COVID-19 preventive behaviours among people with anxiety and depressive symptoms: findings from Japan.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to examine COVID-19 preventive behaviours among individuals with mental health problems. STUDY DESIGN: This is a pooled cross-sectional study. METHODS: Online survey data were analysed from 2000 Japanese adults collected in April and May 2020. Information was obtained on 13 COVID-19 preventive behaviours and anxiety and depressive symptoms using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale and Patient Health Questionnaire-9, respectively. Linear regression analysis was used to examine the associations. RESULTS: In models adjusted for demographic and socio-economic factors, anxiety (coefficient: -0.77, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -1.30, -0.24) and depressive symptoms (coefficient: -0.82, 95% CI: -1.34, -0.30) were both associated with significantly lower engagement in COVID-19 preventive behaviours. CONCLUSION: Our results highlight the importance of facilitating the performance of preventive behaviours in individuals with mental health problems to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in this population.

Experimental Infection with Baylisascaris Potosis in Chickens.

The larvae of the genus Baylisascaris can cause larva migrans in mammals and birds. This study investigated the larval migration of Baylisascaris potosis, the roundworm of kinkajou (Potos flavus), in chickens and the associated clinical manifestations of the host. Thirty-six 3-week-old chickens divided into 6 groups were orally inoculated with 3,000 B. potosis eggs/chick. Each group of chicken was necropsied at days 1, 2, 3, 7, 30 and 90 PI (post inoculation), and the number of larvae in various organs were counted until day 90 PI. No clinical signs were observed in chickens during the study. Larvae were detected from the liver, lungs or breast-muscles of 13/36 (36.1%) chickens. The mean total number of larvae in the liver, lungs and breast-muscles at days 1, 2, 3, 7, 30 and 90 PI were 0.34, 0.17, 1.66, 1.01, 0.17 and 0, respectively. No larvae were found in the brain, eyes, hid-limb muscles, heart, kidneys and spleen. Although infectivity of larvae in egg-inoculated chickens was low, the present study demonstrated that B. potosis larvae can migrate in chickens tissues up to day 30 PI. The result suggests that chickens can serve as a paratenic host for B. potosis and may underline a public health importance of B. potosis infection as a potential foodborne disease in humans.

Nationwide survey on cerebral amyloid angiopathy in Japan.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A nationwide survey was conducted to understand the epidemiology of cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related intracerebral hemorrhage (CAA-related ICH) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation/vasculitis (CAA-ri) in Japan. METHODS: To estimate the total number and clinical features of patients with CAA-related ICH and CAA-ri between January 2012 and December 2014 and to analyze their clinical features, questionnaires were sent to randomly selected hospitals in Japan. RESULTS: In the first survey, 2348 of 4657 departments responded to the questionnaire (response rate 50.4%). The total numbers of reported patients with CAA-related ICH and CAA-ri were 1338 and 61, respectively, and their total numbers in Japan were estimated to be 5900 [95% confidence interval (CI) 4800-7100] and 170 (95% CI 110-220), respectively. The crude prevalence rates were 4.64 and 0.13 per 100 000 population, respectively. The clinical information of 474 patients with CAA-related ICH obtained in the second survey was as follows: (i) the average age of onset was 78.4 years; (ii) the prevalence increased with age; (iii) the disease was common in women; and (iv) hematoma most frequently occurred in the frontal lobe. Sixteen patients with CAA-ri for whom data were collected in the second survey had the following characteristics: (i) median age of onset was 75 years; (ii) cognitive impairment and headache were the most frequent initial manifestations; and (iii) focal neurological signs, such as motor paresis and visual disturbance, were frequently observed during the clinical course. CONCLUSIONS: The numbers of patients with CAA-related ICH and CAA-ri in Japan were estimated.

Quantum Szilard Engine with Attractively Interacting Bosons.

We show that a quantum Szilard engine containing many bosons with attractive interactions enhances the conversion between information and work. Using an ab initio approach to the full quantum-mechanical many-body problem, we find that the average work output increases significantly for a larger number of bosons. The highest overshoot occurs at a finite temperature, demonstrating how thermal and quantum effects conspire to enhance the conversion between information and work. The predicted effects occur over a broad range of interaction strengths and temperatures.

Clinical efficacy of dual-phase scanning using (68)Ga-DOTATOC-PET/CT in the detection of neuroendocrine tumours.

AIM: To investigate whether delayed scanning at approximately 90 minutes post-injection of (68)Ga-labelled 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N″,N‴-tetraacetic acid-d-Phe(1)-Tyr(3)-octreotide (DOTATOC) had any clinical benefits regarding the evaluation of neuroendocrine tumours (NETs), relative to conventional combined positron-emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT) at 60 minutes post-injection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-four patients who underwent DOTATOC-PET/CT for suspected or known NETs were retrospectively reviewed. PET/CT was performed twice at approximately 60 and 90 minutes post-injection. For visual analysis, a five-point grading scale (0: definitely normal to 4: definitely abnormal) was used, and grade 3-4 lesions were regarded as positive. For quantitative analysis, the time course of the maximum standardised uptake value (SUVmax) in each lesion and the mean SUV of physiological uptake in the liver were evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 54 patients, 43 had a total of 132 lesions. In interpreting the early images, there were four grade 3 lesions, and the remaining 128 lesions were grade 4. All 132 lesions were grade 4 in the delayed images. SUVs and tumour-to-liver ratios for hepatic lesions were slightly higher in delayed scanning than in early scanning (SUV, 26.8±21.2 versus 28.2±21.2 [p<0.01]; tumour-to-liver ratio, 5.9±4.5 versus 6.2±4.6 [p<0.01]), which did not affect the detection rate. Additionally, bone and peritoneal metastases had slightly higher SUVs at delayed imaging (p<0.05), but there was no difference in diagnostic performance. No significant difference in the SUVs for pancreatic lesions and primary sites in the bowel were observed between the early and delayed scans. CONCLUSION: Delayed scanning may be helpful for improving diagnostic confidence in some cases, although it provided no specific merits for diagnostic accuracy in detecting primary or metastatic NETs.

Identification of a bona fide microRNA biomarker in serum exosomes that predicts hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Predictive biomarkers for the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have great benefit in the selection of treatment options, including liver transplantation (LT), for HCC. The purpose of this study was to identify specific microRNAs (miRs) in exosomes from the serum of patients with recurrent HCC and to validate these molecules as novel biomarkers for HCC recurrence. METHODS: We employed microarray-based expression profiling of miRs derived from exosomes in the serum of HCC patients to identify a biomarker that distinguishes between patients with and without HCC recurrence after LT. This was followed by the validation in a separate cohort of 59 HCC patients who underwent living related LT. The functions and potential gene targets of the recurrence-specific miRs were analysed using a database, clinical samples and HCC cell lines. RESULTS: We found that miR-718 showed significantly different expression in the serum exosomes of HCC cases with recurrence after LT compared with those without recurrence. Decreased expression of miR-718 was associated with HCC tumour aggressiveness in the validated cohort series. We identified HOXB8 as a potential target gene of miR-718, and its upregulation was associated with poor prognosis. CONCLUSION: Circulating miRs in serum exosomes have potential as novel biomarkers for predicting HCC recurrence.

Exosomal microRNA in serum is a novel biomarker of recurrence in human colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Functional microRNAs (miRNAs) in exosomes have been recognised as potential stable biomarkers in cancers. The aim of this study is to identify specific miRNAs in exosome as serum biomarkers for the early detection of recurrence in human colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS: Serum samples were sequentially obtained from six patients with and without recurrent CRC. The miRNAs were purified from exosomes, and miRNA microarray analysis was performed. The miRNA expression profiles and copy number aberrations were explored using microarray and array CGH analyses in 124 CRC tissues. Then, we validated exosomal miRNAs in 2 serum sample sets (90 and 209 CRC patients) by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS: Exosomal miR-17-92a cluster expression level in serum was correlated with the recurrence of CRC. Exosomal miR-19a expression levels in serum were significantly increased in patients with CRC as compared with healthy individuals with gene amplification. The CRC patients with high exosomal miR-19a expression showed poorer prognoses than the low expression group (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Abundant expression of exosomal miR-19a in serum was identified as a prognostic biomarker for recurrence in CRC patients.

Circulating tumour cell-derived plastin3 is a novel marker for predicting long-term prognosis in patients with breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Identification of promising biomarkers that predict the prognosis of patients with breast cancer is needed. In this study, we hypothesised that the expression of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related biomarker plastin3 (PLS3) in peripheral blood could be a prognostic factor in breast cancer. METHODS: We examined PLS3 expression in breast cancer cell lines with epithelial and mesenchymal traits and in circulating tumour cells (CTCs) obtained from the peripheral blood of breast cancer patients. We investigated PLS3 expression in the peripheral blood of 594 patients with breast cancer to evaluate the clinical significance of PLS3 expression. RESULTS: Robust PLS3 expression was observed in different breast cancer cell lines (Hs578t, MCF-7, MDA-MB-468, and MDA-MB-231) as well as in a bone marrow derived cancer cell line (BC-M1). In both the training (n=298) and validation (n=296) sets, PLS3 expression was observed in CTCs of patients with breast cancer. PLS3-positive patients showed significantly poorer overall and disease-free survival than PLS3-negative patients (P=0.0001 and 0.003, respectively). Subset analysis revealed that this prognostic biomarker was relevant in patients with stage I-III cancer, particularly in patients with luminal-type and triple-negative-type tumours. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrated that PLS3 was expressed in CTCs undergoing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in patients with breast cancer. Furthermore, PLS3 may be an excellent biomarker for identifying groups at risk of recurrence or with a poor prognosis.

Factors Affecting Steady-state Plasma Concentrations of Enantiomeric Mirtazapine and its Desmethylated Metabolites in Japanese Psychiatric Patients.

INTRODUCTION: This study evaluated the effects of the CYP2D6*10 genotype on steady-state plasma concentrations of enantiomeric mirtazapine (MIR) and N-desmethylmirtazapine (DMIR) in Japanese patients. METHODS: Subjects were 77 Japanese patients treated with racemic MIR. Steady-state plasma concentrations of MIR and DMIR enantiomers were measured using stereoselective liquid chromatography. Polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the CYP2D6 genotypes. RESULTS: After correcting for dose and body weight, smokers (n=15) had significantly lower S-(+)-MIR than nonsmokers (n=55) (15.1±17.8 vs. 23.9±17.8 ng/mL/mg/kg, Kruskal-Wallis test, p=0.034). One-way analysis of variance revealed that CYP2D6*10 homozygotes had significantly higher corrected plasma concentrations of S-(+)-MIR than the no-variant allele group (p=0.034). Multiple regression analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between the number of CYP2D6*10 alleles and corrected plasma concentrations of S-(+)-MIR. These results yielded the following final model: corrected plasma concentration of S-(+)-MIR=15.9+7.30×(number of CYP2D6*10 alleles) (R=0.279, p=0.023, coefficient of determination (R(2))=0.078). CONCLUSION: Homozygous CYP2D6*10 alleles and smoking have a significant impact on the metabolism of S-(+)-MIR in Japanese patients.

Thermomechanical performance of continuous carbon fibre composite materials produced by a modified 3D printer.

First of all, this article aimed to evidence the role of a modified printer developed for continuous carbon fibre reinforced PolyAmide (cCF/PA6-I) together with the use of a fully open slicing step on the printing quality and the longitudinal/transverse tensile and in-plane shear properties. A comprehensive assessment of the microstructure and properties with a similar material (cCF/PA6-I), but produced with a commercial printer (i.e., Markforged® MarkTwo) has been achieved. Our customised printer and the open slicer used have made possible to better control the print conditions (i.e., layer height and distance between filaments), to reduce the porosity from more than 10% to about 2% and improve the mechanical properties. Moreover, the understanding of the behaviour of these 3D printed composites with wide-ranging external temperatures is mandatory for future use in a severe environment and/or development of new thermally active 4D printed composites. The 3D printed cCF/PA6-I composites have been then thermomechanically characterised along different printing directions (0, 90 and ± 45°) from -55 to +100 °C. Unlike the longitudinal properties that hardly change with temperature, the transverse and in-plane shear stiffness and strength of these 3D printed composites were particularly sensitive to temperature variations, with decreases of 25-30% and 30-55%, respectively. This was due to the high sensitivity of the polymer matrix, the fibre/matrix and interfilament interfaces when the composites were loaded along those directions, because damages induced by internal thermal stresses. Fractography has also been carried out to reveal damage mechanisms.

Effect of GDF-5 and BMP-2 on the expression of tendo/ligamentogenesis-related markers in human PDL-derived cells.

OBJECTIVES: The effect of growth differentiation factor 5 and bone morphogenetic protein 2 on human periodontal ligament-derived cells was investigated with special reference to tendo/ligamentogenesis-related markers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Effects of each factor were analyzed by quantitative PCR for scleraxis and tenomodulin and by western blotting for scleraxis. After exposure to those factors, STRO-1-positive and STRO-1-negative fractions of human periodontal ligament tissues were isolated with an immunomagnetic cell sorting system, and the expression of scleraxis in each fraction was analyzed by western blotting. Non-separated crude cells were used as a control. RESULTS: Growth differentiation factor 5 and bone morphogenetic protein 2 did not increase alkaline phosphatase activity in crude periodontal ligament-derived cells. Growth differentiation factor 5, but not bone morphogenetic protein 2, increased the expression of scleraxis in crude, STRO-1-positive and STRO-1-negative periodontal ligament-derived cells. The expression of scleraxis in STRO-1-positive periodontal ligament-derived cells was significantly less compared to that in crude P2 and STRO-1-negative periodontal ligament-derived cells. CONCLUSION: Growth differentiation factor 5 induced the expression of scleraxis and may enhance tendo/ligamentogenesis in human periodontal ligament-derived cells. The expression of scleraxis was higher in STRO-1-negative fraction, suggesting more differentiated state of the cells.

Immunization with outer membrane protein A from Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis induces humoral immune response but no protection against homologous challenge in chickens.

Vaccination of poultry is one promising strategy to mitigate Salmonella infection in poultry and, in turn, humans as well. We evaluated the efficacy of outer membrane protein A (OmpA) as a novel vaccine candidate against Salmonella in poultry. Native OmpA purified from Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis was mixed with adjuvant and administered intramuscularly to 41-d-old chicks. The vaccinated birds showed no decrease in cecal excretion and tissue colonization compared with the unvaccinated birds after oral challenge with 10(9) cfu of the homologous strain at 28 d postimmunization. However, this vaccination induced an increased level of serum anti-OmpA IgG. Similar results were obtained in the replication experiments using a recombinant OmpA with single and double doses. For the development of more effective component vaccines for avian salmonellosis, the vaccine efficacy of outer membrane proteins other than OmpA and route of immunization other than parenteral administration should be evaluated with regard to protection and immune responses, including mucosal IgA.

Narrow-linewidth light source for a coherent Raman transfer of ultracold molecules.

We describe a tunable two-color CW light source sufficient for realizing a coherent Raman transfer between two molecular states that are more than 0.5 eV (120 THz) apart. The simultaneous frequency stabilization of 901 nm and 655 nm light was achieved by locking diode lasers to a single ultralow expansion cavity with dual wavelengths coating. By utilizing offset-locking and optical phase-locked loop (OPLL), we ensured a large mode-hop free tuning range (> 2 GHz). The obtained short term linewidth (<10 Hz) and the linear drift of frequency (65 mHz/s) were both sufficient to eliminate the influence of laser linewidths on the efficiency of coherent Raman transition.

Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the hypopharynx: a case report.

Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the hypopharynx is extremely rare. A 59-year-old man complaining of swollen right cervical lymph node was admitted to our hospital. Although computed tomography, upper endoscopy, and positron emission tomography scan were performed, the primary lesion was unknown. Bilateral neck lymph node dissection was performed and diagnosed as metastasis of neuroendocrine carcinoma. Sixteen months after the first operation, computed tomography scan revealed multiple liver metastases. There was no another metastatic lesion, and hepatectomy with negative margin was performed. Three months after the second operation, a small tumor of the hypopharynx was detected by upper endoscopy, and biopsy revealed neuroendocrine carcinoma. Concurrent chemotherapy (cisplatin + docetaxel) and radiotherapy (60 Gy) were carried out. This therapy was highly effective, and primary lesion disappeared. After the chemoradiotherapy, lung metastasis and bone metastasis emerged and treated by radiotherapy and chemotherapy (cisplatin + irinotecan). These therapies were also effective, but multiple liver metastases appeared. The patient died 39 months after the first surgery. Although neuroendocrine carcinoma is a high-grade malignancy which metastasizes easily, combined treatment strategy may be useful for these patients. We have here reported, with bibliographic consideration, a case in which multimodal treatment was employed for primary hypopharyngeal neuroendocrine carcinoma with distant metastases.

Preoperative underweight is associated with adverse postoperative events in patients undergoing microvascular reconstruction surgery for oral and maxillofacial cancer.

We aimed to describe the prevalence of postoperative complications and evaluate its relationship with underweight, obesity, preoperative nutritional status, and systemic inflammation status in patients undergoing microvascular reconstruction for oral and maxillofacial cancer. Patients who were ≥20 years old and underwent microvascular reconstruction surgery between January 2009 to June 2019 were investigated. Patient demographics including body mass index, prognostic nutritional status, and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio were collected. Logistic regression analysis was applied to evaluate these impacts on postoperative complications. A postoperative complication was defined as a Clavien-Dindo classification more than or equal to II. Of the 145 patients included in the analysis, 83 patients (57.2%) experienced postoperative complications, belonging to a Clavien-Dindo classification Ⅱ (n=71), Ⅲb (n=11), and Ⅳa (n=1). Multiple logistic regression revealed that a body mass index less than 18.5 kg/m2 (odds ratio 6.19, 95% confidential interval 1.34-28.6, P=0.02) was related to postoperative complications. Another multiple logistic regression model including all explanatory factors found that underweight (P=0.03) was related to postoperative complications. This retrospective study showed that preoperative underweight was associated with postoperative complications as evaluated by the Clavien-Dindo classification.

Coherent transfer of photoassociated molecules into the rovibrational ground state.

We report on the direct conversion of laser-cooled 41K and 87Rb atoms into ultracold 41K87Rb molecules in the rovibrational ground state via photoassociation followed by stimulated Raman adiabatic passage. High-resolution spectroscopy based on the coherent transfer revealed the hyperfine structure of weakly bound molecules in an unexplored region. Our results show that a rovibrationally pure sample of ultracold ground-state molecules is achieved via the all-optical association of laser-cooled atoms, opening possibilities to coherently manipulate a wide variety of molecules.

Phenotypic spectrum of hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy caused by the SEPT9 R88W mutation.

BACKGROUND: Hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy (HNA), also known as hereditary brachial plexus neuropathy, has phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. Mutations in the septin 9 (SEPT9) gene were recently identified in some HNA patients. The phenotypic spectrum of HNA caused by SEPT9 mutations is not well known. OBJECTIVE: To characterise the phenotype of a large family of HNA patients with the SEPT9 R88W mutation. METHODS: We report clinical, electrophysiological, neuroimaging and genetic findings of six HNA patients from a Japanese family. RESULTS: All 17 neuropathic episodes identified were selectively and asymmetrically distributed in the upper-limb nerves. Severe pain was an initial symptom in 16 episodes (94%). Motor weakness occurred in 15 (88%) and sensory signs in 10 (59%). A minor dysmorphism, hypotelorism, was seen in all. Nerve conduction studies revealed focal demyelination as well as prominent axonal degeneration changes. Needle electromyography revealed chronic neurogenic patterns only in the upper limbs. An MRI study showed a gadolinium-enhanced brachial plexus. The missense mutation c.262C>T; p.R88W was found in exon 2 of SEPT9 in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: The SEPT9 R88W mutation in this family causes selective involvement of the brachial plexus and upper-limb nerves. Wider and more universal recognition of clinical hallmarks and genetic counselling are of diagnostic importance for HNA caused by the SEPT9 mutation.

The effect of clinical experience on dentine bonding effectiveness: students versus trained dentists.

Clinical successful application of dentine adhesives depends not only on material-related but also on operator-related factors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dentine bonding effectiveness of a self-etch composite cement applied by operators with or without clinical experience under well-standardized, randomized and blind conditions. Forty-eight bovine dentine surfaces were randomly divided into two groups. The first group consisted of eight dental students with no clinical experience at all, and the second group consisted of eight dentists with extensive experience in adhesive dentistry (mean experience of 11.4 years). Next, a 4-mm-diameter stainless steel rod (SUS-304) was bonded to the dentine surface using Panavia Fluoro cement (Kuraray Medical Inc., Tokyo, Japan). After application procedures, the specimens were randomized and shear bond-strength measurements were performed by a single blinded operator. Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine statistical differences in bond strength between the two groups, and Kruskal-Wallis was used to determine statistical difference between the student and dentist groups. The means and standard deviations of bond strength were 11.5 +/- 8.1 MPa for the student group and 7.1 +/- 4.3 MPa for the dentist group, respectively. The bond strength of the student group was significantly higher than that of the dentist group. However, the variability in bond strength was significantly higher in the student group, and some specimens failed prior to actual testing (included as 0 MPa). Clinical experience did not have a positive effect on the bonding effectiveness of the self-etch composite cement to dentine.