolic microspheres for b-DEB-TACE in comparison with DEB-TACE. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the use of three different methods, the results of this study demonstrate in vivo, a better embolization profile of oncological intra-arterial interventions performed with balloon micro-catheter regardless of the embolic agent employed.

Sarcopenia Worsening One Month after Transarterial Radioembolization Predicts Progressive Disease in Patients with Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

(1) Background: To demonstrate correlation between skeletal muscle depletion measured before and after one month of TARE treatment and its induced local response rate. (2) Material and methods: For this retrospective, single center study, we evaluated 86 patients with HCC treated with TARE. Sarcopenia status was measured using the psoas muscle index (PMI). The PMI was calculated according to the formula: PMI [mm/m2]: [(minor diameter of left psoas + major diameter of left psoas + minor diameter of right psoas + major diameter of right psoas)/4]/height in m2. Population was divided in two groups according to the delta value of PMI measured at the time of TARE and one month after TARE, a group in which the delta PMI was stable or increased (No-Sarcopenia group; n = 42) vs. a group in which the delta-PMI decreased (Sarcopenia group; n = 44). Patient response was evaluated at 1, 3 and 6 months after TARE treatment with CT/MRI. (3) Results: When the radiological response of the tumor was evaluated according to the mRECIST criteria, the two groups were similar in terms of rates of complete response (p = 0.42), partial response (p = 0.26) and stable disease (p = 0.59). Progressive disease (PD) was more commonly observed in the Sarcopenia group (38.6% vs. 11.9%; p = 0.006). (4) Conclusions: Worsening of sarcopenia status measured one month after TARE is able to predict patients who will undergo disease progression.

Use of Phil Embolic Agent for Bleeding in Non-Neurological Interventions.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the Phil liquid embolic agent in non-neurological embolization procedures. M&M: Thirty-five patients with a mean age of 62.5 years underwent percutaneous embolization using Phil for the treatment of visceral arterial bleedings in 20/35 patients (including three gluteal, one bladder, two superior mesenteric, three epigastric, one deep femoral, five internal iliac, four intercostal, and one lingual arteries), splanchnic pseudoaneurysms in 11/35 patients (including three hepatic, five splenic, and three renal arteries), pancreatic bleeding metastasis in 1/35 patient, and gastric bleeding varices in 3/35 patients. Phil is composed of a non-adhesive copolymer dissolved in DMSO (Anhydrous Dimethyl Sulfoxide) with different viscosity. Procedures were performed slowly under continuous fluoroscopic guidance to avoid embolization of non-target vessels. RESULTS: Clinical success was obtained with a single intervention in 34 cases (97.15%), while a repeated procedure was required in one case (2.85%). No technical complications nor non-target embolization occurred. A case of post-embolic syndrome was noted (2.85%) in one patient. DMSO administration-related pain was successfully controlled by medical therapy. CONCLUSION: Phil can be considered a safe and effective embolic agent for the treatment of non-neurologic bleeding.