Effects of boric acid, fipronil, hydramethylnon, and diflubenzuron baits on colonies of ghost ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).

Laboratory colonies of the ghost ant, Tapinoma melanocephalum (F.) were administered sugar solution (10%) baits containing the insecticides boric acid, fipronil (REGENT), hydramethylnon (SIEGE), or diflubenzuron (DIMILN). Colonies were exposed to the baits for 21 d, and development of workers, queens, and brood (larvae and pupae) was observed for 4 wk. Fipronil (0.05%) caused 100% mortality in all colonies the first week. With boric acid (0.5%), 100% mortality of workers, queens, and brood was reached at the end of the third week. With hydramethylnon (2%), 83% of the colonies disappeared at the end of the fourth week, but some queens were still alive 9 wk after the trial started. Diflubenzuron (1%) behaved similarly to the control, although in some colonies, the brood production increased, whereas in other colonies, the queens disappeared. In the control colonies, workers, queens, and brood were always observed even up to 9 wk.

[Ants: species-area relationship in tropical dry forest fragments]. / Hormigas: relaciones especies-área en fragmentos de bosque seco tropical.

We analyzed the effect of fragmentation on ant species-area and specimen frequency-area relationships in nine patches of tropical dry forest in the middle Cauca river basin in Colombia. Species richness and specimen relative frequency of ants were positively correlated with area, whereas no significant correlation was found between species richness and the degree of isolation calculated for the forest patches. As the fragmentation affects different functional groups in different ways, we analyzed the species-area relationship for separate functional groups of ants. According to the habitat requirements we found that the species richness increased faster as area increased for ants inhabiting decomposing wood, followed by ants associated with trees, while species richness of ants living under dead leaves did not correlate with area. According to the food preference, species richness was positively correlated with area for the army ant group, while no significant correlation was found for solitary hunters or for leaf-cutting ants. Ant species richness and specimen density were calculated from equal size samples and examined in relation to the habitat area. An inverse correlation was found only for specimen density, the opposite of what was expected. To our knowledge this is one of the first studies showing differential responses of functional groups of ants to habitat loss. Moreover, it emphasizes the conservation value of small forest fragments for ants in a tropical dry forest.

Hormigas: relaciones especies-área en fragmentos de bosque seco tropical / Ants: species-area relationship in tropical dry forest fragments

Analizamos el efecto de la fragmentación sobre las relaciones especies-área y frecuencia relativa-área de hormigas en nueve fragmentos de bosque seco tropical en la cuenca media del río Cauca, Colombia. La riqueza y frecuencia relativa total de hormigas se correlacionó positivamente con el área más no con el grado de aislamiento. Como la fragmentación afecta diferencialmente grupos funcionales, se encontró que según el hábitat que ocupan son más afectadas en su orden las especies que viven en troncos en descomposición y la vegetación arbórea, mientras que las especies de hormigas asociadas a la hojarasca, no mostraron relación significativa con el área. Según las preferencias en la obtención de alimento, las especies cazadoras en grupo, mostraron correlación con el área de los fragmentos, mientras que hormigas cazadoras solitarias y cultivadoras de hongos, no se correlacionaron significativamente. En contraste a lo esperado, la densidad de individuos y especies de hormigas, basadas en muestras de igual tamaño, fueron relacionadas con el área, encontrando una relación no significativa para la densidad de especies y una correlación inversa significativa para la densidad de individuos. Según nuestro conocimiento, este es uno de los primeros estudios que muestra respuestas diferenciales de grupos funcionales de hormigas a la pérdida del área, además que se enfatiza el gran valor de los pequeños fragmentos para la conservación de la diversidad de hormigas en el bosque seco tropical.

We analyzed the effect of fragmentation on ant species-area and specimen frequency-area relationships in nine patches of tropical dry forest in the middle Cauca river basin in Colombia. Species richness and specimen relative frequency of ants were positively correlated with area, whereas no significant correlation was found between species richness and the degree of isolation calculated for the forest patches. As the fragmentation affects different functional groups in different ways, we analyzed the species-area relationship for separate functional groups of ants. According to the habitat requirements we found that the species richness increased faster as area increased for ants inhabiting decomposing wood, followed by ants associated with trees, while species richness of ants living under dead leaves did not correlate with area. According to the food preference, species richness was positively correlated with area for the army ant group, while no significant correlation was found for solitary hunters or for leaf-cutting ants. Ant species richness and specimen density were calculated from equal size samples and examined in relation to the habitat area. An inverse correlation was found only for specimen density, the opposite of what was expected. To our knowledge this is one of the first studies showing differential responses of functional groups of ants to habitat loss. Moreover, it emphasizes the conservation value of small forest fragments for ants in a tropical dry forest.