[Acute mesenteric ischemia]. / Ischemia acuta mezenterica.

Acute mesenteric ischemia is not an isolated clinical entity, but a complex of diseases, including acute mesenteric arterial embolus and thrombus, mesenteric venous thrombus, and nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia. These diseases have common clinical features caused by impaired blood perfusion to the intestine, bacterial translocation, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. There is substantial evidence that the mortality associated with acute mesenteric ischemia varies according to its trigger cause. Nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia is the most lethal form of the acute mesenteric ischemia, because of the poor understanding of its pathophysiology and its mild and nonspecific symptoms, which often delay its diagnosis. Mesenteric venous thrombosis is much less lethal than acute thromboembolism of the superior mesenteric artery and nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia. In this articles we presents an overview of acute mesenteric ischemia, based on the research. Although the mortality rates, in acute mesenteric ischemia, have remained high over the last few decades, accumulated knowledge on this condition is expected to improve its prognosis.

Squamous Esophageal Carcinoma Synchronous to Pericolic Malignant Conjunctive Tumor.

Esophageal carcinoma represents a great diagnostic and therapeutic challenge due to the anatomical situation and physiopathology of the disease. The medical challenge can be even greater since esophageal carcinoma can evolve concomitant to another malignant tumor with different localization. This paper's aim is to present a case of squamous esophageal cancer associated to another primitive malignant tumor-malignant pericolic conjunctive tumor, this kind of association being singular in medical literature from our knowledge. Upon emergency presentation the patient was sketching a sub-occlusive syndrome with mild anemia and inflammatory syndrome, somehow suggesting a possible right colon cancer. However, discreet upper digestive pole symptomatology that, on first sight, seemed secondary, made the consultant to perform a superior digestive endoscopy that raised a strong suspicion of early stage esophageal carcinoma. Further exploration was not completed because occlusive complication occurred and the patient needed emergency surgery. On laparotomy a stenotic right colic angle tumor was discovered that later proved to be extra-mucosal, with conjunctive origin. Our paper focuses on highlighting the crucial importance of the imagistic explorations in the primary diagnosis of esophageal carcinoma, in the correct staging (lymphatic extension, loco-regional or distant metastases) and also for malignant tumors with another localization that can radically modify the therapeutic strategy.

[Sentinel nodes in patients with breast cancer]. / Ganglionul santinela în cancerul de sân.

The aim of this paper is to debate, on the basis of medical literature review, the importance of detection the sentinel nodes in surgery of breast cancer. The beginning of the paper emphasized the problems of the sentinel nodes definition, and then we discuss the dates related to the history and the importance of the sentinel nodes knowledge that consist in the avoidance of axillary lymph nodes dissection in patients with breast cancer N-. Afterwards, we present the indications for detecting the sentinel nodes and the criterion to exclude from the detection of the sentinel nodes. As a part of the results of surgery sentinel nodes, we present dates about the techniques of detection the sentinel nodes, the place of injection of the radiopharmaceuticals, the size of the radiocolloid. Finally, we come up in the conclusion that the identification of the sentinel nodes is useful and possible for majority of the patients with breast cancer T1 or T2N0M0.

[Hemorrhagic intestinal lymphangioma --report of a case]. / Limfangiomul intestinal hemoragic--prezentare de caz.

This paper presents the case of a male patient, 57 years old, admitted to the hospital for upper digestive bleeding revealed by melena stools. The upper digestive endoscopy has not discovered the source of bleeding. Conventional medical therapy, with hemostatics, proton pump blockers and transfusion, failed to stop the bleeding, requiring emergency surgery for stopping the bleeding. The intraoperative exploration discovered three submucosal formations with dimensions between 0,5 and 0,75 cm, who ulcerated the jejunal mucosa, situated at 20-25cm from the duodeno-jejunal angle. The pathologic report described haemorrhagic intestinal lymphangioma. The excision of the sub-mucosal haemangioma stopped the bleeding.

Ectopic osteogenesis in the rectus sheath.

Although was published many cases of ectopic osteogenesis of traumatic, neurogenic cause or hereditable form, the etiology of ectopic osteogenesis remaining unknown. We present ectopic osteogenesis in the rectus abdominal sheath. The study material was represented from fragments of ectopic bones discovered in rectus sheath of four patients suffering iterative surgical abdominal interventions. The pieces of ectopic bone were decalcified and then were made to the standard techniques (paraffin inclusion, general techniques dyeing). The process of ectopic osteogenesis was analyzed through microscopically study to seriated sections of discovered piece, finding the presence of the hematopoesis foci. We conclude that is important identifying and characterizing the osteoinductor agents because these allowed the study of osteogenesis to the cellular level and make an estimation of the abnormally bone developing mechanisms. A possible osteoinductor factor has been considerate the non-absorbable wound closure material.

[Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) with jejunum localisation, unusual source of digestive bleeding. Considerations about two cases]. / Tumora stromala gastrointestinala (GIST) cu localizare jejunala, sursa rara de hemoragie digestiva. consideratii pe marginea a doua cazuri.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors are those gastrointestinal tumors , which expression antigens for CD 117 and CD 34. GIST arise from c - kit gene mutation through inadequate function of KIT enzyme (thyroxine kinase). However, the name is gastrointestinal stromal tumor, their localisation maybe under esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small bowel or colorectal.. CT scanning shows tumoral mass with nonspecific affiliation thanks to this development extraluminal and exophytic. Digestive hemorrhage, through GIST with small bowel localisation was called "obscure" because of impossibility to detect preoperative a bleeding source. We present, two cases of hemorrhage through GIST with jejunal localisation, male 70 years old with 10 cm tumor, discovered through CT scanning such as tumoral mass in left hypochondrium and female 55 years old, with 3 m tumor, discovered through emergency laparotomy for severe digestive bleeding. Also, it is discussed the possibility of intraoperative diagnosis, criterion to appreciate benign and malign features of the tumors and to determine their mitotic index for the supervision of these two cases.

[Cholesterol crystal embolisation in the course of treatment with low-molecular-weight heparins]. / Emboliile cu cristale de colesterol în cursul tratamentului cu heparine cu greutate moleculara mica.

Cholesterol crystal embolisation is a rare complication of anticoagulant treatment of ulcerative atheromatosis to the great arteries. The embolisation is susceptible to affect both, the somatic and the visceral territory; clinical diagnosis is difficult, mainly because of the similarity between the embolisation symptoms and those produced by a complication of primary disease. The diagnosis is certain when the pathological examination reveal the presence of cholesterol crystal in arteriolar lumen, surrounded by inflammatory- cellular reaction (foreign-body reaction). This paper presents three cases in which we noticed clinical manifestation suggestive for cholesterol crystal embolisation, at patients in treatment with low-molecular weight heparins. The complications which were reported in case of cholesterol crystal embolisation could be extremely severe, specially visceral embolisation, they may lead to patient's death.

[Crohn's disease. Clinical and therapeutical considerations]. / Boala Crohn. Consideratii clinicoterapeutice.

Crohn's disease is a chronic granulomatous inflammatory condition of the intestinal tract of unknown etiology. Most commonly the disease affects the small bowel, the colon and the rectum. The acute and aggressive forms can evolve fast, mimicking an acute surgical illness, requiring surgical intervention in emergency. Surgical therapeutical option, in this condition, must be determined strictly by establishing a correct intraoperative diagnosis, through macroscopic features and histologic evidence. Because it is an incurable disease with variable evolution, marked by recurrence, that involves repeated surgical intervention, the surgical treatment (often resection), must be most conservative from the small bowel. We present 3 cases of surgical interventions with emergency characteristics (bowel obstruction through fitobezoar, colonic tumors obstruction of colon splenic angle, urachal infected tumors). In these cases the diagnosis was established intraoperatively and the surgical intervention was adapted to the particular cases.

[Severe nosocomial infection of soft tissue in general surgery]. / Infectiile nosocomiale severe ale partilor moi în chirurgia generala.

This paper aim is to emphasize the severity of soft tissue nosocomial infections, determined by anaerobic bacteria associated with Gram-negative aerobic bacteria: 50% mortality, higher economic costs, disabling morphologic and functional sequels. We present the pathogenic, clinical and therapeutically problems which characterize this type of postoperative infections.

[Primary retroperitoneal tumors--diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties]. / Tumorile retroperitoneale primitive--probleme de diagnostic si tratament.

This paper emphasizes the diagnosis and therapeutic difficulties in primary retroperitoneal tumors. There were analyzed 68 primary retroperitoneal tumors (1992-2002): 16 (23.5%) benign tumors, 39 (57.35%) malignant tumors and 13 tumors with unknown histological structure. The preoperative diagnosis was clinically suggested and confirmed by ultrasound and CT examination; the operability was always established by laparotomy. All cases were operated on: complete resection of tumor was possible in 39 cases (57.35%); partial resection in 11 cases (16.17%) and 18 (26.47%) cases were inoperable. There were 5 major intraoperative vascular lesions: 1 inferior vena cava lesion, 1 superior mesenteric vein lesion, 1 left common iliac vein lesion and 2 lumbar artery lesions. Postoperative mortality was represented by 2 cases. Postoperative complication was represented by 3 postoperative hemorrhages, 2 severe pulmonary infections, 1 postoperative evisceration, 1 postoperative acute pancreatitis and 1 acute myocardial infarction. In conclusion the primary retroperitoneal tumors represent a challenge for all surgeons, especially due to surgical approach difficulties, because of problems in tumors intraoperative exploration and resection and because of difficulties in hemostasis.

[Chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction syndrome in adults]. / Pseudoobstructia intestinala cronica la adult.

The aim of this paper is to debate, based on medical literature review, the chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction syndrome in adults, from the surgical point of view. The beginning of the paper emphasizes the difficulties in pseudoobstruction syndrome definition and etiology, and then we discuss the importance of intestinal histological assessment (whenever it is possible) and intestinal structure modifications. A very important part of this paper is reserved to the diagnostic difficulties, especially to those between intestinal pseudoobstruction syndrome and mechanical intestinal obstructive syndrome (similar etiologic circumstances, similar clinical and radiological manifestations). Finally, this paper debates the therapeutic difficulties, emphasizing the importance of surgical methods and techniques useful in treatment of the patient with chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction syndrome.

[The primitive gastric non- Hodgkin lymphoma]. / Limfomul gastric primitiv non-hodgkinian.

THE PURPOSE: Of this work is to point out diagnostic problems together with the surgical indications in primitive gastric non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (LGNH). THE MATERIAL AND METHODS: Consist of 11 cases of LGNH (3.09% of 350 gastric cancers that underwent surgery between 1991-2000) of which 4 were women and 5 men, of an average 53 years of age. Three of the cases underwent surgery for various complications (HDS, perforation and pyloric stenosis) or for other clinical forms such as the pseudo-ulcerative one (4 cases) and the gastric carcinoma mimicking form (4 cases). Preoperative diagnosis was established by means of endobiopsy in 5 cases. SURGICAL TREATMENT: total gastrectomy (4 cases), inferior polar subtotal gastrectomy (5 cases) and 2/3 gastric resection (2 cases). RESULTS: Complications involving sub-phrenic abscess that triggered re-intervention in 2 cases; no immediately postoperative mortality. THE DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS: Are enumerating the difficulties we encountered in diagnosing the cases and especially in the preoperative histologic diagnosis, the staging of the disease and setting the treatment with an emphasis on the surgical treatment. THE COMPLICATIONS: Induced by the disease, the diagnosis uncertainty and the early stages of the disease are as many eligible indications for the first linje surgical treatment in LGNH.

[Causes of failure in the treatment of postoperative peritonitis]. / Cauze de esec în tratamentul peritonitelor postoperatorii.

The authors analyze a group of 49 postoperative peritonitis, which represent 0.57% of a total of 8550 surgical interventions performed over the last 7 years and 1.19% of 4100 laparotomies carried out in an elective operation orientated general surgery department. The mortality rate was 28.57% (14 patients) among the 49 studied cases, which represents 25% of all deaths recorded in our department over the same time interval. A full account on postoperative peritonitis vital prognostic factors is given, insisting on: specific bacteriology (nosocomial infections), peculiar etiologies (10 out of 14 fatalities were originally operated on for digestive cancers), different associations of postoperative peritonitis with other infectious and noninfectious postsurgical complications (as encountered in all 14 deaths), type of postoperative peritonitis (13 death out of 14 were due to generalized peritonitis), postoperative peritonitis secondary to ignored lesions at the original operation (3 cases--3 deaths), surgical treatment limitation (late operative timing which was responsible of 9 deaths); treatment inadequacies of peritonitis and its cause--5 fatalities.

[Breast conserving surgery --7 years of experience]. / Chirurgia conservatoare a sânului--7 ani de experienta.

The breast cancer treatment is based nowadays on a new surgical option: breast-conserving surgery, which is reliable at least for the first and second stage of cancer, with radical intention, obviously. We have started to practice the breast-conserving surgery in our surgical clinic (at CFR Hospital, from Craiova) for 7 years; until now we have performed 159 breast-conserving operation and, as results, we have recorded 3 local recurrences (2.12%) and 1 death due to cancer evolution. Our protocol includes removal of the primary tumor with enough surrounding tissue to ensure negative margins of resectable specimen, associated with total axillary lymph-node dissection and postoperative breast irradiation. Our oncologist on different postoperative conditions indicated the chemotherapy: tumor size, axillary lymph node involvement, patient age, etc. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize our unassuming experience but especially to draw attention on important results, obtained by long-term monitoring the patient who underwent breast-conserving surgery, in a two prospective protocols, which demonstrate the importance and applicability of breast-conserving therapy. The conclusion of this study is that breast-conserving surgery followed by breast irradiation is reliable, as the results are similar with the radical mastectomies; the main objective is to obtain a good cosmetic result, which depends on tumor size/size of the breast ratio.

[Clinical course of an ileal carcinoid with mesenteric metastasis]. / Evolutie particulara a unui carcinoid ileal cu metastaza ganglionara în baza mezenterului.

This paper aim is to present the case of a male patient, age 63 admitted in hospital for non-specific gastroenterologic symptoms easily attributed to colecyst calculosis; the anamnesis and careful clinical examination have avoided a useless cholecystectomy and permitted to establish indication for laparotomy; during that was found an ileal tumor with massive metastasis in the base of mesentery. The surgical attitude was dictated by histological diagnostic difficulties (prostate adenocarcinoma metastasis), so it has given up the idea of tumor excision (unjustified intraoperative risk for a metastasis), performing a bypass of the ileal tumor by an enteroenterostomy, then the patient was sent to the Oncological Department. Postoperative evaluation of the patient finally permitted to establish the neuroendocrine origin of the tumor; after oncological treatment (chemotherapy), about 10 months after operation the patient didn't present any sign of tumor (tumor markers and CT scan within normal). The paper emphasizes the problem of practicing an aggressive surgical treatment for carcinoid intestinal tumors with mesenteric metastasis but also brings attention to nonsymptomatic forms of cholecyst calculosis that may hide associated malignant tumors undetected by laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

[Microbiology of nosocomial infections in a general surgery department]. / Microbiologia infectiilor de spital în clinica de chirurgie generala.

This paper aim is to outline the importance of nosocomial infections, characterized by great incidence, great mortality rate and specific bacteriology, in a surgery clinic. The study include 566 patients that developed 665 nosocomial infections (10.65% incidence), among the 5950 patients that underwent surgical operations in 5 years (1992-1996); 54 patients developed two or three nosocomial infections, which explain the incidence of nosocomial infection greater than number of patients. From bacteriological point of view predominance of Gram negative bacilli (especially E. coli) and pathogen staphylococcus characterized the nosocomial infections. The infection source was the patient himself, previously colonized with hospital specific microorganisms. Every clinical form of nosocomial infections was characterized by the present of specific pathogen microorganisms; the knowledge of these pathogen agents is very important for the antibiotic treatment applied before the bacteriological exam.

[Functional secondary megaduodenum]. / Megaduoden secundar functional.

This paper aim is to present the case of a 72 year old male, diagnosed with functional secondary megaduodenum. We intend to discuss the pathogenic and positive diagnostic difficulties (the presence or absence of a mechanical obstructive factor or the participated of the megaduodenum in an intestinal pseudo-obstruction syndrome). Also we outline the rare frequency of this disease and especially the therapeutic difficulties: inefficiency of conservatory treatment, delicate problems of surgical tactics and technique.